Multiferroics, materials with a coexistence of magnetic and ferroelectric order, provide an efficient route for the control of magnetism by electric fields. The authors cover multiferroic thin-film heterostructures, device architectures and domain/interface effects. They critically discuss achievements as well as limitations and assess opportunities for future applications.

Suitable for both concept- and context-led approaches, this Revision Guide is Edexcel's own resource for the 2008 Edexcel GCE Chemistry specification. Written by experienced examiners, it features guidance from the people who write and mark exam papers and draws on real exam data from Edexcel's ResultsPlus service. 'ResultsPlus' Examiner feedback draws on examiner expertise and real past exam data to help students avoid common pitfalls and build better answers. Exam-style questions - including the multiple-choice style - offer plenty of practice ahead of the exam. Worked examples provide step-by-step guidance on how totackle exam questions. Guidance on Practical Assessment helps students to write better AS visit/case study and practical reports. Thinking tasks, quick questions and checklistsenable students to track their own progress and revise more effectively.

This book presents the synthetic methodologies as well as the properties and potential usage of various ruthenium-containing materials. Starting from the first examples of 'ruthenopolymers' reported in the 1970s to the 3D architectures now synthesized, these materials have shown their importance far beyond fundamental polymer science. As well as highlighting the remarkable properties and versatile applications, this book also addresses a key question related to the applications of such heavy-metal-containing materials from the perspective of achieving a sustainable future. This book is of interest to both materials scientists and chemists in academia and industry.

This book offers a complete diagnosis of concrete samples collected from a pile cap block of residential buildings affected by internal swelling reactions. Covering an extensive laboratory campaign to evaluate the transport properties of concrete samples, as well as their physical and chemical composition using advanced techniques to analyse cores extracted from real buildings that have concrete elements affected by internal swelling reactions (ISR). It features several rehabilitation procedures, pile caps repair and rehabilitation design, executed using strengthening procedures to provide the complete restoration of the structural integrity of the element deteriorated. These rehabilitation procedures proved to be a good solution to retrofit pile cap deteriorated by expansions due to internal swelling reactions of concrete. The book also offers a systematic review of the current state of knowledge and it is a valuable resource for scientists, students, and practitioners in various scientific and engineering disciplines, namely, civil and materials engineering, as well as and other interested parties.

This annual review of the literature, the 50th volume in the present series, provides a comprehensive and critical survey of a vast field of study involving organophosphorus compounds, ranging from phosphines, their chalcogenide derivatives and phosphonium salts, phosphorus (III) acid derivatives, phosphorus (V) acids, penta- and hexa-coordinated phosphorus compounds, phosphazenes and related phosphorus-nitrogen bonded compounds. Coverage is also presented of applications of organophosphorus compounds in homogeneous catalysis for synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals and also in applications as reagents in green synthetic procedures.

This textbook introduces the molecular side of physical chemistry. It offers students and practitioners a new approach to the subject by presenting numerous applications and solved problems that illustrate the concepts introduced for varied and complex technical situations. The book offers a balance between theory, tools, and practical applications. The text aims to be a practical manual for solving engineering problems in industries where processes depend on the chemical composition and physical properties of matter. The book is organized into three main topics: (I) the molecular structure of matter, (II) molecular models in thermodynamics, and (III) transport phenomena and mechanisms. Part I presents methods of analysis of the molecular behavior in a given system, while the following parts use these methods to study the equilibrium states of a material system and to analyze the processes that can take place when the system is in a state of non-equilibrium, in particular the transport phenomena. Molecular Physical Chemistry for Engineering Applications is designed for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in physical chemistry for engineers, applied physical chemistry, transport phenomena, colloidal chemistry, and transport/transfer processes. The book will also be a valuable reference guide for engineers, technicians, and scientists working in industry. Offers modeling techniques and tools for solving exercises and practical cases; Provides solutions and conclusions so students can follow results more closely; Step-by-step problem solving enables students to understand how to approach complex issues.

Spectroscopy in this book has been made easier and attractive by adopting a non-mathematical pictorial path. The essential feature of this approach involves use of visual images at the molecular level. Further, to keep the reader involved, every chapter has a large number of solved problems. This approach brings molecular spectroscopy within the comprehension of the average reader. Application of molecular spectroscopy in determining molecular structure and the study of intermolecular interactions have also been discussed. A chapter on the applications of molecular spectroscopy has been prepared from the latest research work where molecular spectroscopy has been used as a tool to the research problems. This will give an idea as to how wide and divergent spectroscopy has its applications. Again, the approach intends to develop reasoning ability to the maximum.

Fluoropolymers continue to enable new materials and technologies as a result of their remarkable properties. This book reviews fluoropolymer platforms of established commercial interest, as well as recently discovered methods for the preparation and processing of new fluorinated materials. It covers the research and development of fluoropolymer synthesis, characterization, and processing. Emphasis is placed on emerging technologies in optics, space exploration, fuel cells, microelectronics, gas separation membranes, biomedical instrumentation, and much more. In addition, the book covers the current environmental concerns associated with fluoropolymers, as well as relevant regulations and potential growth opportunities. Concepts, studies, and new discoveries are taken from leading international laboratories, including academia, government, and industrial institutions.

This thesis explores two distinct applications of laser spectroscopy: the study of nuclear ground state properties, and element selective radioactive ion beam production. It also presents the methods and results of an investigation into isotope shifts in the mercury isotopic chain. These Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) developments are detailed, together with an RILIS ionization scheme that allowed laser ionized ion beams of chromium, germanium, radium and tellurium to be generated at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility. A combination of laser spectroscopy with decay spectroscopy and mass spectrometry unambiguously demonstrated a cessation of the extreme shape staggering first observed in the 1970s and revealed the characteristic kink at the crossing of the N=126 shell closure. A series of RILIS developments were required to facilitate this experiment, including mercury "ionization scheme" development and the coupling of the RILIS with an arc discharge ion source. Laser spectroscopy has since become a powerful tool for nuclear physics and the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS), of the ISOLDE facility at CERN, is a prime example. Highlighting important advances in this field, the thesis offers a unique and revealing resource.

This book explores sustainable mining knowledge, assessing researchers on the impacts of waste and new approaches to negotiating these impacts. Mining has always been a profitable venture; however, it comes with several boons and banes. The significant advantages of mining include employment generation, the establishment of townships and trade centers, and socio-economic growth. However, the mining activity is a significant cause of environmental degradation, including soils, atmosphere, water, solid wastes, changed topography, and health hazards. This book emphasizes value-added products from mining wastes and innovations for balancing environment, ecology, and economy. This book is designed for miners, policymakers, professionals, researchers, scientists, industrialists, and environmental agencies.