Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer. Recently, modified cellulose has been used as a reinforcement for various composites. Cellulose composite and modified cellulose are attractive because of their excellent mechanical and thermal performance. Furthermore, these are fully biodegradable in a wide variety of environmental conditions. Researchers all over the world are working on reinforcing cellulosic materials, with a goal to increase the number of uses of cellulose composites and modified cellulose. This book reviews some vital issues and topics on the latest scientific and technological advances in cellulose composites and modified cellulose. There are few books available on these topics. This book contains 20 invited contributions, written by renowned experts from many countries. Each chapter focuses on issues related to the use of cellulose composites and modified celluloses. This book thus demonstrates the real potential of these materials to be useful in different products and industries. Highlights of the book include the cellulose modification for smart material and medical applications, functional finishing of textiles, new cellulose-derivative plastic films, cellulose-based composites (such as thermoplastic composites, smart cellulose composites, composites for building and household materials), smart applications of cellulose-based materials in tissue engineering, digital dyeing and wrapping materials. There are also special sections on Bayesian statistics in interpreting wood pyrolysis and techniques in developing value-added products from cellulosic biomass. Thus, this book, covering the vital issues and topics of cellulose, its modifications and uses, should be attractive and supportive to scientists, product designers, polymer engineers and other academic processionals.

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose in several target tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, thereby contributing to the decline in the blood glucose level. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the regulation, signalling pathways and health implications of glucose uptake. Topics include glucose uptake and transport regulation; the mechanisms that contribute to glucose homeostasis; expression and regulation of neuronal glucose transporters in health and disease; role for the microvasculature in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle; implications of diabetes on sperm glucose uptake and metabolism; the beneficial role of estrogen signalling in glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure; glucose uptake and androgen responsiveness of prostate cancer cells; regulation of intestinal glucose uptake by leptin; and the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins in glucose transporter type 4-mediated glucose uptake in insulin-responsive tissues.

Lysozymes are widely distributed in living organisms, and play an important role in self-defence by destroying the cell walls of pathogenic bacteria upon invasion. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the sources, functions and role in disease of lysozymes. Topics include the adsorption behaviours of lysozyme adsorbed onto moderately hydrophobic surfaces; functional analysis using ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy in the lysozyme superfamily; functions of lysozymes and identification by MALDI-MS; dissecting lysozyme by single-molecule techniques; the antimicrobial activity and allergenicity of hen egg white lysozymes; human lysozyme amyloid and protein folding; purifying lysozyme from egg whites; and growing hen egg-white lysozyme crystals for neutron experiments.

Since its inception in 1945, this serial has provided critical and integrating articles written by research specialists that integrate industrial, analytical, and technological aspects of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and instrumentation methodology in the study of carbohydrates. The articles provide a definitive interpretation of the current status and future trends in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry.

Current research in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Topics include: applications of tin-containing intermediates, synthetic applications of selenium-containing sugars, anti-carbohydrate antibodies, complexes of starch with inorganic and organic guests.

In recent years "C"-glycoside chemistry has been one of the main topics in carbohydrate chemistry, not only because of the synthetic challenges posed, but also because "C"-glycosides have the potential to serve as carbohydrate analogues resistant to metabolic processes. Consequently, this class of compounds is currently receiving much interest as a potential source of therapeutic agents for clinical use. This book provides a broad coverage of the various synthetic methods available for the preparation of "C"-glycosides, and illustrates the interesting breadth of connections between carbohydrate chemistry and modern general synthetic organic chemistry by including topics such as transition-metal catalysis, radical chemistry, cycloaddition and rearrangement processes. In addition, in the final chapter of the book, the syntheses of C-di and trisaccharides reported through 1994 are reviewed. This well organised account of the synthetic chemistry in this field will prove to be very valuable to a wide range of researchers and advanced students, both as an introduction to the topic and for reference.

Since its inception in 1945, this serial has provided critical articles by research specialists in the industrial, analytical, and technological aspects of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and instrumentation methodology. The articles provide a definitive interpretation of the current status and future trends in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry.

A complete reference to new sources of starting materials for organic synthesis of chiral compounds

While carbohydrate synthons have received much attention in recent years, the potential pool of new compounds has gone largely untapped. This book removes the obstacles to using many carbohydrate products and derivatives and provides a broad introduction to implementing the organic synthesis of chiral compounds.

Unlike any other book on the subject, Carbohydrate Building Blocks features a compendium of compounds that can be prepared from inexpensive materials by following a few easy steps. This exciting new material is presented in pictorial dictionary form to facilitate the easy identification and selection of useful compounds.

This invaluable guide places the entire field of carbohydrate building blocks at your fingertips. It also:

• Introduces organic chemists and molecular architects to many new sources of useful raw materials
• Shows the advantages of using readily available carbohydrates as starting materials for organic synthesis of chemical compounds
• Points out the best carbohydrates to use, where to find them, and how to acquire them at low cost from commercial sources
• Describes the most effective methods of converting carbohydrates into usable building blocks
• Clarifies and updates the largely arcane and confusing nomenclature of carbohydrate compounds
• Offers time- and cost-saving tips for compound preparation throughout the text
• Proposes new ways to improve selection and preparation of desirable compounds

For synthetic organic chemists, for professors and students in organic chemistry, and for anyone in search of starting material for synthesis, this book stands as an indispensable guide, an excellent reference, and a boundless source of ideas for further research.

An in-depth text for students starting their study of carbohydrate chemistry, Monosaccharides relates the vast field of carbohydrate chemistry to both synthetic organic chemistry and biological processes. The structures and reactions of monosaccharides are examined in detail and their applications in synthesis and as biologically active compounds are discussed and explained at length. This textbook, written by two well-known experienced teachers and researchers in carbohydrate chemistry, provides:

• up-to-date coverage of this rapidly expanding and developing field
• classification of monosaccharide reactions according to reaction site
• treatment of monosaccharides as organic compounds with rationalized chemistry
• more than 1000 references to the primary literature
• a discussion of monosaccharides as components of biologically active compounds

The involvement of carbohydrates in biological processes has greatly fuelled the current interest in this diverse range of molecules. This book presents the up-to-date techniques required to analyse a wide variety of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing molecules.

Intended for researchers in biochemistry, medicine, nutrition and industry, this book discusses such topics as components of bacterial polysaccharides, fluorinated carbohydrates, and carbon sugars chemistry.

The critically acclaimed laboratory standard, Methods in Enzymology, is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. The series contains much material still relevant today - truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences.

This book reviews sources, applications and new research of glucosides. Chapter One introduces the source (where and how mycotoxins are glucosylated), history (how the researchers recognise and identify mycotoxin glucosides), and recent research (screening of new mycotoxin glucosides conducted by the authors and risk assessment research of mycotoxin glucosides). Chapter Two summarises the information available on the field of steryl glycosides from different perspectives. Chapter Three examines recent developments in the phase behavior of n-Alkyl glucosides in arid systems.

Sucrose is the organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. The molecule is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose with the molecular formula C12H22O11. A white, odourless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste, it is best known for its nutritional role, but its applications cover a wide array of disciplines. This book examines how sucrose plays an important role in different scientific areas. The research on sucrose represents important scientific challenges, whose solution has wide impact on a variety of issues. From a conceptual point of view, this research stands at the crossroads of many scientific sectors, such as physics, chemistry, biology and food science and has implications in several disciplines, e.g., pharmacology, toxicology, nanotechnology and medicine.

Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars". In glycolysis, glucose (a six carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP (free energy containing molecule), two molecules of pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of NADH. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP. This process is called fermentation. This book presents the latest research in the field.

Introducing the emerging field carbohydrate nanostructures, this book will be a unique resource for interested researchers to learn a range of methods of applying the field to their own work. Greater access, as well as greater collaboration, to this new interdisciplinary field is intended for both synthetic carbohydrate chemists and researchers in nanoscience related fields. It covers: * the main types of nanostructures presently under investigation for modification by carbohydrates, including nanoparticles, nanorods, magnetic particles, dendrimers, nanoporous, and surface confined structures * overview and introduction to the field of carbohydrate nanotechnology, and especially its applications to its biological systems * Provides a unique resource for researchers to learn about the techniques used to characterize the physical and biological properties of carbohydrate-modified nanostructures

Globally, cereal grains are a staple part of the diet providing primarily carbohydrates and other phytochemical components. Detailed coverage of the composition and functionality of the bulk carbohydrate components, specifically starch, beta-glucans, and arabinoxylans, and the trace phytochemical components, i.e. phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, deoxyanthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins in cereal grains and grain products is provided. Considerable attention is paid to the interactions between carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate components in grains including starch-protein and starch-lipid interactions and their effects on starch digestibility. The phenolic constituents bound to grain dietary fiber also receive detailed consideration and the final chapter presents a review that discusses whole grain-gut microbiota interactions identifying new areas of research that may contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms linked to human health. This book provides researchers, clinicians and students with a comprehensive compendium on aspects of whole grain components and brings the literature up to date.

Demonstrating the interdisciplinary nature of modern glycosciences, this volume covers research in the fields of polysaccharides and small carbohydrates from the synthetic and structural viewpoints, with applications ranging from biology to the bioeconomy. Key aspects of the synthesis and properties of imino disaccharides and regioselective glycosylation reactions are reviewed, glycosyltransferase inhibitors are shown to be potential future therapeutic agents, protein-carbohydrate interactions in plant cell-wall biodegradation are targeted by the use of glycan microarrays, biological properties of polysaccharidic microbial surface antigens are discussed with respect to their intimate structure, and contributions on carbohydrate-based hydrogelators, green/blue sugar-based surfactants and carbohydrate-based green solvents illustrate the modern design of tomorrow's chemicals. With the increase in volume, velocity and variety of information, researchers can find it difficult to keep up to date with the literature in their field and this book remains a valuable addition to any researcher's library.

Glycans play a vital role in modulating protein structure and function from involvement in protein folding, solubility and stability to regulation of tissue distribution, recognition specificity, and biological activity. They can act as both positive and negative regulators of protein function, providing an additional level of control with respect to genetic and environmental conditions. Due to the complexity of glycosylated protein forms, elucidating structural and functional information has been challenging task for researchers but recent development of chemical biology-based tools and techniques is bridging these knowledge gaps. This book provides a thorough review of the current state of glycoprotein chemical biology, describing the development and application of glycoprotein and glycan synthesis technologies for understanding and manipulating protein glycosylation.

This glycobiology book is truly unique. Produced to commemorate the 80th birthday of Nathan Sharon, Glycobiology is an essential reference tool for anyone working in the field. Most research review volumes are narrowly focused. This book is different. It is a state-of-the-art fully comprehensive review volume covering a deliberately wide spectrum of work in this important field. With 28 chapters, covering over 350 pages, this title describes the latest research findings - from chemistry to biology and from pure science to industrial and medical applications. The book is written by world-class researchers and brings the reader fully up-to-date with the latest advances and forward thinking. All the major areas of glycobiology are covered including the synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, their structural and functional analysis, carbohydrate binding proteins, carbohydrate modifying enzymes, and the applications of glycobiology research in medicine and industry. All active researchers in the glycosciences will value access to this important research compendium whether it be in the local library or in the lab.

Tannins constitute a heterogeneous group of polyphenolic compounds, present in a considerable number of vegetable foods. The term tannin is derived from the properties of these compounds to interact and precipitate macromolecules, such as proteins, make them able to tan animal leather. Subsequently a general definition for tannins emerged, referring them as high molecular weight polyphenols that precipitate protein from solution. The first chapter of this book begins with a discussion on the adsorbent biopolymers from tannin extracts for water treatment. The second chapter presents the influences of sensory and psychosocial factors on the intake of tannin-rich foods and beverages. Chapter three investigates condensed tannins derived from grapes and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Chapter four provides a review of the latest research in the extraction of tannins from grapes and how tannin structure can influence wine astringency. The tannin chemistry diversity and its occurrence in ruminant diets, as well as its beneficial and adverse effects on ruminants will be briefly reviewed in chapter five, and aspects related to oral cavity physiology, saliva production/composition and postingestive effects will be also be referred. The final chapter evaluates milk composition of crossbred dairy goats fed Tifton 85 grass replaced by flemingia.

Lays the foundation for new methods and applications of carbohydrate click chemistry

Introduced by K. Barry Sharpless of The Scripps Research Institute in 2001, click chemistry mimics nature, giving researchers the tools needed to generate new substances quickly and reliably by joining small units together. With contributions from more than thirty pioneering researchers in the field, this text explores the many promising applications of click chemistry in glycoscience. Readers will learn both the basic concepts of carbohydrate click chemistry as well as its many biomedical applications, including synthetic antigens, analogs of cell-surface receptors, immobilized enzymes, targeted drug delivery systems, and multivalent cancer vaccines.

"Click Chemistry in Glycoscience" examines a broad range of methodologies and strategies that have emerged from this rapidly evolving field. Each chapter describes new approaches, ideas, consequences, and applications resulting from the introduction of click processes. Divided into four sections, the book covers: Click chemistry strategies and decouplingThio-click chemistry of carbohydratesCarbohydrate click chemistry for novel synthetic targetsCarbohydrate click chemistry in biomedical sciences

Thoroughly researched, the book reflects the most recent findings published in the literature. Diagrams and figures throughout the book enable readers to more easily grasp complex concepts and reaction processes. At the end of each chapter, references lead to the primary literature for further investigation of individual topics.

The application of click chemistry to carbohydrates has tremendous implications for research. With this book as their guide, researchers have a solid foundation from which they can develop new methods and applications of carbohydrate click chemistry, including new carbohydrate-based therapeutics.

This work covers methodologies for plant and animal glycoconjugate analysis. It details mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, glycolipids and new physical methods, o-glycosylation characterization, chromophore and fluorophore labelling of oligosaccharides, separations, exoglycosidases and mapping, and plant glycobiology.

Marine glycobiology is an emerging and exciting area in the field of science and medicine. Glycobiology, the study of the structure and function of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing molecules, is fundamental to all biological systems and represents a developing field of science that has made huge advances in the last half-century. This book revolutionizes the concept of marine glycobiology, focusing on the latest principles and applications of marine glycobiology and their relationships.

The Advanced Text series is designed for students taking advanced-level courses, including upper-level undergraduates and graduate students. Titles in this series will also be invaluable to researchers new to a field, and to established researchers as a basic reference text.
"Functional and Molecular Glycobiology "explains the chemistry of carbohydrates, and the biosynthesis and diversity of different types of glycans. It looks at the functional role of glycoconjugate compounds in normal cellular processes, in both disease and development. The book also describes how these compounds can be studied, analyzed and manipulated for use in biotechnology. "Functional and Molecular Glycobiology" is a unique introduction to the field bridging the gap between introductory books and current research.