WHARVES AND PIERS THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT BT CARLETON GREENE, A. B., C. E. MEMBEH AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS FIRST EDITION SECOND IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. 239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK LONDON HILT, PUBLISHING CO, LTD. 6 8 BOUVERIE ST, E C 1917 PREFACE THIS book has been written in response to an editorial in one of the engineering journals calling attention to the lack of American books on the subject of Wharves and Piers. In its preparation the author has therefore endeavored to present a treatise on modern American practice in the de sign and construction of wharves, piers, pier-sheds and their equipment, including machinery for handling miscellaneous package freight. The subject of pile driving has not been gone into deeply as it has been treated at length in Jacoby and Davis recent work on Foundations of Bridges and Buildings. It is the writers opinion that there is a tendency at the present time to slight the advantages of timber construction for wharves and to overestimate those of reinforced con crete. As the principles and methods requisite for dura bility in wooden wharf construction have, as far as the writer knows, not been set forth in book form they have been given particular attention in this volume. While most of the descriptions and illustrations of ex isting structures have necessarily been collected from the technical press, for which no originality is claimed, an attempt has been made to emphasize, in describing such structures, the particular conditions which had to be pro vided for in the design, the methods used for fulfilling the special requirements and, to some extent, the reasons why particular types and details wereadopted. It is believed that such descriptions will aid designers in solving prob lems which embrace similar conditions. viii PREFACE For information in regard to European practice in the construction of wharves and piers the reader is referred to Seehafenbau by F. W. Schulze Berlin, Ernst Sohn 1913, and for further information in regard to the New York practice in freight handling to the Report on the Mechanical Equipment of New York Harbor by B. F. Cresson, Jr., and Chas. W. Stamford and to other reports published by the Department of Docks. In Fowlers Subaqueous Foundations may be found examples of the wooden piers of the Pacific Coast and in the latest edition of Merrimans American Civil Engineers Pocket Book there is much valuable information in condensed form. Acknowledgments arc due to Mr. Charles W. Staniford, Chief Engineer of the Department of Docks, New York, N. Y., and to the other officials of that department for photographs, drawings and information to Mr. S. W. Hoag, Jr, for permission to reprint portions of his paper on New York docks, published in the proceedings of The Municipal Engineers of New York, to Engineering News, Engineer ing Record, Engineering Contracting and International Marine Engineering, also to the General Electric Co.. Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., Brown Portable Elevator Co., J. Edward Ogden Co., American Engineering Co. and others for illustrations. C G NJW YORK, January, 1917 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . ... vn CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS i REQUIREMENTS 2 TYPES . 3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 4 Timber 4 Wood Preservatives 9 Concrete 1 1 Concrete Pile 13 Stone Masonry 14 Steel 14 Cast Iron IQ Riprap 17 Concrete vs Timber 17 CHAPTER II PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OFDESIGN COMMERCIAL LU-E 19 GROWTH OF SHIPS 22 MARGINAL WHARVES vs PIERS 23 DIMENSIONS OF WHARVES 24 LIVE LOADS 26 TIDAL PRISM 26 CHAPTER III - DETAILS OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION PILES AND PILE DRIVING 28 Pile Formulae 28 Steam vs Drop Hammers 29 Lagged Pile 29 Floating Drivers 29 Inclined Drivers 30 Pile Follower 31 LATERAL SUPPORT FOR PILES 31 TEST PILES AND BORINGS 32 DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION 33 IRON AND WOOD FASTENINGS 40 SEWERS IN PIERS 42 x CONTENTS CHAPTER IV...

From the earliest centuries of Christianity, the cult of saintly relics has been an important feature of the worship of the Church. This book explores the way in which church architecture has been shaped by holy bones - the physical remains or `relics' of those whom the Church venerated as saints. This is the first complete modern study of this aspect of medieval church architecture in western Europe.

The Architecture of Neoliberalism pursues an uncompromising critique of the neoliberal turn in contemporary architecture. This book reveals how a self-styled parametric and post-critical architecture serves mechanisms of control and compliance while promoting itself, at the same time, as progressive. Spencer's incisive analysis of the architecture and writings of figures such as Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher, Rem Koolhaas, and Greg Lynn shows them to be in thrall to the same notions of liberty as are propounded in neoliberal thought. Analysing architectural projects in the fields of education, consumption and labour, The Architecture of Neoliberalism examines the part played by contemporary architecture in refashioning human subjects into the compliant figures - student-entrepreneurs, citizen-consumers and team-workers - requisite to the universal implementation of a form of existence devoted to market imperatives.

The importance of the leading British architect A. W. N. Pugin (1812-52) in the history of the Gothic Revival, the development of ecclesiology, the origins of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and in architectural theory is incontestable. His letters are vigorous, direct, often witty, and invaluable for architectural and religio-historical research. The second of five volumes.

Social and ecological guidelines for designing and maintaining small parks

Designing Small Parks: A Manual for Addressing Social and Ecological Concerns draws on a wide range of knowledge to provide a one-stop reference to building better parks.

Integrating design criteria with current social and natural science research, Designing Small Parks presents landscape architects, park designers, park departments, planners, scientists, and civic groups with a broad palette of design options. Beginning with an overview of key issues and terms, this accessible manual is arranged around twelve topics that represent key questions, contradictions, and tensions in the design of small parks.

Designing Small Parks features: Concise guidelines providing immediate access to critical information Fundamental material on size, edges, appearance, and naturalness Ecological and human environment coverage of water, plants, wildlife, and air and climate Succinct summaries of issues surrounding clients and other involved parties Over 100 drawings and photographs illustrating design details Up-to-date scientific research Five conceptual design examples that offer hands-on applications of covered material

The sequel to the acclaimed Made in Niugini, which explored in unparalleled depth the material world of the Wola comprising moveable artefacts, Built in Niugini continues Paul Sillitoe's project in exemplary fashion, documenting the built environment, architecture and construction techniques in a tour de force of ethnography. But this is more than a book about building houses. Sillitoe also shows how material constructions can serve to further our understandings of intellectual constructions. Allowing his ethnography to take the lead, and paying close attention to the role of tacit understandings and know-how in both skilled work and everyday dwelling, his close experiential analyses inform a phenomenologically inflected discussion of profound philosophical questions - such as what can we know of being-in-the-world - from startlingly different cultural directions. The book also forms part of a long-term project to understand a radically different 'economy', which is set in an acephalous order that extends individual freedom and equality in a manner difficult to imagine from the perspective of a nation-state - an intriguing way of being-in-the-world that is entwined with tacit aspects of knowing via personal and emotional experience. This brings us back to the explanatory power of a focus on technology, which Sillitoe argues for in the context of 'materiality' approaches that feature prominently in current debates about the sociology of knowledge. Archaeology has long been to the fore in considering technology and buildings, along with vernacular architecture, and Sillitoe contributes to a much-needed dialogue between anthropology and these disciplines, assessing the potential and obstacles for a fruitful rapprochement. Built in Niugini represents the culmination of Sillitoe's luminous scholarship as an anthropologist who dialogues fluidly with the literature and ideas of numerous disciplines. The arguments throughout engage with key concepts and theories from anthropology, archaeology, architecture, material culture studies, cognitive science, neuroscience and philosophy. The result is a significant work that contributes to not only our regional knowledge of the New Guinea Highlands but also to studies of tacit knowledge and the anthropology of architecture and building practices. Trevor Marchand, Emeritus Professor of Social Anthropology, School of Oriental and African Studies

VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE EDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767 AI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D. Lrr., AJLLB. A. PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLV CONTENTS PAQK PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION VITRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WEST ...... ix HISTORY OF THE MSS. OF VITRUVIUS . X i THE EARLIEST EDITIONS OF VITRUVIUS . XXi THE SCHOLIA OF THE MSS. . . . XXV - THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MSS. . . XXVli THE LANGUAGE OF VITRUVIUS . . . XXViii BIBLIOGRAPHY THE MSS. . . . . . . XXXli EDITIONS ...... xxxiii TRANSLATIONS XXXiii THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF VITRUVIUS ..... xxxiv BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE . . XXXVi TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION BOOK I. ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES . 1 BOOK II. EVOLUTION OF BUILDING USE OF MATERIALS . . . . 71 BOOK III. IONIC TEMPLES . . . 151 BOOK IV. DORIC AND CORINTHIAN TEMPLES 199 BOOK V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS I THEATRES AND MUSIC, BATHS, HARBOURS . 249 INDEX OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 319 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS THE CAPITOL DOUGGA . Frontispiece PLATE A. WINDS AND DIRECTION OF STREETS at end PLATE B. PLANS OF TEMPLES . . . PLATE C. IONIC ORDER . . . . PLATE 0. CORINTHIAN ORDER see Frontispiece PLATE E. DORIC ORDER . . . at end PLATE F. MUSICAL SCALES ., ., PLATE O. THEATRE . . . . . PLATE H. PLAN OF STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII . vi PREFACE THIS edition has been based upon the oldest MS. of Vitruvius, the Harleian 2767 of the British Museum, probably of the eighth century, and from the Saxon scriptorium of Northumbria in which the Codex Amiatinus was written. The Latin closely resembles that of the workshop and the street. In my translation I havesought to retain the vividness and accuracy of the original, and have not sought a smoothness of rendering which would become a more polished style. The reader, it is possible, may discern the genial figure of Vitruvius through his utterances. In a technical treatise the risks of the translator are many. The help of Dr. House has rendered them less formidable, but he is not responsible for the errors which have survived revision. The introduction has been limited to such con siderations as may enable the layman to enter into the mysteries of the craft, and the general reader to follow the stages by which the successive accretions to the text have been removed. The section upon language indicates some of the relations of Vitruvius to Old Latin generally. My examination of fourteen MSS. has been rendered possible by the courtesy of the Directors of the MSS. Libraries at the British Museum, the Vatican, the Escorial, the Bibliotheque Nationale vii PREFACE at Paris, the Bodleian, St. Johns College, Oxford, and Eton College. A word of special thanks is due to his Excellency the Spanish Ambassador to London, his Eminence the Cardinal Merry del Val and the Secretary of the British Embassy at Paris, for their assistance. Mr. Paul Gray, M. A., of this College, has given me valuable help in preparing the MS. for the press. FRANK GRANGER. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM, September, 1929. viii INTRODUCTION VlTRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OP THE WEST THE history of architectural literature is taken by Vitruvius to begin with the theatre of Dionysus at Athens. 1 In earlier times the spectators were accommodated upon wooden benches. According to one account, 2 in the year 500 B. C. or thereabouts, thescaffolding collapsed, and in consequence a beginning was made towards a permanent stone structure. The elaborate stage settings of Aeschylus reached their culmination at the performance of the Agamemnon and its associated plays in 458. According to Suidas, 3 the collapse of the scaffolding, which occurred at a performance of one of Aeschylus dramas, led to the exile of the poet in Sicily, where he died in 456. In that case the permanent con struction of the theatre would begin in the Periclean age some time between 458 and 456...

We typically take public space for granted, as if it has continuously been there, yet public space has always been the expression of the will of some agency (person or institution) who names the space, gives it purpose, and monitors its existence. And often its use has been contested. These new essays, written for this volume, approach public space through several key questions: Who has the right to define public space? How do such places generate and sustain symbolic meaning? Is public space unchanging, or is it subject to our subjective perception? Do we, given the public nature of public space, have the right to subvert it? These eighteen essays, including several case studies, offer convincing evidence of a spatial turn in American studies. They argue for a re-visioning of American culture as a history of place-making and the instantiation of meaning in structures, boundaries, and spatial configurations. Chronologically the subjects range from Pierre L'Enfant's initial majestic conceptualization of Washington, D.C. to the post-modern realization that public space in the U.S. is increasingly a matter of waste. Topics range from parks to cities to small towns, from open-air museums to airports, encompassing the commercial marketing of place as well as the subversion and re-possession of public space by the disenfranchised. Ultimately, public space is variously imagined as the site of social and political contestation and of aesthetic change.

This study explores the multiple ways in which Congressional Cemetery has been positioned for some two hundred years in "the shadow" of the U.S. Capitol. The narrative proceeds chronologically, discussing the burial ground during three periods: a) The antebellum years; b) The years from the end of the Civil War to approximately 1970, when the site progressively deteriorated; c) The period from the early 1970s to 2007, when both public and private organizations worked to preserve the physical site and the memory of what it has been and continues to represent. This monograph on Congressional Cemetery focuses on the dominant narrative associated with the site: its legacy as the first national burial ground in the United States. Given this emphasis, the text presents a political and cultural analysis of the cemetery, with particular focus on the participation of the U.S. Congress. "This book makes historians and many others aware of a fascinating and complicated history. Moreover, it not only details the long history of the cemetery, but it uses it to explore the nature of historic memorials generally in the creation of national memory." Steven Diner, Chancellor of Rutgers University at Newark. "The Johnsons have done an excellent job of mining a wide range of sources and conveying the complex history of an institution that merits documentation... It's stunning to realize what a who's who exists in that space." Howard Gillette, Professor Emeritus at Rutgers University at Camden. "The history of Congressional Cemetery is intimately tied up in the changing demographics of its locale, and its corresponding decline as the neighborhood around Christ Church changed led to its emergence as a cause celebre for historic preservationists." Donald Kennon, Chief Historian for the United States Capitol Historical Society, and editor of The Capitol Dome.

Calvert Vaux (1824--1895) designed Central Park and other parks in American cities with Frederick Law Olmsted. Trained in England as an architect, Vaux also planned buildings that mirrored the advance of urbanization in America. Museums, exhibition halls, model tenements, and dwellings, as well as many structures in Central Park, were among his designs. This book is an in-depth study of Vaux's life and work.

Mysterious ghost stations forgotten beneath the cities of Paris and London; desolate grand rail hubs in the Pyrenean mountains; metro stations in China that terminate in a wasteland; Abandoned Train Stations looks at some of the thousands of disused station buildings, platforms, lines, tunnels, and rail yards left behind by modernity. Organised by continent, this book takes the reader to every corner of the globe. Explore Canfranc International Railway Station, once a busy mountain hub of international travel between France and Spain; see the eerily empty platform at Kings Cross Thameslink, London, today a service tunnel following the station's closure in the early 2000s; examine the grandiose Michigan Central Train Station in Detroit, an historic Amtrak rail depot, and once the tallest rail station in the world; marvel at the dusty, overgrown shell of Abkhazia's once beautiful railway station in Psyrtskha, a physical legacy of the former Soviet era in the Caucasus; see the disused Tiwanaku train station, situated almost 4,000 metres above sea level in the Bolivian Andes; or learn about the fascinating Istvantelek Train Yard, in the Hungarian capital of Budapest, better known as the 'Red Star train graveyard' because of its many Soviet-era engine wrecks. Illustrated with more than 200 photographs, Abandoned Train Stations provides a fascinating pictorial journey through the little-known remnants of rail transport infrastructure from every part of the world.

Well Worth a Shindy tells the story of the Old Well, beloved symbol of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the United States' first public university. The Old Well is a Greco-Roman garden temple built in 1897 over an old water well on the campus. The facts concerning the Old Well's beginnings serve to introduce an historical study of the round temple from Mycenaean tholos tombs and treasuries to eighteenth-century English garden follies. The reasons that the Old Well was built, according to its commissioner, Edwin Alderman, the sixth president of the University of North Carolina, are repetitious of those that directed such as Alexander the Great, Augustus Caesar, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to build round temples to be symbols of their territorial and dynastic desires. the designer of the Old Well, Eugene Lewis Harris, used to construct the temple were not new but were ancient guides filtered through Medieval and Renaissance prisms. A catalog of over 100 round structures in 14 countries is provided.