Although originally invented and employed by physicists, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has proven to be a very efficient technique for studying a wide range of phenomena in many fields, such as chemistry, biochemistry, geology, archaeology, medicine, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. Acknowledging that not all studies require the same level of understanding of this technique, this book thus provides a practical treatise clearly oriented toward applications, which should be useful to students and researchers of various levels and disciplines. In this book, the principles of continuous wave EPR spectroscopy are progressively, but rigorously, introduced, with emphasis on interpretation of the collected spectra. Each chapter is followed by a section highlighting important points for applications, together with exercises solved at the end of the book. A glossary defines the main terms used in the book, and particular topics, whose knowledge is not required for understanding the main text, are developed in appendices for more inquisitive readers.

Novel asymmetric synthetic methods are a vital strategem in the armoury of the organic chemist, particularly for those involved in the preparation or application of chiral organic molecules. this series is devoted to presenting the latest advances in the field of asymmetric synthesis, drawing contributions on emerging areas and articles providing authoritative perspectives on more developed synthetic stategies from leading researchers in the field. This volume consists of six contributions on a variety of topical areas, ranging from the preparation and application of chiral cylopentadienes, the synthesis of non-racemic amines, diketones and -keto esters and ferrocenes, to the use of biocatalysis and application of microbial methods for the synthesis of chiral molecules and fine chemicals.

An Introduction to the Gas Phase is adapted from a set of lecture notes for a core first year lecture course in physical chemistry taught at the University of Oxford. The book is intended to give a relatively concise introduction to the gas phase at a level suitable for any undergraduate scientist. After defining the gas phase, properties of gases such as temperature, pressure, and volume are discussed. The relationships between these properties are explained at a molecular level, and simple models are introduced that allow the various gas laws to be derived from first principles. Finally, the collisional behavior of gases is used to explain a number of gas-phase phenomena, such as effusion, diffusion, and thermal conductivity.

This book provides deep insight into the physical quantity known as chemical activity. The author probes deep into classical thermodynamics in Part I, and then into statistical thermodynamics in Part II, to provide the necessary background. The treatment has been streamlined by placing some background material in appendices. Chemical Activity is of interest not only to those in chemical thermodynamics, but also to chemical engineers working with mass transfer and its applications - for example, separation methods.

Volume 11 of this series presents five timely reviews on current research on alkaloids. Chapter 1 by Paul L. Schiff, Jr. is a monumental survey of research that has been carried out over the past decade on the "Thalictrum" alkaloids. Forty-six new alkaloids are described from fifteen species of the genus "Thalictrum," as well as 116 alkaloids of known structure from thirty-six species and subspecies of the genus. The chapter includes discussions of isolation and structure elucidation, analysis, biosynthesis, cell culture, and pharmacology. Also featured are inclusive compilations of botanical sources, alkaloids by alkaloid types, and calculated molecular weights of the "Thalictrum" alkaloids.

Chapter 2 by Giovanni Appendino provides a fascinating treatment of Taxine, a collective name referring to a mixture of diterpenoid alkaloids from the yew tree (genus: "Taxus"). Taxine is responsible for the toxic properties of the yew tree that has been documented in historical and fictional literature, from Julius Caesar to Shakespeare, and from Agatha Christie to T.S. Eliot. The chapter treats the history, isolation techniques, structure elucidation, chemistry, and pharmacology of Taxine.

Chapter 3 by Mary D. Menachery surveys the alkaloids of South American Menispermaceae (moonseed family). Many different structural types are included in this family. The alkaloid-bearing plants are woody-vines, shrubs, or small trees. Several of these species possess potent curare activity. The chemistry as well as pharmacology of these alkaloids is summarized.

Chapter 4 by Russell J. Molyneux, Robert J. Nash, and Naoki Asano treats the chemistry and biological activity of the calystegines and related "nor"tropane alkaloids. These polyhydroxylated bicyclic alkaloids represent another class of compounds that inhibit glycosidases, producing profound effects in biological systems by disrupting the essential cellular function of glycoprotein processing.

Chapter 5, a related chapter by Robert J. Nash, Naoki Asano, and Alison A. Watson, reviews polyhydroxylated alkaloids that inhibit glycosidases. Topics covered include distribution, ecological significance and toxicity, isolation, synthesis, and biosynthesis.

In this first book to gather the information on this hot topic otherwise widely spread throughout the literature, experienced editors and top international authors cover everything the reader needs--from the synthesis of chiral organosulfur compounds to applications and catalysis:

• Asymmetric synthesis of chiral sulfinates and sulfoxides
• Synthesis and use of chiral dithioacetal derivatives, ylids, chiral sulfoximines and sulfinamides
• Use of chiral sulfoxides as ligands in catalysis
• Asymmetric reactions of alpha-sulfenyl, alpha-sulfinyl and alpha-sulfonyl carbanions.As a result, readers will be able to improve their own performance in asymmetric synthesis.

The study of Silicone Germanium strained layers has broad implications for material scientists and engineers, in particular those working on the design and modelling of semi-conductor devices.
Since the publication of the original volume in 1994, there has been a steady flow of new ideas, new understanding, new Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) structures and new devices with enhanced performance. Written for both students and senior researchers, the 2nd edition of Silicon-Germanium Strained Layers and Heterostructures provides an essential up-date of this important topic, describing in particular the recent developments in technology and modelling.
* Fully-revised and updated 2nd edition incorporating important recent breakthroughs and a complete literature review
* The extensive bibliography of over 400 papers provides a comprehensive and coherent overview of the subject
* Appropriate for students and senior researchers

Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties.

This book explores various aspects of biophysics, from neurobiology to quantum biology and the consciousness of human beings and in the universe. It examines eight different areas of natural intelligence, ranging from time crystals found in chemical biology, to the vibrations and the resonance of proteins, and also discusses hierarchical communication in various biological systems. Written by senior and experts in the field in language that is lucid and easy to understand, it is a valuable reference resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry.

Processing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special attention since the resultant structure-micro- and nano-level, is directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration. Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book, with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites. This book introduces readers to nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites processing. After defining nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites and discussing environmental aspects, the second chapter focuses on the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials with applications in polymers. A brief overview on nanoclay and nanoclay-containing polymer nanocomposites is provided in third chapter. The fourth chapter provides an overview of the polymer nanocomposites structural elucidation techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and scattering, microscopy and spectroscopy, rheology. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the polymer nanocomposites processing technologies, among which electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration. The last chapter provides an overview on how melt-processing strategy impact structure and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites by taking polypropylene-clay nanocomposite as a model system. The book is useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students (polymer engineering, materials science & engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as research & development personnel, engineers, and material scientists.

This thesis focuses on NHC-catalyzed annulation of nitroalkenes, enals and , -unsaturated carboxylic acids. (1) NHCs were found to be efficient catalysts for the [4+2] annulation of -substituted nitroalkenes. The scope of Rauhut-Currier reaction was successfully extended to the most challenging -substituted alkenes by this method; (2) Enals were successfully used for [4+2] annulations with azodicarboxylates catalyzed by NHC via -addition. Highly enantiopure tetrahydropyridazinones and -amino acid derivatives could be easily prepared by subsequent transformations of the resulting dihydropyridazinones. (4) The readily available , -unsaturated carboxylic acids were first successfully employed to generate the , -unsaturated acyl azolium intermediates by using NHC for the enantioselective [3+2] and [3+3] annulations.

As the title suggests, we introduce a novel differential approach to solution thermodynamics and use it for the study of aqueous solutions. We evaluate the quantities of higher order derivative than the normal thermodynamic functions. We allow these higher derivative data speak for themselves without resorting to any model system. We thus elucidate the molecular processes in solution, (referred to in this book "mixing scheme"), to the depth equal to, if not deeper, than that gained by spectroscopic and other methods. We show that there are three composition regions in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes, each of which has a qualitatively distinct mixing scheme. The boundary between the adjacent regions is associated with an anomaly in the third derivatives of G. The loci of the anomalies in the temperature-composition field form the line sometimes referred as "Koga line." We then take advantage of the anomaly of a third derivative quantity of 1-propanol in the ternary aqueous solution, 1-propanol - sample species - H2O. We use its induced change as a probe of the effect of a sample species on H2O. In this way, we clarified what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does to H2O. We also apply the same methodology to ions that have been ranked by the Hofmeister series. We show that the kosmotropes (salting out, or stabilizing agents) are either hydrophobes or hydration centres, and that chaotropes (salting in, or destablizing agents) are hydrophiles.
- A new differential approach to solution thermodynamics
- A particularly clear elucidation of the mixing schemes in aqueous solutions
- A clear understandings on the effects of hydrophobes, hydrophiles, andamphiphiles to H2O
- A clear understandings on the effects of ions on H2O in relation to the Hofmeister effect
- A new differential approach to studies in muti-component aqueous solutions

DFT methods are widely used in a broad range of disciplines to investigate many body systems. This book provides an overview on contemporary applications of the Density Functional Theory in various fields as computational chemistry, physics or engineering.

Adopting a novel approach, this book provides a unique "molecular perspective" on plasmonics, concisely presenting the fundamentals and applications in a way suitable for beginners entering this hot field as well as for experienced researchers and practitioners.
It begins by introducing readers to the optical effects that occur at the nanoscale and particularly their modification in the presence of biomolecules, followed by a concise yet thorough overview of the different methods for the actual fabrication of nano-optical materials. Further chapters address the relevant nano-optics, as well as the various approaches to combining nanostructures and biomolecules to achieve certain desired functionalities for applications in the fields of probing, sensing and particle manipulation.
For analytical biologists, physical chemists, materials scientists and medicinal chemists.

High-pressure Molecular Spectroscopy describes examples of the applications of several spectroscopic methods to investigate the behavior of various chemical systems under high pressures, including guest-host interactions, chemical reactions, molecule-based multiferroics, lanthanide ion-doped glasses, and organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. The techniques involved include: Luminescence studies Inelastic neutron scattering Infrared and Raman studies Synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Bonding Theory for Metals and Alloys exhorts the potential existence of covalent bonding in metals and alloys. Through the recognition of the covalent bond in coexistence with the 'free' electron band, the book describes and demonstrates how the many experimental observations on metals and alloys can all be reconciled. Subsequently, it shows how the individual view of metals and alloys by physicists, chemists and metallurgists can be unified. The physical phenomena of metals and alloys covered in this book are: Miscibility Gap between two liquid metals; Phase Equilibrium Diagrams; Phenomenon of Melting. Superconductivity; Nitinol; A Metal-Alloy with Memory; Mechanical Properties; Liquid Metal Embrittlement; Superplasticity; Corrosion; The author introduces a new theory based on 'Covalon' conduction, which forms the basis for a new approach to the theory of superconductivity. This new approach not only explains the many observations made on the phenomenon of superconductivity but also makes predictions that have been confirmed.
* Openly recognizes the electrons as the most important and the only factor in understanding metals and alloys
* Proposes "Covalon" conduction theory, which carries current in covalent bonded pairs
* Investigates phase diagrams both from theoretical and experimental point of view

Chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience.

This collection brings together engineers, scientists, scholars, and entrepreneurs to present their novel and innovative contributions in the domain specific to metal-matrix composites and on aspects specific to modeling, analysis, measurements, and observations specific to microstructural advances. Topics include but are not limited to: * Metals and metal-matrix composites * Nano-metal based composites * Intermetallic-based composites Contributions in the above topics connect to applications in industry-relevant areas: automotive, energy applications, aerospace, failure analysis, biomedical and healthcare, and heavy equipment and machinery.

This book details zeolites, their structures and the parameters that influence their synthesis, providing a new and actual perspective of this field. Following this, the authors show different processes used to synthesize zeolites using residues, natural materials, and other eco-friendly materials such as raw powder glass, clays, aluminum cans, diatomites, rice ashes or coal ashes. Finally, this book gives the reader a wide range of different synthesis methods that they can be applied to several industrial processes.

Chemicals, both helpful and harmful, affect our everyday lives. From cosmetics to medications to cleansers to lighting, automotive, and office products, each is composed of a complex blending of elements to perform a specific task. This book analyzes over 100 groups of products, identifying the specific chemical composition of a product, its historical use, how it functions, and any associated environmental and/or human health issues. Ten laboratory exercises provide students with the opportunity to observe these chemicals in action. Readers will learn which chemical elements are in everyday products and how they may affect health and environment, assisting them in making educated choices as consumers. Chemicals, both helpful and harmful, affect our everyday lives. From cosmetics to medications to cleansers to lighting, automotive, and office products, each is composed of a complex blending of elements to perform a specific task. This book analyzes over 100 groups of products, identifying the specific chemical composition of a product, the historical use of the product, how it functions, and any associated environmental and/or human health issues. Ten laboratory exercises provide students with the opportunity to observe these chemicals in action. Readers will learn which chemical elements are in everyday products and how they may affect health and environment, assisting them in making educated choices as consumers. Products analyzed include: Soaps and laundry products; cosmetics and bathroom products; health and medical products; baby products; cleaning products; lighting; common household and lawn products; automotive and general repair products; common materials [paper, plastic cement, spray paint] and office supply products.

Cellulose nanocrystals are being used more frequently as processing and nanofabrication techniques have advanced considerably. Cellulose Nanocrystals includes topics including Extraction and Fabrication Methodologies, Scale-Up Strategies and Life Cycle Assessment, Surface Modification Strategies, Nanocomposites, and Characterization and Testing Protocols. This book will appeal to physical, chemical and biological scientists as well as engineers.

This edited, multi-author volume contains selected, peer-reviewed contributions based on the presentations given at the 21th International Workshop on Quantum Systems in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology (QSCP-XXI), held in Vancouver, Canada, in July 2016. This book is primarily aimed at scholars, researchers and graduate students working at universities and scientific laboratories and interested in the structure, properties, dynamics and spectroscopy of atoms, molecules, biological systems and condensed matter.