Optische Resonatoren werden in allen B}chern }ber Laserphysik behandelt, dort jedoch nur sehr allgemein und unvollst{ndig. Dieses Buch vermittelt demLeser einen konkurrenzlos detaillierten ]berblick }ber Laser-Resonatoren einschlie lich der Wirkung des aktiven Mediums auf die Resonatoreigenschaften. Neben den fundamentalen Grundlagen (Geometriscche Optik, Beugung, Polarisation) werden alle wichtigen Resonatortypen und ihre Berechnung vorgestellt. Experimentelle Beispiele und Me methoden machen den Titel besonders wertvoll f}r jeden, der mit Lasersystemen arbeitet. Eineausf}hrliche Literaturliste erm-glicht ein vertiefendes Studium.

Die MeB- und PrUftechnik fUr Halbleiterbauelemente umfaBt die Methoden zur Messung elektrischer Funktionen, deren verglei- chende Auswertung und die verschiedenen normierten PrUfvor- schriften. Damit unterstUtzt die MeB- und PrUftechnik zunachst die Bauelementeentwicklung, sichert bei der Produktfertigung Ausbeute, Qualitat und Zuverlassigkeit und erlaubt dem Anwen- der die Auswahl und die Funktionskontrolle der Bauelemente nach standardisierten Verfahren. Dieses methodisch eigenstandige Gebiet der Halbleiterelektronik wird selbst bei den Bauelement-orientierten Darstellungen meist nur am Rande betrachtet, hat sich aber wegen der Besonderheiten der Halbleiterbauelemente und insbesondere der integrierten Schaltungen zu einem wissenschaftlich komplexen Problemkreis entwickelt, der daher hier in einem gesonderten Band behandelt werden soll. Der Umfang allein der normierten MeB- und Prlif- vorschriften wUrde allerdings den Rahmen eines Bandes und ins- besondere eines Lehrbuches weit libersteigen, zumal diese Ein- zelvorschriften in nationalen und internationalen Regelungen festgelegt und dort nachzulesen sind. Vielmehr sollen, an Bei- spielen erlautert, die Methoden und Verfahren zur Messung und PrUfung elektronischer Bauelemente grundlegend vermittelt wer- den.

1. 1. Prinzipielle Wirkungsweise und Betriebsarten eines Raster-Elektron- mikroskopes (SEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1. 2. Vergleich des Raster-Elektronenmikroskopes mit dem Lichtmikroskop und Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 3. Vergleich des Raster-Elektronenmikroskopes mit anderen Elektron- strahlgeraten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Literatur zu 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Monographien, Tagungsbande und Bibliographien 14 2. Wechselwirkung Elektron-Materie 2. 1. Einleitung 16 2. 2. Elektronenstreuung am Einzelatom 17 2. 2. 1. Elastische Streuung . . . . 17 2. 2. 2. Unelastische Streuung 18 2. 3. Streuung in einer durchstrahlbaren Schicht 21 2. 3. 1. Winkelverteilung gestreuter Elektronen 21 2. 3. 2. Transmission als Funktion der Beobachtungsapertur 23 2. 3. 3. Ortsverteilung gestreuter Elektronen . 24 2. 3. 4. Energieverteilung gestreuter Elektronen 25 2. 4. Elektronendiffusion in kompaktem Material 28 2. 4. 1. Transmission und Reichweite 28 2. 4. 2. Ausdehnung der Diffusionswolke . . 31 2. 4. 3. Ionisationsdichte und Tiefendosiskurve 33 2. 5. Ruckstreuung und Sekundarelektronen-Emission 34 2. 5. 1. Definition und Messung dieser GraBen . . 34 2. 5. 2. Ruckstreukoeffizient einer dunnen Schicht, Austrittstiefe 36 2. 5. 3. Ruckstreukoeffizient von kompaktem Material . . . . 37 2. 5. 4. Richtungs-und Energieverteilung ruckgestreuter Elektronen 40 2. 5. 5. Ausbeute, Energie und Austrittstiefe der Sekundarelektronen 41 2. 5. 6. Beitrag der ruckgestreuten Elektronen zur Sekundarelektron- ausbeute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2. 5. 7. Rauschen der Sekundarelektronenemission . . . . . . . . . 45 VIII Inhalt 2. 6. Ausbreitung der Elektronen in Kristallen . . . . 47 2. 6. 1. Das Elektronenwellenfeld in einem Kristall 47 2. 6. 2. Beugung in Transmission . . . . . . . . 51 2. 6. 3. EinfluB der Beugung auf die Riickstreuung . 54 Literatur zu 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3."

Gas Chromatography, Second Edition, offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects relating to the practice of gas chromatography. A focus on short, topic-focused chapters facilitates the identification of information that will be of immediate interest for familiar or emerging uses of gas chromatography. The book gives those working in both academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh and deepen their understanding of fundamental and instrumental aspects of gas chromatography and tools for the interpretation and management of chromatographic data. Users will find a consolidated guide to the selection of separation conditions and the use of auxiliary techniques. This new edition restores the contemporary character of the book with respect to those involved in advancing the technology, analyzing the data produced, or applying the technique to new application areas. New topics covered include hyphenated spectroscopic detectors, micromachined instrument platforms, derivatization and related microchemical techniques, petrochemical applications, volatile compounds in the atmosphere, and more.

Modern Sample Preparation for Chromatography, Second Edition explains the principles of sample preparation for chromatographic analysis. A variety of procedures are applied to make real-world samples amenable for chromatographic analysis and to improve results. This book's authors discuss each procedure's advantages, disadvantages and their applicability to different types of samples, along with their fit for different types of chromatographic analysis. The book contains numerous literature references and examples of sample preparation for different matrices and new sections on green approaches in sample preparation, progress in automation of sample preparation, non-conventional solvents for LLE (ionic liquids, deep eutectic mixtures, and others), and more.

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a rapidly developing laboratory technique for the separation and identification of compounds in mixtures. Significant improvements in instrumentation have rekindled interest in SFC in recent years and enhanced its standing in the scientific community. Many scientists are familiar with column liquid chromatography and its strengths and weaknesses, but the possibilities brought to the table by SFC are less well-known and are underappreciated. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is a thorough and encompassing reference that defines the concept of contemporary practice in SFC and how it should be implemented in laboratory science. Given the changes that have taken place in SFC, this book presents contemporary aspects and applications of the technique and introduces SFC as a natural solution in the larger field of separation science. The focus on state-of-the-art instrumental SFC distinguishes this work as the go-to reference work for those interested in implementing the technique at an advanced level.

Jump into the HPLC adventure

Three decades on from publication of the 1st German edition of Veronika Meyer's book on HPLC, this classic text remains one of the few titles available on general HPLC aimed at practitioners.

New sections on the following topics have been included in this fifth edition: Comparison of HPLC with capillary electrophoresisHow to obtain peak capacityvan Deemter curves and other coherencesHydrophilic interaction chromatographyMethod transferComprehensive two-dimensional HPLCFast separations at 1000 barHPLC with superheated water

In addition, two chapters on the instrument test and troubleshooting in the appendix have been updated and expanded by Bruno E. Lendi, and many details have been improved and numerous references added.

A completely new chapter is presented on quality assurance covering: Is it worth the effort?Verification with a second methodMethod validationStandard operating proceduresMeasurement uncertaintyQualifications, instrument test, and system suitability testThe quest for quality

Reviews of earlier editions

"That this text is written by an expert in both the practice and teaching of HPLC is evident from the first paragraph....not only an enjoyable, fascinating and easy read, but a truly excellent text that has and will serve many teachers, students and practitioners very well." --"The Analyst"

..".provides essential information on HPLC for LC practitioners in academia, industry, government, and research laboratories...a valuable introduction." - "American Journal of Therapeutics"

A single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern liquid chromatography suitable for advanced students and professionals working in a laboratory or managerial capacity
Chapters written by authoritative and visionary experts in the field provide an overview and focused treatment of a single topicComprehensive coverage of modern liquid chromatography from theory, to methods, to selected applicationsThorough selected references and tables with commonly used data to facilitate research, practical work, comparison of results, and decision makingExtensive original tables and figures, placing recent research developments into a general contextWorked examples, intuitive explanations, and clear figures reinforce learning

Nonlinear chromatography is a field that borders both chemical engineering and physical chemistry. In turn, the theory of nonlinear chromatography is the foundation of preparative chromatography, a separation process that has lately become of considerable interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Only chromatography is sufficiently flexible and powerful to satisfy the practical requirements encountered in most difficult separations of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical intermediates.
Since "nonlinear" behaviour is strictly a mathematical concept, it is difficult to leave mathematics out of any fundamental study of nonlinear chromatography. Therefore, this book will describe the different mathematical models of chromatography, examine the assumptions on which they are based, consider their properties, and discuss their solutions. All this will be done from a mathematical analysis point of view, paying considerable attention to the influence of nonlinear behavior on the results.
-Clear and simple discussions of the basic physico-chemical phenomena involved in HPLC.
-Clear and complete presentation of the relevant properties of the mathematical tools involved.
-Detailed analysis of nonlinear effects.

Gas chromatography remains the world's most widely used analytical technique, yet the expertise of a large proportion of chromatographers lies in other fields. Many users have little real knowledge of the variablesin the chromatographic process, the interaction between those variables, how they are best controlled, how the quality of their analytical results could be improved, and how analysis times can be shortened to facilitate the generation of a greater numberof more reliable results on the same equipment. An analyst with a more comprehensive understanding of chromatographic principles and practice, however, can often improve the quality of the data generated, reduce the analytical time, and forestall the needto purchase an additional chromatograph or another mass spectrometer.The Second Edition of Analytical Gas Chromatography is extensively revised with selected areas expanded and many new explanations and figures. The section on sample injection has been updated to include newer concepts of split, splitless, hot and cold on-column, programmed temperature vaporization, and large volume injections. Coverage of stationary phases now includes discussion, applications, and rationale of the increased thermal and oxidative resistance of the newly designed silarylenepolysiloxane polymers. Conventional and"extended range"polyethylene glycol stationary phases are examined from the viewpoints of temperature range and retention index reliabilities, and the chapter on"Variables"has been completely rewritten. The ways in which carrier gas velocity influences chromatographic performance is considered in detail, and includes what may be the first rational explanation of the seemingly anomalous effects that temperature exercises on gas viscosity (and gas flow). The practical effects that these changes cause to the chromatography is examined in pressure-, flow-, and"EPC-"regulated systems."Column Selection, Installation, and Use"has been completely rewritten as well. The accuracy of theVan Deemter plots has been greatly enhanced; a new program corrects for the first time for the changes in gas density and diffusion that occur during the chromatographic process because of solute progression through the pressure drop of the column. A new section has also been added on meeting thespecial requirements of columns destined for mass spectral analysis. The chapter on"Special Applications"has been expanded to include considerations of"selectivity tuning,"of fast analysis, and the section of Applications has been thoroughly updated and expanded.
Key Features
* Incorporates nearly 60% new material
* Covers the newest concepts and materials for sample injection and stationary phases
* Presents detailed consideration of the influence of carrier gas velocity on practical aspects of chromatographic performance
* Contains a chapter on "Special Analytical Techniques" which includes consideration of selectivity tuning and fast analysis
* Provides a new section addressing the special requirements of columns to be used in mass spectral analysis
* Includes an improved program that greatly enhances the accuracy of the Van Deemter plots by more accurately depicting localized chromatographic conditions at each point in the column

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has had a very significant impact on the field of analytical chemistry in recent years as the technique is capable of very high resolution separations, requiring only small amounts of samples and reagents. Furthermore, it can be readily adapted to automatic sample handling and real time data processing. Many new methodologies based on CE have been reported. Rapid, reproducible separations of extremely small amounts of chemicals and biochemicals, including peptides, proteins, nucleotides, DNA, enantiomers, carbohydrates, vitamins, inorganic ions, pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants have been demonstrated. A wide range of applications have been developed in greatly diverse fields, such as chemical, biotechnological, environmental and pharmaceutical analysis.

This book covers all aspects of CE, from the principles and technical aspects to the most important applications. It is intended to meet the growing need for a thorough and balanced treatment of CE. The book will serve as a comprehensive reference work. Both the experienced analyst and the newcomer will find the text useful.

Brings together practical information previously available only in numerous separate sources. "Handbook of Analytical Derivation Reactions" begins with an overview of analytical derivatization with a section on apparatus. Describes analytical derivatization methods organized according to the sample to be derivatized. Discussion of methods includes derivative type, reagent, sample type, reaction, and typical procedure with comments and references for each.

Since its commercial introduction in 2004, UHPLC (Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography) has begun to replace conventional HPLC in academia and industry and interest in this technique continues to grow. Both the increases in speed and resolution make this an attractive method; particularly to the life sciences and more than 1500 papers have been written on this strongly-evolving topic to date. This book provides a solid background on how to work with UHPLC and its application to the life sciences. The first part of the book covers the basics of this approach and the specifics of a UHPLC system, providing the reader with a solid background to working properly with such a system. The second part examines the application of UHPLC to the life sciences, with a focus on drug analysis strategies. UHPLC-MS, a key technique in pharmaceutical and toxicological analyses, is also examined in detail. The editors (Davy Guillarme and Jean-Luc Veuthey) were some of the earliest adopters of UHPLC and have published and lectured extensively on this topic. Between them they have brought together an excellent team of contributors from Europe and the United States, presenting a wealth of expertise and knowledge. This book is an essential handbook for anyone wishing to adopt an UHPLC system in either an academic or industrial setting and will benefit postgraduate students and experienced workers alike.

The only reference to provide both current and thorough coverage of this important analytical technique
Static headspace-gas chromatography (HS-GC) is an indispensable technique for analyzing volatile organic compounds, enabling the analyst to assay a variety of sample matrices while avoiding the costly and time-consuming preparation involved with traditional GC.
Static Headspace-Gas Chromatography: Theory and Practice has long been the only reference to provide in-depth coverage of this method of analysis. The Second Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the most recent developments and practices, and also includes coverage of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and the purge-and-trap technique. Chapters cover:
* Principles of static and dynamic headspace analysis, including the evolution of HS-GC methods and regulatory methods using static HS-GC
* Basic theory of headspace analysis-physicochemical relationships, sensitivity, and the principles of multiple headspace extraction
* HS-GC techniques-vials, cleaning, caps, sample volume, enrichment, and cryogenic techniques
* Sample handling
* Cryogenic HS-GC
* Method development in HS-GC
* Nonequilibrium static headspace analysis
* Determination of physicochemical functions such as vapor pressures, activity coefficients, and more
Comprehensive and focused, Static Headspace-Gas Chromatography, Second Edition provides an excellent resource to help the reader achieve optimal chromatographic results. Practical examples with original data help readers to master determinations in a wide variety of areas, such as forensic, environmental, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as the most powerful and versatile separation and analytical method. This book covers not only the conventional HPLC techniques but also the new developments, novel separation modes, column technology, as well as procedures and practices, particularly the advanced applications of HPLC in the fields of pharmaceutical, clinical, bioanalytical and food sciences. An in-depth discussion of separation mechanisms and characteristics of stationary and mobile phases is well-blended with practical method development and validation. Practical and pragmatic approaches and actual examples for rapid and effective development of fast, selective, accurate and reliable HPLC methods are provided. This book consists of eleven chapters. The first chapter explains the basic principles of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), an appealing alternative HPLC separation mode for separating polar compounds along with the properties of HILIC stationary and mobile phases. The technical aspects and the applications as well as actual HILIC method development are illustrated. The second chapter describes recent progress in HPLC column technology. The advantages and disadvantages of sub-2 m porous particles, solid core particles and monolithic columns over the conventional columns are discussed in terms of the separation efficiency, speed, resolution and applications. Chapters Three to Eleven are devoted to advanced applications of modern HPLC including RP-HPLC, NP-HPLC, Ion chromatography, HILIC, LC-MS/MS in pharmaceuticals, clinical, biomarkers, dietary supplements, food analysis and dye examination in archeological textiles.

Contributed by multiple experts, the book covers the scientific and engineering aspects of membrane processes and systems. It aims to cover basic concepts of novel membrane processes including membrane bioreactors, microbial fuel cell, forward osmosis, electro-dialysis and membrane contactors. Maintains a pragmatic approach involving design, operation and cost analysis of pilot plants as well as scaled-up counterparts

This series of books provides coverage of all of the major analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life and materials science. Each text is presented in an open learning/distance learning style, in which the learning objectives are clearly identified. The reader's understanding of the material is constantly evaluated by the use of self-assessment and discussion questions.

The combination of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been a routine analytical tool for many years, while the related hybrid technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a rather more recent development. However, with the advent of new interfacing technology, the benefits of this powerful hybrid analytical method are now currently being realised, as witnessed by the exponential growth in applications of this technique in both the chemical and life sciences.

The topics covered in this text include the following:

• The basic principles of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

• The limitations of the component techniques when used in isolation, and how a combination of the two allows these to be overcome

• Descriptions of the various approaches, including thermospray, electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, which are used to interface the two techniques, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each system

• Illustrative examples of the applications of LC-MS, including the molecular weight and structure determinations of both biopolymers and low-molecular-compounds, along with the development of quantitative methods

• The provision of many discussion and self-assessment questions throughout the text, thus providing opportunities for testing the reader's understanding of the subject matter

• Presented in the AnTS (open learning/distance learning) style, it is ideal for use as both a self-study guide and as the basis of a taught course

• A comprehensive bibliography, including books, papers/articles in journals and on websites, along with specific references for the individual chapters, to guide the reader to more specialised texts and original sources

Increased environmental consciousness within the scientific community has spurred the search for environmentally friendly processes as alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In the past two decades, numerous advances-including the use of ionic liquids-have made it possible to develop substitutes for some toxic solvents. Ionic liquids are widely recognized as suitable for use in organic reactions and can also improve the control of product distribution, enhanced reactivity, ease of product recovery, catalyst immobilization, and recycling. Environmentally Friendly Syntheses Using Ionic Liquids presents the latest developments in the field. It also reviews the latest applications in a wide range of fields including biotechnology, nuclear science, medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and organic and inorganic chemistry-all from the standpoint of green sustainable chemistry. Growing interest in the field of ionic liquids will define newer and unexplored areas of applications, expanding possible use of these environmentally friendly chemicals. The information presented in this book will undoubtedly help motivate readers to further explore the field.

Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography, Second Edition offers a comprehensive source of authoritative information on all aspects of instrumental thin-layer chromatography. The use of short, topic-focused chapters facilitates identifying information of immediate interest for familiar or emerging uses of thin-layer chromatography. The book gives those working in both academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh, or deepen their understanding of fundamental and instrumental aspects of thin-layer chromatography, as well as the tools to interpret and manage chromatographic data. The book serves as a practical consolidated guide to the selection of separation conditions and the use of auxiliary techniques. This fully updated new edition restores the contemporary character of the book for those involved in advancing the technology, analyzing data produced, or applying the technique to new application areas. Some chapters have been consolidated to make room for topics not covered in the first edition, reflecting general changes in the field of thin-layer chromatography, especially in effects-directed detection, convenient interfaces for advanced spectroscopic detection, and greater automation possibilities. This book is a valuable reference for anyone who needs to acquire fundamental and practical information to facilitate progress in research and management functions utilizing information acquired by thin-layer chromatography.

Principles and Practice of Modern Chromatographic Methods, Second Edition takes a comprehensive, unified approach in its presentation of chromatographic techniques. Like the first edition, the book provides a scientifically rigid, but easy-to-follow presentation of chromatography concepts that begins with the purpose and intent of chromatographic theory - the "what and why" that are left out of other books attempting to cover these principles. This fully revised second edition brings the content up-to-date, covering recent developments in several new sections and an additional chapter on composite methods. New topics include sample profiling, sample preparation, sustainable green chemistry, 2D chromatography, miniaturization/nano-LC, HILIC, and more.

Basic Multidimensional Gas Chromatography is aimed at the next generation of multidimensional gas chromatography users who will require basic training in the fundamentals of both GC and GCxGC. This book fills the current need for an inexpensive, straightforward guidebook to get new users started. It will help new users determine when to add or purchase a multidimensional system and teach them to optimize and maximize the capability of each system. Readers will also learn to select specific modes for each portion of a multidimensional analysis. This ideal resource is a concise, hard-hitting text that provides the facts needed to get users up and running.

Nanomaterials in Chromatography: Current Trends in Chromatographic Research Technology and Techniques provides recent advancements in the wide variety of chromatographic techniques applied to nanotechnology. As nanomaterials' unique properties can improve detection sensitivity and miniaturize the devices used in analytical procedures, they can substantially affect the evaluation and analysis ability of scientists and researchers and foster exciting developments in separation science. The book includes chapters on such crucial topics as the use of nanomaterials in sample preparation and the legalization of nanomaterials, along with a section on reducing the cost of the analysis process, both in terms of chemicals and time consumption.

Volume III of this manual provides an overview of the analytical investigation of 23 additional Chinese Herbal Drugs, which are most commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Together with Volumes I and II this current volume represents the most comprehensive overview to analytical studies of those herbal drugs. The quality proof of the investigation meets the standard of the European Drug Regulatory Authority. The authors refer to the bioactive constituents, pharmacological and biological activities of all single herbal drugs, as well as their therapeutic applications. Analytical methods applied are described in detail.

The versatility of liquid chromatography (LC) allows its applicability to countless areas. From the quality control of various industries, such as pharmaceutical, alimentary or chemistry, passing through health, environmental, toxicological or forensic activities, and also in the area of genetics or R liquid chromatography applications are used world-wide. This book presents key support for everyone that works or intends to work in analytical fields, from students to senior researchers. The principles of liquid chromatography, the new fluorinated stationary phases or how to achieve robustness, are examples of fundamental liquid chromatography issues that are discussed in the book. Furthermore reviews about the latest developments on the LC-MS/MS determination of antibiotic residues in food-producing animals or of emerging pollutants in environmental samples are presented, as well as liquid chromatography applications for the determination of vitamin E isomers in foods. Preparative liquid chromatography is also discussed, as is the role of liquid chromatography to evaluate food authenticity, namely milk and dairy products. Last but not least, metabolomic and proteomic analysis, as well as serendipity are important issues that also benefit liquid chromatography utilisation. The present book is truly innovating and, certainly, will be an important tool for those that are engaged in analytical science in all of the different areas of interest.