This book is a collection of chapters reflecting the experiences and achievements of some of the Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE). The book comprises essays that look at reminiscences, eureka moments, inspirations, challenges and opportunities in the journey of an engineering professional. The chapters look at the paths successful engineering professionals take towards self-realisation, the milestones they crossed, and the goals they reached. The book contains 38 chapters on diverse topics that truly reflect the way the meaningful mind of an engineer works.

Building on the concepts of professional competence that he introduced in his classic The Reflective Practitioner, Schon offers an approach for educating professional in all areas that will prepare them to handle the complex and unpredictable problems of actual practice with confidence, skill, and care.

This book describes how a support structure can be built to enhance peer-to-peer (and also students-to-lecturers) communication and support. It informs lecturers on how they can decide if they should adopt one or more social media tools to facilitate students' learning, communication, and support for an internship program. This book introduces a participatory design approach that can help develop a pedagogy that will make good use of social media tools on internship learning. It presents a framework for experiential internship learning, integrating helpful educational practices such as participatory design approach and the use of social media.

This book uniquely offers the distilled wisdom of scores of instructors across ranks, disciplines and institution types, whose contributions are organized into a thematic framework that progressively introduces the reader to the key dispositions, principles and practices for creating the inclusive classroom environments (in person and online) that will help their students succeed. The authors asked the hundreds of instructors whom they surveyed as part of a national study to define what inclusive teaching meant to them and what inclusive teaching approaches they implemented in their courses. The instructors' voices ring loudly as the authors draw on their responses, building on their experiences and expertise to frame the conversation about what inclusive teachers do. The authors in addition describe their own insights and practices, integrating and discussing current literature relevant to inclusive teaching to ensure a research-supported approach. Inclusive teaching is no longer an option but a vital teaching competency as our classrooms fill with racially diverse, first generation, and low income and working class students who need a sense of belonging and recognition to thrive and contribute to the construction of knowledge. The book unfolds as an informal journey that allows the reader to see into other teachers' practices. With questions for reflection embedded throughout the book, the authors provide the reader with an inviting and thoughtful guide to develop their own inclusive teaching practices. By utilizing the concepts and principles in this book readers will be able to take steps to transform their courses into spaces that are equitable and welcoming, and adopt practical strategies to address the various inclusion issues that can arise.

This book discusses the developments in policy and practice in the field of formal, non-formal and continuing vocational education and training in Spain since 1970. It describes how VET has been transformed and become one of the country's main areas of pedagogical innovation, and also examines current developments, such as the role of non-formal vocational education and training, the accreditation of vocational qualifications acquired in the non-formal system, and the adoption of dual apprenticeships that bear little resemblance to central European dual systems. Written by respected researchers in these fields, the first section is informative and analytical, offering a description of the system and comments based on academic literature and research. The second section illustrates the research on relevant issues, portraying empirical data from different regions in Spain, as well as nationwide data. Explaining and interpreting data on the basis of the authors' different theoretical frameworks, the book provides a comprehensive, updated and accurate overview of VET and relevant research in Spain, as well as their relation to European and global developments.

This book is a guide for designing professional development programs for graduate students. The teaching competencies framework presented here can serve as the intended curriculum for such programs. The book will also be an excellent resource for evaluating programs, and will be an excellent resource for academics who study graduate students. This book presents the work of the Graduate Teaching Competencies Consortium to identify, organize, and clarify the competencies that graduate students need to teach effectively when they join the professoriate. To achieve this goal, the Consortium developed a framework of 10 teaching competencies organized around three overarching questions: What do graduate students need to achieve by the end of their graduate education to be successful teacher-scholars? What do graduate students need to understand about higher education to have successful careers as educators? What do graduate students need to do to be successful teachers during their graduate student careers? Although much work has been done to identify the competencies of effective teachers in higher education, only a small portion of this work has been conducted with graduate student instructors. This is an important area of research given that graduate students are critical in the higher education academic pipeline. Nationally, graduate students teach between 25% and 50% of courses offered at the undergraduate level. Graduate student teaching is also critical because during early teaching experiences teachers establish a teaching style and set of teaching skills, which will endure as graduate students enter the professoriate. It is important to develop a teaching competency framework that is specific to graduate student instructors as they often have unique needs and roles as teachers. Moreover, as many professional development programs for graduate student instructors evolve based upon factors such as available resources and perceived needs of graduate students, this framework will be a useful aid for thoughtfully designing strategic, evidence-based, comprehensive professional development opportunities and programs.

In response to national concerns a decade ago, driven by research that showed that higher education was making little impact on students' development of broad competencies and critical thinking, the provost and president of Purdue University, a research university, instituted a program whose goals were to build on the accumulated knowledge on effective teaching to facilitate student learning, improve outcomes, and change the institutional culture around teaching and learning - objectives to which many institutions aspire, but which few consistently attain, or attain at scale. This book describes the development of Purdue's IMPACT program (Instruction Matters: Purdue Academic Course Transformation), from its tentative beginning, when it struggled to recruit 35 faculty fellows, to the present, when 350 have been enrolled and the university has more applications than it can currently handle. Overall, more than 600 courses have been impacted, many of which have seen significantly reduced DFW rates. Chantal Levesque-Bristol, whose Center for Instructional Excellence is part of an institutional team that comprises the Provost's Office, Teaching and Learning Technologies Unit, Institutional Assessment, the Purdue University Library and School of Information Studies, and the Evaluation and Learning Research Center, describes the evolution of IMPACT, lessons learned, and the central tenets that have led to its success. The purpose of this book is not only to describe the program, but also to highlight the importance and implications of the underlying motivational theoretical framework guiding the initiative. Having started as a course redesign program that faltered in achieving its objectives, the breakthrough came with the introduction of the fundamental motivational principles of self-determination theory (SDT) followed by the applications of these principles to the research in higher education leadership and pedagogy. Giving faculty fellows the autonomy to build on their disciplinary expertise, pursue their interests and predilections, within a guided framework, and leveraging interactions with colleagues through FLCs, stimulated faculty fellows' motivation and creativity. This book describes the core and structure of the IMPACT program, presents details of faculty learning curriculum, explains how the focus on SDT principles shaped the program's evolution and transformation from a course redesign to a professional faculty development program, and covers the considerations behind the formation of faculty fellow IMPACT teams. A concluding chapter addresses how the IMPACT program, having helped faculty pivot to emergency remote teaching when the campus closed owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, is being modified so it can be successfully sustained online if circumstances require, or as a means to expand its reach in the future. While the principles behind this initiative will be of compelling interest to its primary audience of faculty developers, several chapters will have appeal to instructors and administrators.

This practical guide is for anyone contemplating coaching as a career: coaches in training, coaches already trained and hoping to build a thriving business. This totally revised second edition offers step by step guidance on what to do: * What does it take to succeed as a coach? How long does it take? * Why it matters to get practice clients and where to find them * Why is it so important to think like a buyer rather than like a seller? * What can you charge? * How do you make yourself distinctive in a crowded market? * What do you need to do to attract clients? Which marketing materials and methods pay off and which are a waste of time? * How can you exploit social media? * Overcoming your fear of selling: how to sell with integrity * Going for growth: what is involved in building an even bigger business? "Jenny Rogers has the rare ability to offer the lessons of decades of experience in ways which are practical to implement and easy to absorb. This book is comprehensive - offering both high level concept and lots of important details on the kinds of things that differentiate the successful coaching professional from the crowd. Perhaps most importantly she offers proven, thorough answers to critical questions that many people would not even think to ask in setting up or developing their business." Phil Hayes, Chairman, Management Futures, UK "Another great book from Jenny Rogers. I remember using the first edition of her book very early on in my career and remain hugely grateful for the informed insights and sensible suggestions. As always with Jenny's books, a new edition does not simply mean a few typos corrected and a couple of new references. In addition to the really helpful sections I remember from the first edition (e.g. on how to manage networking and selling whilst remaining authentic), Jenny has drawn on her experience and the courage to address some of the other really difficult issues that concern new coaches. How much should I charge? How will I find my clients? What training should I do? Even Where should I coach and What should I wear? I train new coaches every year and these are the questions they ask. I will certainly be recommending Jenny's book - and drawing on it myself to help the coaches on my courses have the best possible start to their careers." Jane Cook, Managing Director, Linden Learning, UK "In a marketplace crowded with quick fixes and unrealistic promises, this book is a breath of fresh air! Drawing on the author's extensive experience, this book lays out a sober, practical approach, while also offering encouragement and inspiration. In her warm, compelling style, Jenny Rogers explores the essential steps towards building a sustainable coaching business-from improving your own coaching skills, to developing your brand, to marketing your services with integrity." Leni Wildflower, PhD, PCC, Knowledge Based Coaching in the Workplace, Fielding Graduate University, USA "This book is a must read for anyone who wants to earn a living through coaching. Jenny combines natural enthusiasm and positivity with a good dose of realism by applying a pragmatic and sometimes humorous lens to the business of coaching. No matter how experienced you are in running a coaching business, there is something in this book for everyone - from pragmatic hints and tips at start up stage through to some insightful checks and balances to ensure a consistently high service from established businesses. Jenny demonstrates a real depth of understanding about the questions that will/should be at the forefront of the minds of many new coaches about to set up in business. She has generated in depth answers, pragmatic lists of best practice and sound advice. Her sound advice will help pave the way to your success as a coach." Susan Binnersley, MD h2h resources limited, UK "I must admit when I picked up this book I wondered how Jenny could improve on her original book Developing a Coaching Business, however Building a Coaching Business is the essential guide for starting, growing and sustaining a business. Tailored to coaching, it provides a step-by-step guide full of tested methods, insight, ideas and practical information, and written in Jenny's engaging style. Her facilitative approach to selling is a gift. Having come from the public sector selling was one of my biggest challenges but when I use the facilitative model I feel confident and professional. This is a book that challenges and inspires, and you will find yourself recommending it to other people, who may not even be coaches." Margaret Kelly, Executive Coach, Margaret Kelly Consulting, UK & Ireland "If those of my colleagues who decided to change their careers and set up a coaching business had got at the right time access to this book, it would have been so much easier for them. To take into consideration all the practical issues as well as read about the newest trends and most effective approaches to such areas as selling. To have a wide perspective and yet remember that the devil is the detail. Knowing all this can shorten the route to success, at the same making the expectations more realistic. It is an obvious must for anybody who wants to build a coaching business. But I would also recommend this inspiring and comprehensive book to anybody who thinks of different options in their professional life." Dorota Porazka, Vice-Pr esident of the Board, DORADCA Consultants Ltd, Poland "I strongly recommend this book. Jenny Roger addresses what one needs to know and be aware of for building and developing a coaching business. It is written in a down- to- earth, straight to the point, yet insightful and comprehensive way. Jenny doesn't avoid the uncomfortable questions, either mitigates what needs to be said and to be ponder. If you are serious about your coaching business and your coaching practice then this book is a must- have (and to pursue!!)." Ana Oliveira Pinto, Executive Coach, Portugal "This book is a must for coaches wanting business success. It gives executive coaches like me business savvy solutions to overcome things like the dread of networking. The best bit is the section on facilitative selling because it gives me a new and more authentic way to sell my services. The book is written in a warm, wise style with a wealth of practical advice and insights. It feels like Jenny is in the room coaching you - just without the coffee!" Jacqui Harper, INSEAD lecturer, Communication Coach, Author, Speaker "This beautifully written book is a must-read for anyone wanting to build a coaching business. It's chock full of wisdom from someone who's been at the top of her profession for the last two decades. I read it when starting my business and remain indebted to it but now it's been substantially updated to reflect changes in the market and developments such as social media. If you feel daunted by the prospects of setting up a company, developing a brand, selling, networking or any of the myriad skills you need to be successful then I suggest you buy this book." Mark Wakefield, Director, Vogel Wakefield, the counter-consultancy, UK "A clear, systematic and down-to-earth primer on how to start, build and maintain a professional coaching business. After many years as a coach, I still find myself inspired by many of the ideas in this book. And she commendably grasps the nettle of coaching fees, for which new coaches should be very grateful!" Clare Brigstocke, Executive Coach, Lateralshift "Jenny Rogers' earlier Developing a Coaching Business has been a mainstay for Meyler Campbell Graduates for years, but this new version is even better. It has all the crucial basics, plus vital new material on quality, brand differentiation, integrity, and being future-ready. Warm, practical and honest, the book's wealth of tips, useful checklists, and an excellent section on fees, should accelerate your business growth. From the lessons of a simple sandwich, to Enron, to coaching businesses' stages of growth, it's all here - invaluable." Daniel Burke, Chairman, Meyler Campbell

This book offers faculty practical strategies to engage students that are grounded in research and endorsed by students themselves. Through student stories, a signature feature of this book, readers will discover why professor actions result in changed attitudes, stronger connections to others and the course material, and increased learning. Structured to cover the key moments and opportunities to increase student engagement, Christine Harrington covers the all-important first day of class where first impressions can determine students' attitudes for the duration of the course, through to insights for rethinking assignments and enlivening teaching strategies, to ways of providing feedback that build students' confidence and spur them to greater immersion in their studies, providing the underlying rationale for the strategies she presents. The student narratives not only validate these practices, offering their perspectives as learners, but constitute a trove of ideas and practices that readers will be inspired to adapt for their particular needs. Conscious of the changing demographics of today's undergraduate and graduate students - racially more diverse, older, and many employed - Harrington highlights the need to engage all students and shares numerous strategies on how to do so. While many of the ideas presented were used by faculty teaching face to face classes, a number were developed by faculty teaching online, and the majority can be adapted to virtually any teaching environment. Based on student-centered active learning principles, structured to allow readers to quickly identify practices that they may need in particular instances or to infuse in a course as a whole, and presented without jargon, this book is a springboard for all faculty looking for ideas that will engage their students at any level and in any course.

This handy reference is particularly useful for elementary teachers who are changing grade levels and special education teachers who teach multiple grades and multiple ability levels. Guide teachers to help all PreK-8 learners make sense of mathematics Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally illustrates how children learn mathematics, and then shows pre-service teachers the most effective methods of teaching PreK-8 math through hands-on, problem-based activities. As you engage with the activities, you'll boost your own knowledge of the math and learn concrete, developmentally appropriate ways to incorporate problem-based tasks in your classroom. Examples of real student work and new common challenges and misconception tables help you visualize good mathematics instruction and assessment that supports and challenges all learners. An important reference to consult throughout your teaching career, this book reflects the Common Core State Standards and NCTM's Principles to Actions, as well as current research and coverage of the latest teaching technology. Also available with MyLab Education MyLab (TM) is the teaching and learning platform that empowers instructors to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools and a flexible platform, MyLab personalizes the learning experience and improves results for each student. The interactive, authentic application exercises, video examples, math practice, and self-check assessments in MyLab Education for Elementary and Middle School Mathematics help future teachers build their understanding of math content and pedagogy. NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Education, ask your instructor to confirm the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLab Education, search for: 0134800346 / 9780134800349 Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally plus MyLab Education with Enhanced Pearson eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134802063 / 9780134802060 MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card -- for Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally 013480208X / 9780134802084 Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally

This book presents the fundamental concepts of organizational learning (OL) and related topics. In addition, it discusses various factors that influence the success of, and readiness to adopt, OL. In the modern competitive market, companies are looking for ways to excel by focusing more on innovation and knowledge discovery. In response, the book presents a ready-to-use tool for driving OL, called Project Action Learning (PAL). The PAL framework helps teams effectively work on, and learn from, meaningful projects. In this regard, equal emphasis is placed on achieving the project outcome and the participants' learning objectives. Moreover, the book offers a step-by-step guidebook on how PAL-driven OL can be achieved, making it a valuable asset for educators and practitioners alike.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology, the application of the research-based nanoscale science, have changed significantly over the last three and a half decades. The "bucky" ball, 60 carbon atoms arranged like a soccer ball, and an often-used symbol of nanotechnology, was discovered in 1985 and 4 years later scientists at IBM were able to manipulate xenon atoms on a surface. In the intervening years, nanotechnology has evolved from a singly focused research topic to an understanding that infiltrates every aspect of science and engineering disciplines. In addition, nanotechnology, and both naturally occurring and engineered nanomaterials, have become the focus of legal, environmental, and application and regulation disciplines. The first portion of this text serves as an introduction to nanotechnology: the history, mathematical concepts, and instruments required to study and manipulate the world at the atomic scale. The later portion of the text discusses the connectivity of nanotechnology to the more traditional scientific disciplines as well as emerging technologies. This text can serve as an introduction to the nanoscale for science, computer science, and engineering disciplines. It can also provide a valuable foundation for disciplines such as industrial hygiene, architecture, sociology, ethics, and the humanities. There does not exist an educational discipline, market segment, or career avenue which will not be impacted by nanotechnology.

The gender segregated nature of vocational education (VET) has received little attention in the stratification literature, despite the well-known consequences of VET for differences in labour market outcomes, such as job placement, income and access to full-time employment. This book investigates the institutional contexts of gender segregation in VET from a comparative perspective, through a number of cross-national comparisons as well as more in-depth studies of Canada, Norway, Germany, Australia and Bulgaria.The various chapters tackle questions about occupational expectations, gendered pathways to applied fields of study, educational transitions, feminization of occupations and the relationship between educational choice and opportunity structures. We discuss the relationship between institutional contexts and gender-typing of educational programs, and whether VET system characteristics make a difference to occupational outcomes across countries. The book concludes with a chapter on education-to-employment transitions (based on a large scale comparative project on labour market entry) assessing the impact of vocational education on gendered labour market inequalities.

This book argues that the current structure of student affairs work is not sustainable, as it depends on the notion that employees are available to work non-stop without any outside responsibilities, that is, the Ideal Worker Norm. The field places inordinate burdens on staff to respond to the needs of students, often at the expense of their own families and well-being. Student affairs professionals can meet the needs of their students without being overworked. The problem, however, is that ideal worker norms pervade higher education and student affairs work, thus providing little incentive for institutions to change. The authors in this book use ideal worker norms in conjunction with other theories to interrogate the impact on student affairs staff across functional areas, institutional types, career stage, and identity groups. The book is divided into three sections; chapters in the first section of the book examine various facets of the structure of work in student affairs, including the impact of institutional type and different functional areas on employees' work-lives. Chapters in the second section examine the personal toll that working in student affairs can take, including emotional labor's impact on well-being. The final section of the book narrows the focus to explore how different identity groups, including mothers, fathers, and people of color, navigate work/life issues. Challenging ideal worker norms, all chapters offer implications for practice for both individuals and institutions.

This book argues that the current structure of student affairs work is not sustainable, as it depends on the notion that employees are available to work non-stop without any outside responsibilities, that is, the Ideal Worker Norm. The field places inordinate burdens on staff to respond to the needs of students, often at the expense of their own families and well-being. Student affairs professionals can meet the needs of their students without being overworked. The problem, however, is that ideal worker norms pervade higher education and student affairs work, thus providing little incentive for institutions to change. The authors in this book use ideal worker norms in conjunction with other theories to interrogate the impact on student affairs staff across functional areas, institutional types, career stage, and identity groups. The book is divided into three sections; chapters in the first section of the book examine various facets of the structure of work in student affairs, including the impact of institutional type and different functional areas on employees' work-lives. Chapters in the second section examine the personal toll that working in student affairs can take, including emotional labor's impact on well-being. The final section of the book narrows the focus to explore how different identity groups, including mothers, fathers, and people of color, navigate work/life issues. Challenging ideal worker norms, all chapters offer implications for practice for both individuals and institutions.

At a time of acute student placement shortages for all professions, this book proposes original solutions to creating and maintaining high quality opportunities for students. Chapters will explore key concerns including sustainability, food security and preparing social workers for global challenges; supporting students to undertake international placements; working with service users and carers as placement supervisors; developing support for students from minority ethnic groups; raising the profile of men in social work; and service provision through student labour; as well as the pedagogy informing practice learning.Doing fieldwork education will be essential reading for all those responsible for fieldwork education, both in social work worldwide and other professions where practical learning in the workplace is a requirement. With an emphasis on creativity and innovation the book will also appeal to educators charged with developing work-based learning opportunities in wider disciplines such as Health and Social Care studies.

Group coaching is rapidly becoming the preferred coaching option for businesses and individuals. "Effective Group Coaching" is a practical, resource rich, hands-on guide for the group coaching facilitator in one of the fastest growing new disciplines. Organizations, community groups and individuals are discovering that group coaching is an exciting and sustainable model and process for learning and growth. Written for internal and external coaches, HR professionals, trainers and facilitators wanting to expand their work into this area, this book provides tested methodologies and tools and tips. Both new and seasoned coaches will find the book a practical roadmap and go-to guide when designing, implementing and marketing their own group coaching programs. Case studies highlight how group coaching programs are being delivered globally through corporate and public prgrams, virtually and in person. Also, the author's dedicated web site offers resources and articles available for downloading.

Effective Training & Development is essential if you are to continuously get the best from your people and extend the knowledge shelf--life of your company. This module explores the vast array of options available to the HR function including on--the--job learning, formal management education, coaching and mentoring. Cost--effectiveness and measurable payback are also dealt with as cornerstones of any training and development activity.

Effective Training & Development is essential if you are to continuously get the best from your people and extend the knowledge shelf--life of your company. This module explores the vast array of options available to the HR function including on--the--job learning, formal management education, coaching and mentoring. Cost--effectiveness and measurable payback are also dealt with as cornerstones of any training and development activity.

Does your CV have the X factor? Do you want your CV to impress potential employers and show them exactly what they want? Ultimate CV, now in its 5th edition and part of the successful Ultimate series, provides you with the key guidance you need to create an irresistible CV that will grab any recruiter's attention. This book will help you to stand out from other candidates, open doors to job interviews and maximize the potential for job offers. Careers and CV guru Martin John Yate shows you how to position plain facts into a powerful sales pitch that will get you the job you want.

Ultimate CV covers every aspect of this crucial part of the job-hunting process. It contains hundreds of sample CVs, tailored to specific jobs and industries, that you can use and personalize for your own applications. Alongside insightful advice on hunting for jobs, this indispensable book will give you all the guidance you need to create a distinctive, professional CV so you can get that dream job.

About the series: The Ultimate series contains practical advice on essential job search skills to give you the best chance of getting the job you want. Taking you all the way from starting your job search to completing an interview, it includes guidance on CV or résumé and cover letter writing, practice questions for passing aptitude, psychometric and other employment tests, and reliable advice for interviewing.

This book gathers papers presented at the 22nd International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL2019), which was held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 25 to 27 September 2019. Covering various fields of interactive and collaborative learning, new learning models and applications, research in engineering pedagogy and project-based learning, the contributions focus on innovative ways in which higher education can respond to the real-world challenges related to the current transformation in the development of education. Since it was established, in 1998, the ICL conference has been devoted to new approaches in learning with a focus on collaborative learning. Today, it is a forum for sharing trends and research findings as well as presenting practical experiences in learning and engineering pedagogy. The book appeals to policymakers, academics, educators, researchers in pedagogy and learning theory, school teachers, and other professionals in the learning industry, and further and continuing education.

The volume is devoted to the research of comparative vocational education and training, placing a special emphasis not only on theoretical development, but also on methodological approaches and on achieving excellent research outcomes by strictly concerning comparative studies in vocational education and training. This volume contains scientific contributions by renowned researchers of vocational education from all over the world.

Careers are studied across many disciplines - particularly from the social sciences - but there is little conversation between them. Many scholars are studying the same thing in different ways, too often missing opportunities to learn from one another and draw on each other's ideas and findings to enrich their own. Gunz and Mayrhofer bridge these scholarly discourses as they explore the meaning of 'career' and answer the question: what is it that career scholars do when they study careers? The framework that emerges from this answer - the Social Chronology Framework (SCF) - vitally facilitates valuable conversations between scholars in different intellectual traditions. Building on the SCF framework, this comprehensive introduction to career studies encourages students, researchers and practitioners to identify commonalities between the topics they are studying and those examined in other fields, such as organization studies, drawing together interdisciplinary insights into career outcomes and their influencing factors.

Effective Training & Development is essential if you are to continuously get the best from your people and extend the knowledge shelf--life of your company. This module explores the vast array of options available to the HR function including on--the--job learning, formal management education, coaching and mentoring. Cost--effectiveness and measurable payback are also dealt with as cornerstones of any training and development activity.