Imprisoned in 1849 for organising a Carbonari cell among the workers at Pompeii, numismatist and archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli (1823 96) was eventually appointed Director of Excavations, as well as Professor of Archaeology at Naples, in 1860. He introduced systematic excavation to the site and meticulous record-keeping, including the creation of a general map and a 1:100 model, as well as the use of plaster casts to capture the forms of ancient bodies. Published in 1875, as Fiorelli left Naples to take up the position of Director General of Italian Antiquities and Fine Arts, this guide, in Italian, gives a description of Pompeii ordered by region, insula, and building - a system devised by Fiorelli and still in use today. As such, the work illuminates the development of modern archaeological methods and the history of this remarkable site.

Classical archaeology probably enjoys a wider appeal than any other branch of classical or archaeological studies. As an intellectual and academic discipline, however, its esteem has not matched its popularity. Here, Anthony Snodgrass argues that classical archaeology has a rare potential in the whole field of the study of the past to make innovative discoveries and apply modern approaches by widening the aims of the discipline.

If all the portable artifacts of Ancient Rome were in a single location, the lives of students, historians, and connoisseurs would be immeasurably simpler. But the masterpieces are in museums all over the world. This book identifies 200 of the most important of these works, and describes them vividly and informatively in ways that reveal how each is a key object in its own right - a creation that commemorates a great event or heralds the start of a new era in creativity or politics. From coins of the fifth century bce to pottery made at the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 ce, each object reveals an important insight into this highly influential ancient civilization.

The Etruscan city of Caere and eleven other Etruscan city-states were among the first urban centers in ancient Italy. Roman descriptions of Etruscan cities highlight their wealth, beauty, and formidable defenses. Although Caere left little written historical record outside of funerary inscriptions, its complex story can be deciphered by analyzing surviving material culture, including architecture, tomb paintings, temples, sanctuaries, and materials such as terracotta, bronze, gold, and amber found in Etruscan crafts. Studying Caere provides valuable insight not only into Etruscan history and culture but more broadly into urbanism and the development of urban centers across ancient Italy. Comprehensive in scope, Caere is the first English-language book dedicated to the study of its eponymous city. Collecting the work of an international team of scholars, it features chapters on a wide range of topics, such as Caere's formation and history, economy, foreign relations, trade networks, art, funerary traditions, built environment, religion, daily life, and rediscovery. Extensively illustrated throughout, Caere presents new perspectives on and analysis of not just Etruscan civilization but also the city's role in the wider pan-Mediterranean basin.

Kevin Greene shows how archaeology can help provide a more balanced view of the Roman economy by informing the classical historian about geographical areas and classes of society that received little attention from the largely aristocratic classical writers whose work survives.

This luxuriously illustrated book surveys Greek archaeology from the collapse of the Mycenaean palaces to the subordination of the last Hellenistic kingdoms to Rome. Its aim is to study Greek art through the material record, and against its cultural and social backdrop. It takes the reader on a tour of ancient Greece along the most important period in its history, the 1st millennium BC. Architecture, city planning, sculpture, painting, pottery, metallurgy, jewellery, and numismatics are some of the areas covered. With concise, systematic coverage of the main categories of classical monuments, the book caters for the non-specialist looking for the essential in ancient Greece, students of Greek archaeology and art, as well as anyone interested in Greek art and culture. The text is divided into accessible, user-friendly sections including case studies, terminology, charts, maps, a timeline and full index. This is the first English language edition of the original Greek edition and was thoroughly revised and expanded by Dimitris Plantzos before translation by the British archaeologist Nicola Wardle. 592 colour illustrations.

The tale of the combat between the Storm-god and the Sea that began circulating in the early second millennium BCE was one of the most well-known ancient Near Eastern myths. Its widespread dissemination in distinct versions across disparate locations and time periods - Syria, Egypt, Anatolia, Ugarit, Mesopotamia, and Israel - calls for analysis of all the textual variants in order to determine its earliest form, geo-cultural origin, and transmission history. In undertaking this task, Noga Ayali-Darshan examines works such as the Astarte Papyrus, the Pisaisa Myth, the Songs of Hedammu and Ullikummi, the Baal Cycle, Enuma elis, and pertinent biblical texts. She interprets these and other related writings philologically according to their provenance and comparatively in the light of parallel texts. The examination of this story appearing in all the ancient Near Eastern cultures also calls for a discussion of the theology, literature, and history of these societies and the way they shaped the local versions of the myth.

The British Museum's acquisition of the Warren Silver Cup in 1999 caused something of a stir when it was announced to the press as a result of its price and its challengingly explicit homoerotic scenes. It was prominently illustrated in all the major daily newspapers and the reporting varied between the crudely predictable and the much more thoughtful. It featured in quiz programmes like 'Have I got News for You' and was even the subject of cartoons. The Warren Cup is, in fact, a remarkably important masterpiece of Roman art, created in the first century AD, which has been condemned to an undeserved obscurity for too long. It's scenes reflect the mores of the time and region in which it was created and used. As such, it is a precious means for us to reach back and understand that society, but it also challenges us to look through and beyond our own contemporary social and religious environment. This book will examine the extraordinary history, both ancient and modern, that the Warren Cup has to tell. It will also attempt to set the cup in its ancient contexts - where and when it was made; where and when it was found; and by whom it was used.

The third part of the four volume set which aims to make available the most important studies of Cornelius Vermeule, the formercurator of Classical Art at the Boston Museum of Fine Art. This volume contains studies published between 1974 and 1984 which cover a wide range of broad topics as well as including studies of specific artworks, mostly held in American collections. The many subjects include Graeco-Roman artworks in the East, the ram cults of Cyprus, numismatic art, Graeco-Roman sculpture, monuments and memorials, painting and mosaic, the Ara Pacis and Nero, Roman imperial art, crime and punishment and Alexander the Great's souvenirs. Contents: Preface Dated Monuments of Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman Popular Art in Asia Minor: Ionia, Lydia and Phrygia Recent Acquisitions. Aphrodite or a Nymph Ten Greek and Roman Portraits in Kansas City Cypriote Sculpture, the Late Archaic and Early Classical Periods: Towards a More Precise Understanding Greek, Roman and Etruscan Sculptures: The Benjamin and Lucy Rowland Collection The Ram Cults of Cyprus: Pastoral to Paphian at Morphou Medallions best reflect Renaissance creativity Neoclassic Sculpture in America: Greco-Roman sources and their results Numismatic Art in America Numismatic Art in America to 1796 Numismatics in Antiquity The Weary Herakles of Lysippos The Westmacott Jupiter Commodus, Caracalla and the Tetrarchs: Roman Emperors as Hercules Dated Monumens of Hellenistic and Greco-Roman Art in Asia Minor: Caria, Pamphylia, Pisidia and Lycaonia Greek and Roman Sculpture from the Northern Coasts of the Black Sea The Ancient Marbles at Petworth The Heroic Graeco-Roman Zeus from the Villa d'Este amd Marbury Hall Vita: Berenike II. Liberated Queen An Imperial Commemorative Monument Never Finished: A Possible Memorial of Trajan's Eastern Conquests at Salamis on Cyprus Athenian Eternity. Attic Funerary Stele, about 340 BC Ideal Portraiture at the Outset of the Hellenistic Age Interactions and Reflections of Painting, Mosaic and Sculpture. Complex Mythological Scenes in Greek and Roman Imperial Numismatic Art Roman Pictorial Mirrors The Imperial Shield as a Mirror of Roman Art on Medallions and Coins The Late Antonine and Severan Bronze Portraits from Southwest Asia Minor A Silver Cup of the Augustans or Julio-Claudian Period Bench and Table Supports: Roman Egypt and Beyond Greek and Roman Sculpture in the Holy Land The Ara Pacis and the Child Nero: Julio-Claudian Commemorative Reliefs in Italy and Elsewhere The Basis from Puteoli: Cities of Asia Minor in Julio-Claudian Italy Transmissions of Roman Historical Relief throughout the Empire, with Special Reference to Southern Italy and Sicily Alexander the Great, the Emperor Severus Alexander and the Aboukir Medallions The Mosaic from Montebello near Rome: An Early Manifestation of the Seasons in Roman Imperial Art Crime and Punishment in Antiquity From Halicarnassus to Alexandria in the Hellenistic Age: the Ares of Halicarnassus by Leochares The Horse and Groom Relief in Athens Souvenirs of Alexander the Great's March through Persia to India Victory in Death: Roman Triumphal Art and Private Life Index.

The Middle Helladic period has received little attention, partially because of scholars' view of it as merely the prelude to the Mycenaean period and partially because of the dearth of archaeological evidence from the period. In this book, Helene Whittaker demonstrates that Middle Helladic Greece is far more interesting than its material culture might at first suggest. Whittaker comprehensively reviews and discusses the archaeological evidence for religion on the Greek mainland, focusing on the relationship between religious expression and ideology. The book argues that religious beliefs and rituals played a significant role in the social changes that were occurring at the time. The arguments and conclusions of this book will be relevant beyond the Greek Bronze Age and will contribute to the general archaeological debate on prehistoric religion."

Much like our own time, the ancient Greek world was constantly expanding and becoming more connected to global networks. The landscape was shaped by an ecology of city-states, local formations that were stitched into the wider Mediterranean world. While the local is often seen as less significant than the global stage of politics, religion, and culture, localism, argues historian Hans Beck has had a pervasive influence on communal experience in a world of fast-paced change. Far from existing as outliers, citizens in these communities were deeply concerned with maintaining local identity, commercial freedom, distinct religious cults, and much more. Beyond these cultural identifiers, there lay a deeper concept of the local that guided polis societies in their contact with a rapidly expanding world. Drawing on a staggering range of materials----including texts by both known and obscure writers, numismatics, pottery analysis, and archeological records--Beck develops fine-grained case studies that illustrate the significance of the local experience. Localism and the Ancient Greek City-State builds bridges across disciplines and ideas within the humanities and shows how looking back at the history of Greek localism is important not only in the archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean, but also in today's conversations about globalism, networks, and migration.

This book examines Greek vase-paintings that depict humorous, burlesque, and irreverent images of Greek mythology and the gods. Many of the images present the gods and heroes as ridiculous and ugly. While the narrative content of some images may appear to be trivial, others address issues that are deeply serious. When placed against the background of the religious beliefs and social frameworks from which they spring, these images allow us to explore questions relating to their meaning in particular communities. Throughout, we see indications that Greek vase-painters developed their own comedic narratives and visual jokes. The images enhance our understanding of Greek society in just the same way as their more sober siblings in serious art. David Walsh is a Visiting Research Scholar in the School of Arts, Histories and Cultures at The University of Manchester."

The colonnaded axes define the visitor's experience of many of the great cities of the Roman East. How did this extraordinarily bold tool of urban planning evolve? The street, instead of remaining a mundane passage, a convenient means of passing from one place to another, was in the course of little more than a century transformed in the Eastern provinces into a monumental landscape which could in one sweeping vision encompass the entire city. The colonnaded axes became the touchstone by which cities competed for status in the Eastern Empire. Though adopted as a sign of cities' prosperity under the Pax Romana, they were not particularly 'Roman' in their origin. Rather, they reflected the inventiveness, fertility of ideas and the dynamic role of civic patronage in the Eastern provinces in the first two centuries under Rome. This study will concentrate on the convergence of ideas behind these great avenues, examining over fifty sites in an attempt to work out the sequence in which ideas developed across a variety of regions-from North Africa around to Asia Minor. It will look at the phenomenon in the context of the consolidation of Roman rule.

Blood of the Provinces is the first fully comprehensive study of the largest part of the Roman army, the auxilia. This non-citizen force constituted more than half of Rome's celebrated armies and was often the military presence in some of its territories. Diverse in origins, character, and culture, they played an essential role in building the empire, sustaining the unequal peace celebrated as the pax Romana, and enacting the emperor's writ. Drawing upon the latest historical and archaeological research to examine recruitment, belief, daily routine, language, tactics, and dress, this volume offers an examination of the Empire and its soldiers in a radical new way. Blood of the Provinces demonstrates how the Roman state addressed a crucial and enduring challenge both on and off the battlefield - retaining control of the miscellaneous auxiliaries upon whom its very existence depended. Crucially, this was not simply achieved by pay and punishment, but also by a very particular set of cultural attributes that characterized provincial society under the Roman Empire. Focusing on the soldiers themselves, and encompassing the disparate military communities of which they were a part, it offers a vital source of information on how individuals and communities were incorporated into provincial society under the Empire, and how the character of that society evolved as a result.

In 1971, in the southwestern area of the Roman Forum of Corinth, a round-bottomed drainage channel was discovered filled with the largest deposit of pottery of the 4th century ever found in the city, as well as some coins, terracotta figurines, and metal and stone objects. This volume publishes the pottery and metal and stone objects, and includes a re-examination of the coins by Orestes Zervos. Some of the cooking ware has been subjected to neu-tron activation analysis, and a statistical analysis of all recovered pottery has been completed. The contents of Drain 1971-1 are important for the function of the Classical buildings in this part of Corinth, especially Buildings I and II, and for the chronology of the renovation program that included the construction of the South Stoa, which was probably not built before the last decade of the 4th century.

This beautifully illustrated book offers an overview of the greatest archaeological sites and discoveries from ancient Greece. The contributors include those who have excavated at the sites in question and scholars who have spent a lifetime studying the monuments. Presented here are the legendary sites of ancient Greece, including the Athenian Acropolis, Olympia, Delphi, Schliemann's Mycenae, and the Athenian Agora; the most iconic sculptures in the Greek world, such as the Aphrodite of Melos and the Nike of Samothrace; and several fascinating chapters on underwater archaeology that discuss the Kyrenia and Uluburun shipwrecks and the astonishing bronze masterpieces raised from the sea. This is the first book to bring together the archaeological legacy of ancient Greece in a concise and accessible way while still preserving the excitement of discovery. An introductory text by Vasileios Petrakos, member of the Academy of Athens, sets the historical context and describes the course of Greek archaeology from the foundation of the modern Greek state to the present day. 650 colour illustrations.

Rome, Ostia, Pompeii captures how studies of the Roman city are currently shifting away from architecture towards a dynamic understanding of activities within the urban space. This is becoming a defining feature of new and innovative research on the nature of ancient urbanism and is underpinned by an understanding of the relationship between space and society - the two sides of the core dialectic of the 'Spatial Turn' in cultural studies. In this volume a new generation of scholars provide detailed case studies of the three best known cities from antiquity, Pompeii, Ostia, and Rome, and focus on the movement or flow of a Roman city's inhabitants and visitors, demonstrating how this movement contributes to our understanding of the way different elements of society interacted in space. Through a uniquely broad range of historical issues, such as the commoditization of movement in patronage relationships, the appropriation of 'architectural space' by 'movement space', the importance of movement and traffic in influencing representations of ancient urbanism and the Roman citizen, this volume studies movement as it is found both at the city gate, in the forum, in the portico, and on the street, and as it is represented in the text and on the page.
Throughout this book, the authors are concerned with the residues of movement - the impressions left by the movement of people and vehicles, both as physical indentations in the archaeological record and as impressions upon the Roman urban consciousness. The volume's interdisciplinary approach will inform the understanding of the city in classics, ancient history, archaeology and architectural history, as well as cultural studies, town planning, urban geography, and sociology.

The frontiers of the Roman Empire together form the largest monument of one of the world's greatest ancient states. They stretch for some 7,500 km through 20 countries which encircle the Mediterranean Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied by visitors and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many of the inscriptions and sculptures, weapons, pottery and artefacts created and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the frontier can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost might of Rome are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves. The aim of this series of books is not only to inform the interested visitor about the history of the frontiers but to act as a guidebook as well. The remains of the Roman frontiers in Wales are unique in the Roman Empire. Unlike the well-known defensive linear boundaries such as Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall in northern Britain, the forts and fortresses in Wales formed a dynamic offensive frontier designed to deal with the fierce natives. More than 60 stone and timber fortresses, forts and fortlets are known, some of which seem to have been occupied for only a few years, while others remained in use for far longer. They tell the story of the long and brutal war against the Celtic tribes and, after their final and complete victory, the army's policy of 'occupation-in-depth' when up to 25,000 legionaries and auxiliaries were stationed in Wales. We hope the readers of this book will enjoy discovering the fascinating story of the Roman conquest of Wales almost 2,000 years ago.

When soldiers of the Roman 9th Legion arrived in AD 70, they built a fortress and this huge military camp formed the foundation of the modern city of York. Roman legionaries were garrisoned in the city for over three centuries and a huge provincial town grew up around them. Eboracum was a city at the edge of the Empire. The city was a thriving metropolitan hub and a cultural and technological boiling pot, as well as being a seat of power visited by Roman Emperors. Author Adam Parker introduces the archaeology of Eboracum, discussing the people, the places, and the objects in an accessible way, illustrated throughout.

This volume brings together the work of leading scholars on two of the most important, yet puzzling, extant ensembles of Hellenistic Age sculpture: the Great Altar at Pergamon, with its Gigantomachy and scenes from the life of Telephos, and the Cave at Sperlonga in Italy, with its epic themes connected especially with the adventures of Odysseus. "From Pergamon to Sperlonga "has three aims: to update the scholarship on two important monuments of ancient art and architecture; to debate questions of iconography, authorship, and date; and to broaden the scope of discussion on these monuments beyond the boundaries of studies done in the past. In addition, the volume brings forward new ideas about how these two monuments are connected and discusses possible means by which stylistic influences were transmitted between them.

Examples of Roman period red-gloss and red-slip pottery (terra sigillata) found during excavations in the Athenian Agora form the focus of this volume. These fine wares, like the other table wares of the first seven centuries A.D. discussed here, were all imported--a very different situation to earlier periods where Athens was known as a great ceramic-making center, and perhaps the result of mass destruction of potters' workshops during the Sullan sack of 86 B.C. While the image of a demolished pottery industry is tragic, the consequent conglomeration of fine-wares from many parts of the Roman empire in one city makes the Athenian Agora a tremendous source of comparanda for archaeologists working all round the Mediterranean. Written by the world's leading expert on Roman pottery, this huge catalogue illustrating and identifying multiple shapes and types of decoration will therefore be an essential reference book.

Coin Hoards and Hoarding in the Roman World presents fourteen chapters from an interdisciplinary group of Roman numismatists, historians, and archaeologists, discussing coin hoarding in the Roman Empire from c. 30 BC to AD 400. The book illustrates the range of research themes being addressed by those connected with the Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project, which is creating a database of all known Roman coin hoards from Augustus to AD 400. The volume also reflects the range of the Project's collaborations, with chapters on the use of hoard data to address methodological considerations or monetary history, and coverage of hoards from the west, centre, and east of the Roman Empire, essential to assess methodological issues and interpretations in as broad a context as possible. Chapters on methodology and metrology introduce statistical tools for analysing patterns of hoarding, explore the relationships between monetary reforms and hoarding practices, and address the question of value, emphasizing the need to consider the whole range of precious metal artefacts hoarded. Several chapters present regional studies, from Britain to Egypt, conveying the diversity of hoarding practices across the Empire, the differing methodological challenges they face, and the variety of topics they illuminate. The final group of chapters examines the evidence of hoarding for how long coins stayed in circulation, illustrating the importance of hoard evidence as a control on the interpretation of single coin finds, the continued circulation of Republican coins under the Empire, and the end of the small change economy in Northern Gaul.

In the Greek Classical period, the symposium-the social gathering at which male citizens gathered to drink wine and engage in conversation-was held in a room called the andron. From couches set up around the perimeter, symposiasts looked inward to the room's center, which often was decorated with a pebble mosaic floor. These mosaics provided visual treats for the guests, presenting them with images of mythological scenes, exotic flora, dangerous beasts, hunting parties, or the spectre of Dionysos: the god of wine, riding in his chariot or on the back of a panther. In The World Underfoot, Hallie M. Franks takes as her subject these mosaics and the context of their viewing. Relying on discourses in the sociology and anthropology of space, she presents an innovative new interpretation of the mosaic imagery as an active contributor to the symposium as a metaphorical experience. Franks argues that the images on mosaic floors, combined with the ritualized circling of the wine cup and the physiological reaction to wine during the symposium, would have called to mind other images, spaces, or experiences, and in doing so, prompted drinkers to reimagine the symposium as another kind of event-a nautical voyage, a journey to a foreign land, the circling heavens or a choral dance, or the luxury of an abundant past. Such spatial metaphors helped to forge the intimate bonds of friendship that are the ideal result of the symposium and that make up the political and social fabric of the Greek polis.

The discovery of and excavations at Pompeii in the second half of the eighteenth century not only provided historians with a trove of information about ancient Roman civilization but also fired artists' imaginations and inaugurated the vogue for the "Pompeian style" that so influenced the West in the nineteenth century.
This book reproduces, along with commentary, Le case i monumenti di Pompeii (1854) of Fausto and Felice Niccolini, the first work to present completely and systematically all the public and private buildings so far excavated in Pompeii. It features the wondrous watercolors the Niccolinis created to document Pompeii and is thus a beautiful and essential tool in understanding the excavated remains themselves and how the modern archaeologists perceived and recorded the ancient world.
These magnificently reproduced drawings of the excavations are accompanied by texts that explain the documents by the Niccolinis, as well as the evolution of the Pompeian style in Europe, the pictorial representation of Pompeii in the nineteenth century from engravings to photographs, and the evolving styles of archaeological documentation.

English language text. 189 mainly colour illustrations. The exhibits on display in the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki are presented and illustrated in the pages of this Short Guide. The illustrations are accompanied by a brief explanatory text. This handy format short guide is designed to accompany visitors during their tour of the Museum, and afterwards serves as a keepsake, preserving the memory of the items displayed. The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki is one of the largest museums in Greece; its permanent exhibitions include unique masterpieces of ancient Greek art dating from prehistoric times to late antiquity.