Most of the recent texts on compact modeling are limited to a particular class of semiconductor devices and do not provide comprehensive coverage of the field. Having a single comprehensive reference for the compact models of most commonly used semiconductor devices (both active and passive) represents a significant advantage for the reader. Indeed, several kinds of semiconductor devices are routinely encountered in a single IC design or in a single modeling support group. Compact Modeling includes mostly the material that after several years of IC design applications has been found both theoretically sound and practically significant. Assigning the individual chapters to the groups responsible for the definitive work on the subject assures the highest possible degree of expertise on each of the covered models.

Chromatography - A Century of Discovery 1900-2000 represents the combined thinking and contributions of many chromatographers. It includes several in-depth feature chapters covering the Beginnings of Chromatography, which highlights M.S. Tswett, the inventor of chromatography, and several other early pioneers. Included are the contributions of several Nobel Laureates, and 125 Chromatography Award Winners and contributors, an extensive bibliography of publications on the History of the Evolution of Chromatography; a presentation of Major International Symposia supporting chromatography and as a bridge to selected sciences. Special chapters are written by well-known Chromatographers on Support and Stationary Phases, and Separations followed by a chapter on Milestones and Paradigm Shifts in Science. New discoveries in the life sciences and medicine, agriculture, the environment and separations technology in the 21st century will rely immeasurably on the 20th century research tools in chromatography and those yet to be developed.

A prerequisite for elucidating the structure and function of any protein is the prior purification of that protein. This necessity has led to the development of many purification schemes and chromatographic methods for the isolation of native proteins from complex sources. In Protein Chromatography: Methods and Protocols, leading researchers present clear protocol-style chapters that are suitable for newcomers and experts alike. The book opens with vital topics in protein biochemistry, addressing such areas as protein stability and storage, avoiding proteolysis during chromatography, protein quantitation methods including immuno-qPCR, and the contrasting challenges that microfluidics and scale-up production pose to the investigator, and then it segues into key methods involving the generation and purification of recombinant proteins through recombinant antibody production and the tagging of proteins, amongst other means, as well as many variations on classic techniques such as ion-exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, protocols chapters include introductions to their respective subjects, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Protein Chromatography: Methods and Protocols will greatly aid scientists in establishing these essential techniques in their own laboratories and furthering our understanding of the many imperative functions of proteins.

Principles and Practice of Modern Chromatographic Methods, Second Edition takes a comprehensive, unified approach in its presentation of chromatographic techniques. Like the first edition, the book provides a scientifically rigid, but easy-to-follow presentation of chromatography concepts that begins with the purpose and intent of chromatographic theory - the "what and why" that are left out of other books attempting to cover these principles. This fully revised second edition brings the content up-to-date, covering recent developments in several new sections and an additional chapter on composite methods. New topics include sample profiling, sample preparation, sustainable green chemistry, 2D chromatography, miniaturization/nano-LC, HILIC, and more.

In this thesis, the author outlines the development of new monolithic columns and isotope dimethyl labeling strategies and their applications in high-performance proteome analyses. Though different types of monolithic columns have been widely developed for chromatography and electrophoresis separation, their application in proteomics for complex peptide mixtures separation is still a challenge. The author discusses the preparation of new monolithic columns and optimization of chromatography separation capability to improve coverage and accuracy of proteome analysis. Further, the author describes a novel online multidimensional chromatography system combined with automated online isotope labeling, which significantly improves the throughput, sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative proteomics. In addition to the development of new technologies, the author investigates the proteome and phosphoproteome expression changes of clinical hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and the hippocampi of mice with Alzheimer s disease. The work in this thesis has led to several publications in high-profile journals in the fields of analytical chemistry and proteome research."

A single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern liquid chromatography suitable for advanced students and professionals working in a laboratory or managerial capacity
Chapters written by authoritative and visionary experts in the field provide an overview and focused treatment of a single topicComprehensive coverage of modern liquid chromatography from theory, to methods, to selected applicationsThorough selected references and tables with commonly used data to facilitate research, practical work, comparison of results, and decision makingExtensive original tables and figures, placing recent research developments into a general contextWorked examples, intuitive explanations, and clear figures reinforce learning

This volume collects a a number of contributions on spontaneous symmetry breaking. Current studies in this general field are going ahead at a full speed. The book present review chapters which give an overview on the major break throughs of recent years. It covers a number of different physical settings which are introduced when a nonlinearity is added to the underlying symmetric problems and its strength exceeds a certain critical value. The corresponding loss of symmetry, called spontaneous symmetry breaking, alias self-trapping into asymmetric states is extensively discussed in this book.
The book presents both active theoretical studies of spontaneous symmetry breaking effects as well as experimental findings, chiefly for Bose-Einstein-Condensates with the self-repulsive nonlinearity, and also for photorefractive media in optics.

Device Architecture and Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Devices focuses on the design of new device and material concepts for organic light-emitting devices, thereby targeting high current densities and an improved control of the triplet concentration. A new light-emitting device architecture, the OLED with field-effect electron transport, is demonstrated. This device is a hybrid between a diode and a field-effect transistor. Compared to conventional OLEDs, the metallic cathode is displaced by one to several micrometers from the light-emitting zone, reducing optical absorption losses. The electrons injected by the cathode accumulate at an organic heterojunction and are transported to the light-emission zone by field-effect. High mobilities for charge carriers are achieved in this way, enabling a high current density and a reduced number of charge carriers in the device. Pulsed excitation experiments show that pulses down to 1 us can be applied to this structure without affecting the light intensity, suggesting that pulsed excitation might be useful to reduce the accumulation of triplets in the device. The combination of all these properties makes the OLED with field-effect electron transport particularly interesting for waveguide devices and future electrically pumped lasers. In addition, triplet-emitter doped organic materials, as well as the use of triplet scavengers in conjugated polymers are investigated.

Basic Multidimensional Gas Chromatography is aimed at the next generation of multidimensional gas chromatography users who will require basic training in the fundamentals of both GC and GCxGC. This book fills the current need for an inexpensive, straightforward guidebook to get new users started. It will help new users determine when to add or purchase a multidimensional system and teach them to optimize and maximize the capability of each system. Readers will also learn to select specific modes for each portion of a multidimensional analysis. This ideal resource is a concise, hard-hitting text that provides the facts needed to get users up and running.

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The first edition of "Chromatography: Concepts and Contrasts," published in 1988, was one of the first books to discuss all the different types of chromatography under one cover. The second edition continues with these principles but has been updated to include new chapters on sampling and sample preparation, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), chromatography with mass spec detection, and industrial and governmental practices in regulated industries.

• Covers extraction, solid phase extraction (SPE), and solid phase microextraction (SPME), and introduces mass spectrometry
• Updated with the latest techniques in chromatography
• Discusses both liquid chromatography (LC)and gas chromatography(GC)

Research and development in the field of hyphenated techniques has been growing rapidly in the last few years, as indicated by the growing number of conferences on the subject and also the huge number of papers published on techniques such as LC-GC (Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography). Multidimensional techniques - the combination of 2 separation techniques - is an important subsection of hyphenation technologies and up to now there has been no book covering all multidimensional techniques.

This monograph, edited by pioneers in the field, is the first book to review all multidimensional techniques including LC-GC, GC-GC and GC-Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Part 1 describes the numerous combinations of techniques with much practical advice for the beginner as well as for experienced practitioners, while Part 2 details the many and varied applications in areas as diverse as polymer separations and environmental analysis.

Multidimensional Chromatography will be an invaluable resource for technicians, engineers and research scientists across a wide range of disciplines, both in industrial and academic laboratories. It is also a suitable text for graduate courses. The nature of the material means it can find a place in any analytical laboratory and scientific library.

Covers application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) in extraction of aromatics and polyaromatics from fuel oil by Liquid-Liquid extraction Studies eutectic behavior with respect to hydrocarbon and aqueous solutions Describes molecular dynamics insights of extraction by DES Explores possible industrial applicability of potential DES Includes results from Gaussian, NAMD and PACKMOL software packages

Nanomaterials in Chromatography: Current Trends in Chromatographic Research Technology and Techniques provides recent advancements in the wide variety of chromatographic techniques applied to nanotechnology. As nanomaterials' unique properties can improve detection sensitivity and miniaturize the devices used in analytical procedures, they can substantially affect the evaluation and analysis ability of scientists and researchers and foster exciting developments in separation science. The book includes chapters on such crucial topics as the use of nanomaterials in sample preparation and the legalization of nanomaterials, along with a section on reducing the cost of the analysis process, both in terms of chemicals and time consumption.

This handbook is one of three containing an invaluable collection of research grade XPS spectra. Each handbook concentrates on a specific family of materials (the elements and their native oxides, semiconductors, and polymers) and is entirely self-contained. The introductory section to each handbook includes comprehensive information about the XPS instruments used, the materials, and the advanced methods of collecting the spectra. Energy resolution settings, instrument characteristics, energy referencing methods, traceability, energy scale calibration details and transmission function are all reported. Among the many valuable features included in each of these handbooks are:
* All spectra were measured by using Al_K monochromatic X-rays.
* All spectra were collected in a self-consistent manner to maximize data reliability and quality.
* All peaks in the wide spectra are fully annotated and accompanied by detailed atom % tables that report BEs for each of the labelled peaks.
* Each high-energy resolution spectrum is peak-fitted and accompanied by detailed tables containing binding energies, FWHMs and relative percentages.
In this volume, The Elements and Native Oxides, are contained XPS spectra of the elements and real-world practical grade spectra of their native oxides. Exclusive features of this volume include:
* Binding energies for pure elements that are accurate to +/- 0.06 eV
* Alphabetical organization based on commonplace chemical abbreviations
* Charge compensation with patented flood-gun-mesh-screen system
* C (1s) binding energies for adventitious hydrocarbons revealing that the BE ranges from 284.2 to 286.3 eV
* Valence band spectrafrom the elements.
This handbook is an invaluable reference for scientists in industry, academia and government laboratories that use XPS spectra in materials science and surface science. Also available: Handbook of Monochromatic XPS Spectra: Polymers and Polymers Damaged by X-rays Handbook of Monochromatic XPS Spectra: Semiconductors

This book presents recent research and advances in various solid-liquid separation technologies and some applications for treating produced water. It covers fundamental principles and the importance of produced water in major industrial sectors and compares solid-liquid separation technologies. In addition, this book Presents the results of research studies conducted to evaluate the performance of solid-liquid separation technologies Discusses a wide range of technologies, including membrane, filtration, crystallization, desalination, supercritical fluids, coagulation, and floatation Includes experimental, theoretical, modeling, and process design studies With its comprehensive coverage, this book is an essential reference for chemical researchers, scientists, and engineers in industry, academia, and professional laboratories. It is also an important resource for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying solid-liquid separations.

Nonlinear chromatography is a field that borders both chemical engineering and physical chemistry. In turn, the theory of nonlinear chromatography is the foundation of preparative chromatography, a separation process that has lately become of considerable interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Only chromatography is sufficiently flexible and powerful to satisfy the practical requirements encountered in most difficult separations of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical intermediates.
Since "nonlinear" behaviour is strictly a mathematical concept, it is difficult to leave mathematics out of any fundamental study of nonlinear chromatography. Therefore, this book will describe the different mathematical models of chromatography, examine the assumptions on which they are based, consider their properties, and discuss their solutions. All this will be done from a mathematical analysis point of view, paying considerable attention to the influence of nonlinear behavior on the results.
-Clear and simple discussions of the basic physico-chemical phenomena involved in HPLC.
-Clear and complete presentation of the relevant properties of the mathematical tools involved.
-Detailed analysis of nonlinear effects.

This book provides an in-depth understanding of molecular recognition mechanisms in designing chromatographical processes for separations. The title explains the importance of chemistry in chromatography and molecule-molecule interaction mechanisms and extends the concepts of separation to isomers and chiral isomers.
"Chromatographic Separations Based on Molecular Recognition" discusses the theoretical interpretations of chromatographic retention processes, explains the molecular recognition concept for the separation of various isomers, and provides a foundation in separation science which will lead to a better grasp of other chemical fields and simplify the design and synthesis of novel stationary phases.

Provides a systematic review of microextraction techniques applied in analytical toxicology. A comprehensive guide for practical implementation of microextraction techniques in forensic, clinical and analytical laboratories. Contains figures and tables for easy understanding and quick adaptation of parameters of microextraction techniques. Fundamentals, development, and applications of microextraction techniques as a sample preparation procedure are discussed in detail. Extremely useful for the researchers and academicians engaged in the analytical method development using microextraction techniques.

For six decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. The clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations for which this series has become known makes the material accessible and engaging to analytical, biochemical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill. Key Features: Discusses the basic concepts of affinity chromatography and examines recent developments in this method and related supramolecular separation methods. Outlines the different types of gradient stationary phases and how they have been used in and benefited the field of separation science. Reviews recent trends in detectors for GC, focusing on those that are readily available and seeing wide usage. Addresses peak compression in GELC and offers the reader a plate height equation to work with that incorporates its effects.

Advanced Separations by Specialized Sorbents opens a new window into sorbent materials, presenting fundamental principles for their syntheses and adsorption properties. The book presents advanced techniques used to create specialized sorbents with a wide range of functions that can be used to enhance the separation and/or purification of useful bioactive compounds, heavy metals, dyes, and other substances. It discusses the most recent developments in the field of separation processes, covering specialized sorbents such as monolith cryogels, composite hydrogels, metal-impregnated ion exchangers, and molecularly imprinted polymers. The book provides a comprehensive discussion of the selectivity in separation processes by composite materials based on synthetic polymers/biopolymers and inorganic particles. It is a comprehensive resource for academic and research scientists as well as students interested in the preparation, characterization, and application of specialized sorbents.

Due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful technique. It is used for various applications, often involving the detection and identification of chemicals in a complex mixture. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: Evaluation and Applications in Food Analysis presents a unique collection of up-to-date UPLC-MS/MS methods for the separation and quantitative determination of components, contaminants, vitamins, and aroma and flavor compounds in a wide variety of foods and food products. The book begins with an overview of the history, principles, and advancement of chromatography. It discusses the use of UHPLC techniques in food metablomics, approaches for analysis of foodborne carcinogens, and details of UPLC-MS techniques used for the separation and determination of capsaicinoids. Chapters describe the analysis of contaminants in food, including pesticides, aflatoxin, perfluorochemicals, and acrylamide, as well as potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in cooked foods. The book covers food analysis for beneficial compounds, such as the determination of folate, vitamin content analysis, applications for avocado metabolite studies, virgin olive oil component analysis, lactose determination in milk, and analysis of minor components of cocoa and phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. With contributions by experts in interdisciplinary fields, this reference offers practical information for readers in research and development, production, and routing analysis of foods and food products.

The isolation and structural characterization of substances present at very low concentrations, as is necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical drug degradants and impurities, can present scientific challenges. The coupling of HPLC with NMR spectroscopy has been at the forefront of cutting-edge technologies to address these issues. LC-NMR: Expanding the Limits of Structure Elucidation presents a comprehensive overview of key concepts in HPLC and NMR that are required to achieve definitive structure elucidation with very low levels of analytes. Because skill sets from both of these highly established disciplines are involved in LC-NMR, the author provides introductory background to facilitate readers' proficiency in both areas, including an entire chapter on NMR theory. The much-anticipated second edition provides guidance in setting up LC-NMR systems, discussion of LC methods that are compatible with NMR, and an update on recent hardware and software advances for system performance, such as improvements in magnet design, probe technology, and solvent suppression techniques that enable unprecedented mass sensitivity in NMR. This edition features methods to quantify concentration and assess purity of isolated metabolites on the micro scale and incorporates computational approaches to accelerate the structure elucidation process. The author also includes implementation and application of qNMR and automated and practical use of computational chemistry combined with QM and DFT to predict highly accurate NMR chemical shifts. The text focuses on current developments in chromatographic-NMR integration, with particular emphasis on utility in the pharmaceutical industry. Applications include trace analysis, analysis of mixtures, and structural characterization of degradation products, impurities, metabolites, peptides, and more. The text discusses novel uses and emerging technologies that challenge detection limits as well future directions for this important technique. This book is a practical primary resource for NMR structure determination-including theory and application-that guides the reader through the steps required for isolation and NMR structure elucidation on the micro scale.

Updated and expanded, the classic guide to GC/MS helps chromatographers quickly learn to use this technique for analyzing and identifying compounds. After explaining the fundamentals, it discusses optimizing, tuning, using, and maintaining GC/MS equipment; explores advances in miniaturized and field-portable GC/MS systems and microfluidic components; and more. Complete with a CD-ROM, it covers applications in the environmental laboratory and in forensics, toxicology, and space science. This is the premier resource for professionals in those fields and for students.

"Introduction to Thin Film Transistors" reviews the operation, application and technology of the main classes of thin film transistor (TFT) of current interest for large area electronics. The TFT materials covered include hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H), poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si), transparent amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS), and organic semiconductors.

The large scale manufacturing of a-Si: H TFTs forms the basis of theactive matrix flat panel display industry. Poly-Si TFTs facilitate the integration of electronic circuits into portable active matrix liquid crystal displays, and are increasingly used in active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays for smart phones. The recently developed AOS TFTs are seen as an alternative option to poly-Si and a-Si: H for AMOLED TV and large AMLCD TV applications, respectively. The organic TFTs are regarded as a cost effective route into flexible electronics.

As well as treating the highly divergent preparation and properties of these materials, the physics of the devices fabricated from them is also covered, with emphasis on performance features such as carrier mobility limitations, leakage currents and instability mechanisms. The thin film transistors implemented with these materials are the conventional, insulated gate field effect transistors, and a further chapter describes a new thin film transistor structure: the source gated transistor, SGT.

The driving force behind much of the development of TFTs has been their application to AMLCDs, and there is a chapter dealing with the operation of these displays, as well as of AMOLED and electrophoretic displays. A discussion of TFT and pixel layout issues is also included.

For students and new-comers to the field, introductory chapters deal with basic semiconductor surface physics, and with classical MOSFET operation. These topics are handled analytically, so that the underlying device physics is clearly revealed. These treatments are then used as a reference point, from which the impact of additional band-gap states on TFT behaviour can be readily appreciated.

This reference book, covering all the major TFT technologies, will be of interest to a wide range of scientists and engineers in the large area electronics industry. It will also be a broad introduction for research students and other scientists entering the field, as well as providing an accessible and comprehensive overview for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programmes. "