In recent years, consumers have been concentrating on the health benefits and nutrition from food to preserve a healthy lifestyle. They are looking for colorants derived from natural sources to enhance the nutritional and antioxidant value of foods. Coloured cereals (wheat, rice, barley, oat, maize, sorghum, and millets) contain many phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and carotenoids associated with numerous health benefits. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the bioactive potential, food applications, and health benefits of coloured cereal grains. Novel approaches to the integration of coloured grain into food in the food processing industries are included, reviewing high-value pigments in the bran layer which can easily be extracted and utilized as functional foods and natural colorants. Aimed at researchers carrying out innovative studies, food regulatory and safety authorities and food processing industries who are trying to minimize synthetic food colorants and dyes, this book provides a novel approach to the use of substitute synthetic dyes which can improve the nutritional value, appearance, texture, flavour, and storage properties of food products.

Methods for Analysis of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms: Plants, Green Algae and Cyanobacteria examines both general and detailed aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in photosynthetic organisms, along with the four main oligosaccharides and each enzymatic reaction that gives birth to them. Chapters include information on how biological active protein is extracted for different cells, determination of enzymatic activity, separation of proteins by different available methods, and descriptions of analytical methods for the determination of various types of carbohydrates in photosynthetic organisms. The book contains useful protocols for researchers working on the determination of carbohydrate metabolism. The book provides foundational content as well as step-by-step guidance on how to design and conduct an experiment, including what other methodologies could be used if advanced instruments are not readily available.

This volume provides a comprehensive understanding of the enigmatic identity of the glycome, a complex but important area of research that has been largely ignored due to its complexity. The authors thoroughly deal with almost all aspects of the glycome, i.e., elucidation of the glycan identity enigma and its role in regulation of the cellular process, and in disease etiology. The book bridges the knowledge gap in understanding the glycome, from being a cell signature to its applications in disease etiology. In addition, it details many of the major insights regarding the possible role of the glycome in various diseases as a therapeutic marker. The book systematically covers the major aspects of the glycome, including the significance of substituting the diverse monosaccharide units to glycoproteins, the role of glycans in disease pathologies, and the challenges and advances in glycobiology. The authors stress the significance and huge encoding power of carbohydrates as well as provide helpful insights in framing the bigger picture. The Glycome: Understanding the Diversity and Complexity of Glycobiology details state-of-the-art developments and emerging challenges of glycome biology, which are going to be key areas of future research, not only in the glycobiology field but also in pharmaceutics.

Cell surface molecules are critically important in regulating cell structure and function. Recent advances on the functional role of cell surface molecules, particularly glycoconjugates are presented in this book. Comprising of 22 chapters from the 2011 International Symposium on Biochemical Roles of Eukaryotic Cell Surface Macromolecules, it covers topics on the analysis of glycome, biophysical approaches to study cell surface molecules, glycoconjugate metabolism and its dysregulation, and molecular mechanisms involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction.

Published in 1975: This volume contains the completed section of the Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with data pertaining to Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Steroids.

Renowned experts give all essential aspects of the techniques and applications of graft copolymers based on polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the most abundant natural organic materials and polysaccharide based graft copolymers are of great importance and widely used in various fields. Natural polysaccharides have recently received more attention due to their advantages over synthetic polymers by being non-toxic, biodegradable and available at low cost. Modification of polysaccharides through graft copolymerization improves the properties of polysaccharides. Grafting is known to improve the characteristic properties of the backbones. Such properties include water repellency, thermal stability, flame resistance, dye-ability and resistance towards acid-base attack and abrasion. Polysaccharides and their graft copolymers find extensive applications in diversified fields. Applications of modified polysaccharides include drug delivery devices, controlled release of fungicides, selective water absorption from oil-water emulsions, purification of water etc.

Over the past five years, the immense financial pressure on the development and manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals has resulted in the increasing use and acce- ance of disposables, which are discarded after harvest and therefore intended only for single use. In fact, such disposables are implemented in all the main bioprocess production stages today and an even higher growth than those in the biopharmac- tical market is predicted (reaching double figures). Alongside disposable filter capsules, membrane chromatography units, tubing, connectors, flexible containers processing or containing fluids, freezer systems, mixers and pumps, and fully c- trolled disposable bioreactors of up to 2,000 L culture volume are already available on the market. Numerous studies highlight the advantages of disposable bioreactors and reveal their potential for simple, safe and fast seed inoculum production, process devel- ment and small as well as middle volume production (e.g. bioactive substances, viruses for vaccines and gene therapies etc.). They suggest that such disposable bioreactors (typically characterized by the cultivation chamber or bag from plastic materials) may be advantageous for plant, animal and microbial cells. Running industrial activities such as CFD-modelling, development of single-use process monitoring and control technology, and standardized film formulations are attempting to resolve the limitations of the current disposable bioreactors. These achievements, along with substantial improvements in product yield, will reduce the use of stainless steel in the biomanufacturing facilities of the future.

Marine glycobiology is an emerging and exciting area in the field of science and medicine. Glycobiology, the study of the structure and function of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing molecules, is fundamental to all biological systems and represents a developing field of science that has made huge advances in the last half-century. This book revolutionizes the concept of marine glycobiology, focusing on the latest principles and applications of marine glycobiology and their relationships.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal

Historically, most of the research into carbohydrates as functional ingredients focused on the improvement of appearance, taste, mouth-feel, and stability. The growing interest in functional foods, however, is demanding a critical look at the beneficial nonnutritive effects of carbohydrates on human health. Furthermore, there is a need to establish definitive relations among the structure, physical property, and physiological function of these bioactive compounds. As more of the benefit and functional versatility of carbohydrates is revealed, it is clear that any future research and recommendation must be based on a solid synthesis of multidisciplinary findings including epidemiological, metabolic, and clinical nutritional data. Through clinical and epidemiological studies, Functional Food Carbohydrates addresses the specific classes of carbohydrates that seem to exert health-enhancing effects. The text begins with in-depth treatments of the chemistry, physical properties, processing technology, safety and health benefits of a variety of carbohydrates including cereal beta-glucans, microbial polysaccharides, chitosan, arabinoxylans, resistant starch, and other polysaccharides of plant origin. The authors then discuss the physiological and metabolic effects that a variety of carbohydrates have on specific chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and various gastrointestinal disorders. The final chapters discuss the regulatory and technological aspects of using carbohydrates as functional foods. Specifically, the authors consider the safety and efficacy of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics, and the potential use of carbohydrates as delivery vehicles for other bioactive compounds. With contributions from experts specializing in food chemistry and technology, as well as human nutrition and physiology, this text illuminates the link between the behavior of carbohydrate compounds and their beneficial end-result on human health.

Long gone are the days when synthetic publications included parallel preparative experiments to document reproducibility of the experimental protocols and when journals required such documentation. The new Proven Synthetic Methods Series addresses concerns to chemists regarding irreproducibility of synthetic protocols, lack of characterization data for new compounds, and inflated yields reported in many chemical communications-trends that have recently become a serious problem. Volume One of Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synthetic Methods includes more detailed versions of protocols previously published for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, C-glycosyl compounds, sugar nucleotides, click chemistry, thioglycosides, and thioimidates, among others. The compilation of protocols covers both common and less frequently used synthetic methods as well as examples of syntheses of selected carbohydrate intermediates with general utility. The major focus of this book is devoted to the proper practice of state-of-the-art preparative procedures, including: References to the starting materials used, reaction setup, work-up and isolation of products, followed by identification and proof of purity of the final material General information regarding convenience of operation and comments on safety issues Versatile and practically useful methods that have not received deserved, long-lasting recognition or that are difficult to access from their primary sources Copies of 1D NMR spectra of compounds prepared, showing purity of materials readers can expect Exploring carbohydrate chemistry from the academic points of view, the Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synthetic Methods Series provides a compendium of preparatively useful procedures checked by chemists from independent research groups.

This work covers methodologies for plant and animal glycoconjugate analysis. It details mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, glycolipids and new physical methods, o-glycosylation characterization, chromophore and fluorophore labelling of oligosaccharides, separations, exoglycosidases and mapping, and plant glycobiology.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

The second volume in the series Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synthetic Methods, Volume 2 offers a collection of synthetic procedures valuable to the practice of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The series takes an important and unique approach in that all described procedures have been independently verified as reliable and reproducible. With editors and contributors who are highly respected scientists in the field, this book provides a widely useful reference for both researchers and students, exploring carbohydrate chemistry from both academic and industrial points of view. The book begins with an introductory section that offers tricks and tips collected by the series editor from many years of experience working in carbohydrate laboratories. The subsequent chapters present detailed protocols on both specific synthetic transformations and the preparation of common synthetic intermediates, with figures to aid in comprehension. Procedures are described for regioselective benzylidene ring opening reactions, oxidation reactions to provide uronic acids, stereoselective alpha-glucosylation reactions, and more. Protocols for synthetic intermediates of general utility include 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-galactal, phenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio- -d-mannopyranoside, 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl- -d-mannopyranoside, and methyl N-acetylneuraminic acid, among many others. Each chapter presents in-depth experimental descriptions for the reported procedures, including reaction setup, reaction conditions, work-up procedures, and purification protocols. The chapters also provide detailed characterization of all products and intermediates as well as copies of the 1H NMR and 13C NMR of the described products and intermediates to indicate the purity of the obtained materials and to serve as a valuable reference for future practitioners. This book provides an important starting point to reliably access synthetic carbohydrate materials and as such offers a valuable resource for the synthetic organic chemistry community. Through the streamlined access of well-defined products it provides a thrust to the rapidly growing field of chemical glycobiology.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides serves as an essential reference guide containing spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, according to the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides serves as an essential reference guide containing spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, according to the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides offers a practical desk reference for all scientists and students interested in steroid glycosides and their biological and medicinal importance.

The following data of the steroid glycosides, as available in published literature, are included: - Name of the compound, Chemical name of compound and its structure, - Source, name of the genus, species, authors, family of the biological source from which the glycoside has been isolated, - Melting point, - Specific rotation, - Molecule weight, - Molecular formula, - UV spectral data: maxima, e or log e, solvent, - IR peaks in cm-1 with medium in which the spectrum was taken e.g. KBr, nujol, etc, - Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) chemical shifts, multiplicity of the peaks, coupling constants with assignments, - 13C-NMR (CMR) chemical shifts with assignments, - Mass spectral data with the technique used (e.g. Electron Impact (E.I.), Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB), positive ion or negative ion mode or any other technique, - CD or ORD data, - Biological Activity, - Full reference from which data have been taken.

CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Carbohydrates, Volume II updates the first volume, continuing coverage of literature published from 1979 to 1989. Tabulated for easy reference and thoroughly documented, it presents the comprehensive data for all chromatographic techniques applicable to carbohydrates. It features glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, as well as mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. This important text emphasizes novel chromatographic methods. Highlights of this superb work include the diversity of HPLC methods applicable to carbohydrates, and the use of some new techniques, including supercritical fluid chromatography and ion chromatography in carbohydrate analysis. Readers discover the latest detection methods, degradative processes, and derivatization techniques. Detailed chapters cover topics such as spectroscopic techniques, electrochemistry, and gas chromatography. This easy-to-use volume provides an excellent working manual and reference book for researchers in the fields of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. CRC Handbook of Chromatography, Carbohydrates: Volume II is an absolute must for all analysts working for industries concerned with carbohydrates.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Lignin, a plant constituent, is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth. Every year, the pulp and paper industry generates over 45 million metric tons of lignin as a by-product of chemical wood pulps and uses about 10 million metric tons of lignin as a component of mechanical wood pulps. The majority of the by-product lignin is being used internally as a low-grade fuel for the chemical pulping operation, while the lignin-rich mechanical wood pulps are being used mainly to make short-life paper products such as newsprint and telephone directories because of the light-instability of lignin. There is a tremendous economic incentive to find better uses of lignin and to expand the markets of mechanical wood pulps.
In Asia and other areas of the world where forest resources are less abundant, non-wood plant materials such as straw and bamboo have been used to make paper products for many centuries. The effective isolation and product development of lignin from chemical pulping of non-wood materials have become increasingly more important because internal use of the non-wood pulping spent liquors is difficult and the traditional way of discharging them to the environment is no longer acceptable.
This volume covers recent developments in chemical modification and utilization of lignin as a component of polymeric materials such as starch films, conducting polymers, polyurethanes and thermoplastics, and as a key building block to make carbon fibers, soil conditioners, nitrogenous fertilizers, and pulping catalysts. It also describes recent advances in chemical modification of lignin aimed at the photostabilization and upgrading of lignin-rich mechanical wood pulp and paper.

This text comprises of two volumes discussing the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Volume 74, presents a definitive interpretation of the current status and future trends in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Since its inception in 1945, the series has provided critical and informative articles written by research specialists that integrate the industrial, analytical and technological aspects of biochemistry, organic chemistry and instrumentation methodology to the study of carbohydrates.

Volumes in the Proven Synthetic Methods Series address the concerns many chemists have regarding irreproducibility of synthetic protocols, lack of identification and characterization data for new compounds, and inflated yields reported in chemical communications-trends that have recently become a serious problem. Featuring contributions from world-renowned experts and overseen by a highly respected series editor, Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synthetic Methods, Volume 4 compiles reliable synthetic methods and protocols for the preparation of intermediates for carbohydrate synthesis or other uses in the glycosciences. Exploring carbohydrate chemistry from both the academic and industrial points of view, this unique resource brings together useful information into one convenient reference. The series is unique among other synthetic literature in the carbohydrate field in that, to ensure reproducibility, an independent checker has verified the experimental parts involved by repeating the protocols or using the methods. The book includes new or more detailed versions of previously published protocols as well as those published in not readily available journals. The essential characteristics of the protocols presented are reliability, updated characterization data for newly synthesized substances and the expectation of wide utility in the carbohydrate field. The protocols presented will be of wide use to a broad range of readers in the carbohydrate field and the life sciences, including undergraduates taking carbohydrate workshops.

A complete reference to new sources of starting materials for organic synthesis of chiral compounds

While carbohydrate synthons have received much attention in recent years, the potential pool of new compounds has gone largely untapped. This book removes the obstacles to using many carbohydrate products and derivatives and provides a broad introduction to implementing the organic synthesis of chiral compounds.

Unlike any other book on the subject, Carbohydrate Building Blocks features a compendium of compounds that can be prepared from inexpensive materials by following a few easy steps. This exciting new material is presented in pictorial dictionary form to facilitate the easy identification and selection of useful compounds.

This invaluable guide places the entire field of carbohydrate building blocks at your fingertips. It also:

• Introduces organic chemists and molecular architects to many new sources of useful raw materials
• Shows the advantages of using readily available carbohydrates as starting materials for organic synthesis of chemical compounds
• Points out the best carbohydrates to use, where to find them, and how to acquire them at low cost from commercial sources
• Describes the most effective methods of converting carbohydrates into usable building blocks
• Clarifies and updates the largely arcane and confusing nomenclature of carbohydrate compounds
• Offers time- and cost-saving tips for compound preparation throughout the text
• Proposes new ways to improve selection and preparation of desirable compounds

For synthetic organic chemists, for professors and students in organic chemistry, and for anyone in search of starting material for synthesis, this book stands as an indispensable guide, an excellent reference, and a boundless source of ideas for further research.