Over the past five years, the immense financial pressure on the development and manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals has resulted in the increasing use and acce- ance of disposables, which are discarded after harvest and therefore intended only for single use. In fact, such disposables are implemented in all the main bioprocess production stages today and an even higher growth than those in the biopharmac- tical market is predicted (reaching double figures). Alongside disposable filter capsules, membrane chromatography units, tubing, connectors, flexible containers processing or containing fluids, freezer systems, mixers and pumps, and fully c- trolled disposable bioreactors of up to 2,000 L culture volume are already available on the market. Numerous studies highlight the advantages of disposable bioreactors and reveal their potential for simple, safe and fast seed inoculum production, process devel- ment and small as well as middle volume production (e.g. bioactive substances, viruses for vaccines and gene therapies etc.). They suggest that such disposable bioreactors (typically characterized by the cultivation chamber or bag from plastic materials) may be advantageous for plant, animal and microbial cells. Running industrial activities such as CFD-modelling, development of single-use process monitoring and control technology, and standardized film formulations are attempting to resolve the limitations of the current disposable bioreactors. These achievements, along with substantial improvements in product yield, will reduce the use of stainless steel in the biomanufacturing facilities of the future.

Due to the significant contributions of carbohydrates to the functional diversity of the cell, the challenging study of the glycome has expanded beyond the research of carbohydrate experts and into the wider scope of the life sciences. To aid all scientists now delving into this vital subject area, Glycomics: Methods and Protocols collects a compendium of detailed laboratory protocols reflecting the increasing availability of sample preparation, chromatographic, electrophoretic, mass spectrometric, and bioinformatic tools specifically designed for the analysis of glycosylation. Leading researchers in the field address subjects such as glycoprotein and proteoglycan analysis, glycosylation structure determination, as well as various approaches to investigate the interaction between glycans and a variety of carbohydrate-recognizing proteins in order to aid exploration into the functional significance of the oligosaccharides. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, the chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Glycomics: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable guide for experimenters facing the challenges of glycan analysis in hope of providing further insights into the biology of cell-cell communication and interaction.

Glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and glycolipids play important roles in cell-cell interaction events, including development, differentiation, m- phogenesis, fertilization, inflammation, and metastasis. A number of reports have documented the association of unique oligosaccharide sequences to p- tein targeting and folding, and in mechanisms of infection, inflammation, and immunity. For glycoproteins, these glycan appendages are the result of extensive co- or post-translational modifications of the nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. Although nucleic acids and proteins are copied from a template in a repeated series of identical steps using the same enzymes, complex carbohydrates are formed by the sequential actions of cellular glycosyltransferases that specifically recognize unique s- strates. The molecular biology of these transferases and other carbohydra- modifying enzymes is providing important insights on oligosaccharide recognition events. While it is acknowledged that the definition of the protein complement of cells and tissues (the so-called proteome) remains an enormous task in this postgenomic era, the characterization of all glycans produced by individual organisms (referred to as the glycome) presents an equally imp- tant challenge. This task is further complicated by the fact that oligosacc- rides cannot presently be cloned. These complex carbohydrates exist in a staggering diversity of structures, linkages, and branching, thus providing an exquisite molecular repertoire for cellular interactions.

Polysaccharide esters (e.g. cellulose and starch) are among the first polymeric materials applied commercially. The way of producing these technically relevant derivatives, mainly the carboxylic acid esters of C2 to C4 acids, have not been changed significantly during their history of manufacture. The investigation of new acylation methods and strategies of analysis was revived during the last decade by the search for tailored, biocompatible material for specific fields of application, e.g., biotechnology, sensor technique and medicine. Unconventional solvents were developed for completely homogeneous acylation reaction applying state of the art techniques of modern organic chemistry for polysaccharide modification. This book will provide a first comprehensive summary of acylation methods in a very practical manner.
Detailed structure analysis is indispensable for the evaluation of structure-property-relationships. Spectroscopic methods in particular FTIR- and NMR spectroscopy including two dimensional methods are of increasing importance.

The studies presented in this monograph concentrate on the glycoconjugate characterisation of the mouse and human GALT and on the overlying follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), in order to identify their cell-specific carbohydrate residues.

Biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, combinatorial synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, enzymes and genetics are subjects of considerable interest. These themes are dealt with in three areas of current bioorganic research. Deoxysugars and deoxy- oligosaccharides are important structural moieties in bio- active natural products. What is their contribution to the mode of action and how can they be studied? Synthetic strategies, biosynthesis and the genetics involved are presented. The second review article, on non-template based multienzyme systems, addresses the question why polyketides are the most diverse group of natural products. Polyketide syntheses are compared with other non-template multienzyme systems. The third review article deals with angucycline antibiotics, the largest subgroup of polycyclic aromatic polyketides.

This book discusses glycobiology and various forms of human diseases. Topics covered include immunoglobulins, inflammation and glycosylation, the role and therapeutic significance of natural anti-glycan antibodies in malignancies and in normal and aberrant pregnancy, identifying urinary glycans as a possible method for the diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases, glycobiology of human milk (biological roles and diseases) and pectins as biological modulators of human physiological reactions. The book includes analysis of comprehensive data and some productive conclusions and perspectives.

This volume provides a thorough insight into the chemistry and mechanism of ionic gelations of various ionic biopolysaccharides, like alginate, gellan gum, pectin, chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc., and the applications of various ionically gelled biopolysaccharides in drug delivery fields, with chapters emphasizing the recent advances in the field by the experts. This book will be of interest to graduate students and academic and industry researchers from pharmacy, biotechnology, bioengineering, biomedical and material sciences fields.

In diesem Werk werden Polysaccharide unter samtlichen Aspekten betrachtet, von den Grundkonzepten bis zur kommerziellen Vermarktung. Thema der einzelnen Kapitel sind die verschiedenen Arten von Quellen, die Klassifikation, Eigenschaften, Charakterisierung, Verarbeitung, Rheologie und Herstellung von Materialien auf Grundlage von Polysacchariden sowie von Polysaccharid-Gemischen und -Gelen. Anwendung finden Polysaccharide u. a. in der Kosmetik, der Lebensmittelwissenschaft, der Medikamentenverabreichung, der Biomedizin, der Biokraftstoffproduktion, der Schifffahrt, im Verpackungswesen, in der Chromatographie und der Umweltsanierung. Daruber hinaus vermittelt das Werk einen UEberblick uber die Herstellung von anorganischen und Kohlenstoff-Nanomaterialien aus Polysacchariden. Mit der Betrachtung industrieller Anwendungen schliesst das Buch die Lucke zwischen der Forschungsarbeit im Labor und wirtschaftlich nutzbaren Anwendungen in entsprechenden Unternehmen.

The growing importance of glycobiology and carbohydrate chemistry in modern biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry makes accurate carbohydrate analysis indispensable. This book provides the principles and protocols of various fundamental carbohydrate analysis methods. Choice of method is entirely dependent upon the type of material being investigated (biological samples, food products, etc.), and the level of structural detail required, i.e. sugar content, compositional analysis, linkages between the sugar components, or the total chemical structure of a given molecule. Full structural characterization of carbohydrate chains requires significant time, resources, and skill in several methods of analysis; no single technique can address all glycan analysis needs. This book summarizes several existing analytical techniques (both chemical and physical) in an introductory volume designed for the non-expert researcher or novice scientist. While background in carbohydrate chemistry is assumed, all information necessary to understanding the described techniques is addressed in the text.

Carbohydrates have attracted a great deal of research interest in recent years from both synthetic chemists and glycobiologists. As a result they are now associated with a plethora of important biological processes and have been implicated in the onset and progress of many lethal diseases. They have therefore been identified as novel targets of therapeutic importance. This book, which is aimed at synthetic and medicinal chemists, hopes to introduce both undergraduates and research students to the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates. The book investigates methods for synthesising carbohydrates in a systematic and logical manner and provides real examples from the literature to exemplify the procedures introduced. Both traditional and modern methods for synthesising carbohydrates, including enzymatic and solid-phase techniques, are discussed.

To exploit the full potential of this diverse compound class for the development of novel active substances, this handbook presents the latest knowledge on carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. While it is unique in covering the entire field, particular emphasis is placed on carbohydrates with pharmaceutical potential.
Topics include the following:
> Chemical Synthesis of Carbohydrates
> Carbohydrate Biosynthesis and Metabolism
> Carbohydrate Analysis
> Cellular Functions of Carbohydrates
> Development of Carbohydrate-based Drugs
A premier resource for carbohydrate chemists and drug developers, this comprehensive two-volume work contains contributions by more than 50 of the world's leading carbohydrate chemists.

This brief discusses the influence of modern food production on dietary patterns and chronic diseases. In four concise chapters the authors explore different aspects of this topical issue. Chapter one highlights the importance of advanced glycation end products in food and describes how high levels of these complex molecules can lead to an increase in chronic diseases. Chapter two addresses the role of carbohydrates in inexpensive and tasty foods, while chapter three outlines how vegetable fats, notably palm oil, are used in selected industrial foods and explores their relation to hyper-palatability and other health issues. Lastly, the fourth chapter discusses the increasing demand for high-protein foods and the concomitant availability of vegan products. This brief is of interest to researchers in food production, food hygiene and public health, but is also relevant for certification bodies and specialists in the food industry.

The series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics of pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors. All chapters from Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are published OnlineFirst with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Organometallic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Organomet Chem and cited as a journal.

This book reveals how polymer blending and grafting now offer a growing range of new applications for advanced films and fibers. Further, it details how the processing and original physical properties of cellulosics can be improved, and demonstrates how new, cellulose-core polymeric materials offer a wide range of synergistic functionalities. Lastly, it summarizes basic characterization studies and successful fabrications of advanced films and fibers. The book is primarily intended for advanced undergraduates, academic and industrial researchers and professionals studying or using bio-based polymers.

This is the first comprehensive monograph to look in depth at saponins. Saponins are glycosides of triterpenes, steroids or steroid alkaloids which have a very wide distribution in plants and some marine organisms. Their biological activity includes haemolysis and fish poisoning, and the steroid saponins are essential for the manufacture of oral contraceptives and sex hormones. Saponins have also been exploited commercially as soap substitutes and in several other industrial applications. This book gives detailed information on the occurrence and distribution of saponins, their structural types, isolation, analysis and structure determination. Biological and pharmacological activities are discussed, as are aspects of commercial and industrial use. The volume provides a valuable source of data for the different classes of compound and includes and extensive list of references.

This book contains contributions by world leaders in their fields and includes chapters dedicated to the structural analysis of glycans from different sources, and information related to the glycan functions in different biological process: the role of glycosaminoglycans in intercellular communication, polysaccharides as antiviral molecules, the immunomodulatory properties of helminth glycans, the role of glycans in Drosophila development, and the importance of mannoproteins for fungal biology.

This is the first comprehensive monograph to look in depth at saponins. Saponins are glycosides of triterpenes, steroids or steroid alkaloids which have a very wide distribution in plants and some marine organisms. Their biological activity includes haemolysis and fish poisoning, and the steroid saponins are essential for the manufacture of oral contraceptives and sex hormones. Saponins have also been exploited commercially as soap substitutes and in several other industrial applications. This book gives detailed information on the occurrence and distribution of saponins, their structural types, isolation, analysis and structure determination. Biological and pharmacological activities are discussed, as are aspects of commercial and industrial use. The volume provides a valuable source of data for the different classes of compound and includes and extensive list of references.

Carbohydrates are important storage molecules, constituents of nucleic acids and biological recognition markers. Synthetic carbohydrates are important food additives, building blocks for polymers and have also been used as drugs.
Concise yet complete, this is a succinct introduction to the topic, covering both basic chemistry as well as such advanced topics as high-throughput analytics and glycomics -- in one handy volume. This improved and expanded 3rd edition features all-new material on combinatorial synthesis of carbohydrates and carbohydrate biodiversity, and each chapter now contains study questions for self-learning and classroom teaching.
From the contents:
* Introduction to Carbohydrates
* Structure of Saccharides
* Protecting Groups for Carbohydrates
* O-Glycoside Synthesis
* Modifications and Functionalizations of the Sugar Ring
* Glycoconjugates - Structure and Biosynthesis
* Combinatorial Synthesis of Carbohydrates
* Glycobiology and Glycomics
* Purification and Analysis of Carbohydrates
* The Literature of Carbohydrate Chemistry
Didactically written by an experienced lecturer and graduate student advisor, the text is backed by practical examples and many study questions tailored to students' needs.

This book provides an excellent introduction into polysaccharide-based supercapacitors. It includes fundamental knowledge on supercaps as well as an overview of currently available approaches reported in the literature. Written by an international team of leading academics, this brief is aimed at a variety of readers with an interest in polysaccharide science and its applications.

Glycans play essential roles in diverse biological and etiological processes and their structural complexity endow various functions. The glycome is the entire set of glycans produced by an individual organism. As the glycan microarray emerged, a good amount of knowledge has been obtained in understanding the functions of glycans. However, limited accessibility of glycans is a major obstacle to the functional glycomics study. Although isolation from biology samples provided some structures, the low abundance of glycans obtained and the difficulty in complete structural assignment restricted the subsequent assay. To circumvent this limitation, many synthetic strategies, including chemical, enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic ones have been developed to make libraries of structurally defined complex glycans available. The glycans provided by these techniques combined with high-throughput glycoarray techniques have broadened and deepened our understanding about functional glycomics. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the synthetic glycome and a brief introduction of the application of the synthetic glycome in glycoarray assay. Accordingly, synthetic strategies toward generating glycans with comprehensive structures as well as the glycoarrays to unveil the glycan functions are described in this book.

This SpringerBrief explains the importance of Maillard reactions in food processing. It underlines that the term "Maillard reaction" actually does not describe one single chemical reaction, but an entire class of chemical reactions, which lead to browning, with a strong impact on visual appearance, odor, and flavor. It emphasizes that the Maillard reactions are still not fully characterized, despite extensive historical studies. While under the right conditions Maillard reactions have many favorable effects (e.g. formation of antioxidants), the Brief discusses that there are also conditions where Maillard reactions can result in toxic or mutagenic reactions. Hence, it emphasizes that the reaction should be viewed as a complex network of various sub-reactions, with a plethora of concomitant reaction mechanisms and kinetics. This Brief thus makes a step toward a holistic evaluation of the complexity of the Maillard reaction scheme, with the aim of making better and more targeted use in food processing.

This fully updated and expanded second edition of a highly popular text book focuses on the structure and mechanism in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Carbohydrates play important roles in biological systems as energy sources, as structural materials, and as informational structures (when they are often attached to proteins or lipids). Their chemical reactivity and conformational behaviour is governed by mechanistic and stereochemical rules, which apply as much to enzymic as to non-enzymic reactivity. The same principles of reactivity and conformation govern changes brought about in the process industries, such as pulp, paper and food. Extensively referenced with citations and a detailed index, the book contains everything the reader needs to know to start a carbohydrate research project with one of the real strengths being the treatment and integration of the important physical-chemical principles and methods (though lead references only are given to the finer points of carbohydrate synthesis). The book is suitable for both researchers who are new to the subject and those more established as well as a readership from diverse backgrounds and interests, including chemists, biochemists, food scientists and technologists involved with the processing of polysaccharides in the paper, textile, cosmetics, biofuels and other industries.

In recent years, consumers have been concentrating on the health benefits and nutrition from food to preserve a healthy lifestyle. They are looking for colorants derived from natural sources to enhance the nutritional and antioxidant value of foods. Coloured cereals (wheat, rice, barley, oat, maize, sorghum, and millets) contain many phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and carotenoids associated with numerous health benefits. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the bioactive potential, food applications, and health benefits of coloured cereal grains. Novel approaches to the integration of coloured grain into food in the food processing industries are included, reviewing high-value pigments in the bran layer which can easily be extracted and utilized as functional foods and natural colorants. Aimed at researchers carrying out innovative studies, food regulatory and safety authorities and food processing industries who are trying to minimize synthetic food colorants and dyes, this book provides a novel approach to the use of substitute synthetic dyes which can improve the nutritional value, appearance, texture, flavour, and storage properties of food products.

This volume focuses on solution and solid-state NMR of carbohydrates, glycoproteins, glyco-technologies, biomass and related topics. It is estimated that at least 80% of all proteins are glycoproteins. Because of the complexity, heterogeneity and flexibility of the sugar chains, the structural biology approaches for glycoconjugates have been generally avoided. NMR techniques although well established for structural analyses of proteins and nucleic acids, cannot be simply applied to this complex class of biomolecules. Nonetheless, recently developed NMR techniques for carbohydrates open the door to conformational studies of a variety of sugar chains of biological interest. NMR studies on glycans will have significant impact on the development of vaccines, adjuvants, therapeutics, biomarkers and on biomass regeneration. In this volume, the Editors have collected the most up-to-date NMR applications from experts in the field of carbohydrate NMR spectroscopy. Timely and useful, not only for NMR specialists, it will appeal to researchers in the general field of structural biology, biochemistry and biophysics, molecular and cellular biology and material science.