This book contains a selection of essays and articles by John H. Jackson previously published over four decades and now collected together into one volume. Each article has been selected for its continued timeliness and relevance to contemporary issues in international trade. Particular attention has been given to making available articles that have previously been less accessible. For the most part articles are republished in their original form but, where appropriate, the author has clearly marked some omissions and added updating material. An indispensable addition to every international trade library.

Eine Personengesellschaft, die am Rechtsverkehr teilnimmt, ist im Zivilprozess unabhangig von ihren Gesellschaftern parteifahig. Ziel der Publikation war die Klarung der Frage, inwieweit ein Urteil, das im Passivprozess fur oder gegen die Personengesellschaft bzw. ihre Gesellschafter ergeht, auch massgeblich fur die jeweils nicht am Prozess beteiligte Partei ist. Die Untersuchung erfolgte fallgruppenweise anhand einer Interessenabwagung im Rahmen der normativen Vorgaben. Dabei war neben den Interessen von Gesellschaft und Gesellschaftern stets auch das Interesse des Gesellschaftsglaubigers zu berucksichtigen. Die Untersuchung hat ergeben, dass die prozessuale Reprasentation der nicht am Erstprozess beteiligten Partei massgeblich fur die Entscheidung uber eine Rechtskrafterstreckung ist.

Hotel Law, Transactions, Management and Franchising presents a practical guide to the issues that face lawyers and industry leaders working in the hospitality field. It aims to develop the reader’s understanding of the acquisition process and the complex relationships in management and franchise deals that dominate the hotel industry.

This text is written primarily as a desktop reference for legal practitioners working in the hotel law field and is also suitable for students studying towards hotel and hospitality careers both at an undergraduate and law school or graduate level. The highly experienced author, contributors and editors offer insights into the industry players and their preferred positions, desired outcomes, and the potential pitfalls that can ensnare even the most well-planned deals.

With broad coverage of the rapidly growing field of hospitality law—including gaming, recreation, and amenities— the book’s approach examines the dominant models of hotel ownership, management and franchising, and includes independent hotels and the move towards complex resorts. The book’s coverage of key legal topics ranges from real estate, to intellectual property, contracts, and finance.Hotel Law will give readers an understanding of the hospitality industry from the perspective of the transactional practitioner, while examining the multi-party relationships and agreements that develop between an owner, operator, licensor and lender.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Hotel Law, 2. Purchase Sale Agreements, 3. Hotel Management Agreements, 4. Essential Cases, 5. Franchise Agreements, 6. Subordination Non-Disturbance and Attornment and Comfort Letters, 7. Technical Services, Glossary of Terms, Index

In Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe, Michele Finck examines the relationship between blockchain technology and EU law and introduces the theme of blockchain governance. The book provides a general introduction to blockchains as both a regulatable and a regulatory technology and outlines the interaction between distributed ledger technology and specific areas of EU law, such as the General Data Protection Regulation. It should be read by anyone interested in EU law, the relationship between law, innovation and technology, and technology governance.

This book presents a comprehensive study on how twenty-three countries have approached the issue of company groups. In addition to detailed profiles of each country's legislation, written by some of the most respected experts in the field, the book also presents a general overview and offers readers an in-depth, up-to-date and highly practical comparative analysis of the company group phenomenon in connection with national legal regimes. As such, the book is a must-read for all those seeking a deeper understanding of how company groups are viewed and regulated around the globe.

Related Party Transactions ist die Gefahr immanent, dass sich nahe stehende Personen oder Unternehmen mittels ihrer Einwirkungsmoeglichkeiten auf die Gesellschaft deren Vermoegensguter aneignen. Um dieser Gefahr zu begegnen, hat der Unionsgesetzgeber im Mai 2017 eine AEnderungsrichtlinie zur Aktionarsrechterichtlinie beschlossen. Die Verfasserin hat den Umstand zum Anlass genommen, die Umsetzungsmoeglichkeiten in deutsches Recht auszumessen und kritisch zu wurdigen. Hierfur hat sie den Reformbedarf fur das deutsche Recht herausgearbeitet und auf dieser Grundlage moegliche Reformansatze fur den faktischen Konzern entwickelt. Schliesslich werden die vom deutschen Gesetzgeber implementierten Regelungen zu Related Party Transactions mit den Reformansatzen abgeglichen und bewertet.

This Volume of the AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation explores the key trends in InsurTech and the potential legal and regulatory issues that accompany them. There is a proliferation of ideas and concepts within InsurTech that will fundamentally change the market in the next few years. These innovations have the potential to change the way the insurance industry works and alter the relationships between customers and insurers, resulting in insurance products that are more closely aligned to individual preferences and priced more appropriately to the risk. Increasing use of technology in the insurance sector is having both a disruptive and transformative impact on areas including product development, distribution, modelling, underwriting and claims and administration practice. The result is a new industry, known as InsurTech. But while the insurance market looks to technology for greater efficiency, regulators are beginning to raise concerns about managing potential risks. The first part of the book examines technological innovations relevant for insurance, such as FinTech, InsurTech, Sharing Economy, and the Internet of Things. The second part then gathers contributions on insurance contract law in a digitalized world, while the third part focuses on cyber insurance and robots. Last but not least, the fourth part of the book discusses legal and ethical questions regarding autonomous vehicles and transportation, including the shipping industry, as well as their impact on the insurance sector and civil liability. Written by legal scholars and practitioners, the book offers international, comparative and European perspectives. The Chapters "FinTech, InsurTech and the Regulators" by Viktoria Chatzara, "Smart Contracts in Insurance. A Law and Futurology Perspective" by Angelo Borselli and "Room for Compulsory Product Liability Insurance in the European Union for Smart Robots?" by Aysegul Bugra are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com. All three open access chapters were funded by BIPAR.

Unlike existing textbooks written for law students on specific subjects impacting real estate transactions, Real Estate Law: Fundamentals for The Development Process uses "The Development Process" as a framework for understanding how the U.S. legal system regulates, facilitates, and generally impacts real estate transactions and their outcomes. This book not only addresses the nature of specific legal issues directly relating to real estate transactions but also how those issues may best be identified and addressed in advance. This book breaks down the myriad of laws influencing the selection, acquisition, development, financing, ownership, and management of real estate, and presents them in context. Readers of Real Estate Law will gain a practical understanding, from the perspective of a real property developer or real estate executive, investor, or lender, of: how to identify potential legal issues before they arise; when to involve a real estate attorney; how to select an attorney with the appropriate, relevant experience; and how to efficiently and economically engage and manage legal counsel in addressing real estate issues. Written as a graduate-level text book, Real Estate Law comes with numerous useful features including a glossary of terms, chapter summaries, discussion questions, further reading, and a companion website with instructor resources. It is a resource of great value to real estate and finance professionals, both with and without law degrees, engaged in one aspect or another of real estate development and finance, who want to become more conversant in the legal issues impacting these transactions.

This book explains the theoretical and policy issues associated with the taxation of financial services and includes a jurisdictional overview that illustrates alternative policy choices and the legal consequences of those choices . The book addresses the question: how can financial services in an increasingly globalized market best be taxed through VAT while avoiding economic distortions? It supports the discussion of the key practical problems that have arisen from the particular complexity of the application of VAT to financial services, and allows for the evaluation of best practice by comparing the major current reform models now being implemented.

This book reviews and critically analyzes the current legal framework with regard to a more just culture for the aviation sector. This new culture is intended to protect front-line operators, in particular controllers and pilots, from legal action (except in the case of willful misconduct or gross negligence) by creating suitable laws, regulations and standards. In this regard, it is essential to have an environment in which all incidents are reported, moving away from fears of criminalization. The approach taken until now has been to seek out human errors and identify the individuals responsible. This punitive approach does not solve the problem because frequently the system itself is (also) at fault. Introducing the framework of a just culture could ensure balanced accountability for both individuals and complex organizations responsible for improving safety. Both aviation safety and justice administration would benefit from this carefully established equilibrium.

This book focuses on recent developments in consumer law, specifically addressing mandatory disclosures and the topical problem of information overload. It provides a comparative analysis based on national reports from countries with common law and civil law traditions in Asia, America and Europe, and presents the reports in the form of chapters that have been drafted on the basis of a questionnaire, and which use the same structure as the questionnaire to allow them to be easily compared. The book starts with an analysis of the basic assumptions underlying the current consumer protection models and examines whether and how consumer models adapt to the new market conditions. The second part addresses the information obligations themselves, first highlighting the differences in the reported countries before narrowing the analysis down to countries with a general pre-contractual information duty, particularly the transparency requirements that often come with such a duty. The next part examines recent developments in the law on food labelling, commercial practices and unfair contract terms in order to identify whether similar traits can be found in European and non-European jurisdictions. The fourth part of the book focuses on specific information obligations in the financial services and e-commerce sectors, discussing the fact that legislators are experimenting with different forms of summary disclosures in these sectors. The final part provides a critical appraisal of the recent developments in consumer information obligations, addressing the question of whether the multiple criticisms from behavioural sciences necessitate abandonment or refinement of current consumer information models in favour of new, more adequate forms of consumer protection, and providing suggestions.

This book explores various approaches around the world regarding price term control, and particularly discusses the effectiveness of two major paths: ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Price control and its limits are issues that affect all liberal market economies, as well as more regulated markets. For the past several years, courts in many different countries have been confronted with the issue of whether, and to what extent, they should intervene regarding price-related terms in standard form contracts - especially in the area of consumer contracts. Open price clauses, flat remunerations, price adjustment clauses, clauses giving the seller/supplier the right to ask for additional payments, bundling or partitioning practices, etc.: a variety of price related terms are used to manipulate customers' choices, often also by exploiting their behavioral biases. The result is an unfavorable contract that is later challenged in court. However, invalidating a given price term in standard forms e.g. of a banking or utilities contract only has an inter partes effect, which means that in thousands if not millions of similar contracts, the same clauses continue to be used. Effective procedural rules are often lacking. Therefore, pricing patterns that serve to hide rather than to reveal the real cost of goods and services require special attention on the part of regulators. The aim of this book is to determine the various approaches in the world regarding price term control, and particularly to discuss the efficiency of both paths, ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Thanks to its broad comparative analysis, this book offers a thorough overview of the methods employed in several countries. It gathers twenty-eight contributions from national rapporteurs and one supra-national rapporteur (EU) to the 2018 IACL Congress held in Fukuoka. These are supplemented by a general report presented at the same IACL Congress, which includes a comparative analysis of the national and supranational reports. The national contributors hail from around the globe, including Africa (1), Asia (5), Europe (17), the European Union (1) and the Americas (5).

This book provides a concise and pragmatic introduction to transfer pricing. Approaching the subject from an economic and business perspective, it familiarizes the reader with the basic concepts without getting sidetracked by tax law. In turn, the book draws on case studies to demonstrate the identification and application of appropriate transfer pricing methods for the most common intercompany transactions. The intuitive step-by-step guidance, together with integrated Excel-based tools, will equip the reader to ensure compliance with the arm's length principle and thus to minimize tax risk. Based on the post-BEPS OECD Guidelines, the book's content is applicable to a global context.

This book focuses on the restructuring of distressed businesses, emphasizing the need for new financing during the restructuring process as well as during relaunch, and examines the role of law in encouraging creditor confidence and incentivizing lending. It describes two broad approaches to encouraging new finance during restructuring: a prescriptive one that seeks to attract credit using expressly defined statutory incentives, and a market-based one that relies on the business judgment of lenders against the backdrop of transaction avoidance rules. Securing new financing for a distressed business is a critical part of successful restructuring. Without such financing, the business may be unable to meet interim liquidity constraints, or to implement its restructuring plans. This book addresses related questions concerning the place of new financing as an essential component of restructuring. In general terms, the book explores how statutory interventions and the courts can provide support with contentious issues that arise from the provision of new financing, whether through new financing agreements or through distressed debt investors, who are increasingly gaining prominence as sources of new financing for distressed businesses. It argues that courts play a key part in preventing or correcting the imbalances that can arise from the participation of distressed debt investors. In this context, it critically examines the distressed debt market in emerging markets like Nigeria and the opportunity presented by non-performing loans, arguing that the regulatory pattern of market entry may dis-incentivize distress debt investing in a market that is in dire need of financing. The book offers a fresh and comparative perspective on restructuring new financing for distressed businesses by comparing various approaches (primarily from the US, UK and Germany) and drawing lessons for frontier markets, with particular reference to Nigeria. It fills an important gap in international comparative scholarship and discusses a living problem with both empirical and policy aspects.

Against the backdrop of enormous technological strides, this book argues that the air transport industry must be constantly vigilant in its efforts to employ a legal regime that is applicable to the aeronautical and human aspects of the carriage by air of persons and goods. In this regard, safety and security are of the utmost importance, both in terms of safe air navigation and the preservation of human life. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) addresses legal issues through its Legal Committee, many emerging issues that urgently require attention lie outside the Committee's purview. This book analyzes in detail the items being considered by ICAO's Legal Committee, considers the legal nature of ICAO, and discusses whether or not ICAO's scope should be extended. Since the limited issues currently addressed by ICAO do not reflect the rapidly changing realities of air transport, the book also covers a broad range of key issues outside the parameters set by ICAO, such as: the need to teach air law to a new generation of aviation professionals; combating cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism; the regulation of artificial intelligence; traveller identification; interference with air navigation; human trafficking; unruly passengers; climate change; air carrier liability for passenger death or injury; Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (drones); and the cabin crew and their legal implications.

Innerhalb der letzten Jahre ver nderten sich ganze Industrien. Insolvenzen waren und sind die Folge dramatischer Umbr che. Oftmals stellt sich die brisante Frage: Kann der Unternehmer selbst oder nur ein Verkauf das Unternehmen retten? Erfahrene Praktiker erl utern hier den Prozess des Unternehmensverkaufs w hrend der Krise und den Verkauf im Insolvenzverfahren. Sie bieten praktikable Ratschl ge und L sungen f r eine unternehmerische Zukunft.

Das Personengesellschaftsrecht ist durch die besonders enge Verbundenheit der Gesellschafter gepragt. Was passiert aber, wenn diese Vertrauensgrundlage erschuttert wird? Der BGH lehnt eine vereinfachte Gesellschaftertrennung durch Hinauskundigung (Ausschluss ohne Grund) ab. Hinauskundigungsklauseln sind nach standiger Rechtsprechung grundsatzlich sittenwidrig. Diese Publikation erforscht, wie der Gesellschafterausschluss praxisnah gestaltet werden kann. Die Autorin setzt sich zunachst kritisch mit der Rechtsprechung des BGH auseinander und entwickelt dann einen neuen, praxistauglichen Loesungsansatz, der auf einer alleinigen Ausubungskontrolle der Ausschlussentscheidung basiert. Besondere Bedeutung erlangt dabei die Untersuchung des liberalen US-amerikanischen Gesellschaftsrechts.

Providing a comprehensive and detailed treatment of termination as a remedy for breach of contract, this book gives a current account of the law and explains this complex area in a practical context. This book is divided into four parts. The first section sets out to analyse what is involved in termination and looks at some of the difficulties surrounding the topic, before going on to explain the evolution of the present law and its main principles. The second section provides a thorough analysis of the two key topics of breach and termination. Breach is defined in terms of a failure, without good excuse, to perform an obligation under the contract, and the various aspects of this definition are explained in the light of the relevant authorities. The chapter on breach of contract has continued to take on board the developing principles of contractual construction, most notably in relation to the interpretation of exemption clauses, where Supreme Court and Court of Appeal decisions, namely Impact Funding Solutions Ltd v Barrington Support Services Ltd and Persimmon Homes Ltd v Ove Arup and Partners Ltd, have continued to question the extent to which the traditional approach can be reconciled with the broader canons of commercial construction now adopted by the courts. In the following chapter, termination is defined in the terms of an election by the promisee, in consequence of a breach by the promisor, to claim discharge from his or her own primary obligations under the contract. This process, which can also be seen as a major contractual remedy in its own right, is distinguished from other processes with which it has a close relationship, most notable the right to withhold performance and discharge under the doctrine of frustration. The controversial decision of the Court of Appeal in MSC Mediterranean Shipping Co SA v Cottonex Anstalt is discussed here. The third part addresses the question when the right to terminate for breach arises. The law gives two answers to this question - when the term broken is classified as a 'condition' of when a 'fundamental' breach has occurred. The nature of a 'condition' in this sense is explained, and the criteria for identifying when a term should be classified as such is set out. Similarly, the criteria for identifying a fundamental breach is discussed, as is the difficult relationship between the concepts of fundamental breach and repudiation and the doctrine of anticipatory breach. Recent Court of Appeals decisions are included, such as Spar Shipping AS v Grand China Logistics Holding (Group) Co Ltd, which provides useful guidance as to the relationship between conditions and contractual rights of termination. The fourth and final section considers the consequences of the promisee's election whether to terminate. In this section the legal effects of termination with regard to the obligations and remedies available to the promisee and the promisor, and also its effect on the application of other terms in the contract such as exemption clauses, are analysed. The measure of damages available to the promisee following termination, most notable damages 'on the footing of repudiation' or damages for 'loss of the bargain' is also considered here alongside other general principles governing damages in this context. The position on damages in The Golden Victory has been extended further by Bunge SA v Nidera BV as discussed in Chapter 10. Similarly the examination of the Court of Appeal decision in The New Flamenco provides additional authority on mitigation to damages. Principles relating to restitution recovery are re-examined by reference to three major Supreme Court cases on unjust enrichment: Benedetti v Sawiris; Memelaou v Bank of Cyprus UK Ltd; and Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners.

Der Gefahrubergang entscheidet im Exportgeschaft unter anderem uber die Preisgestaltung und die Obliegenheit, die Ware gegen Transportschaden zu versichern. Die Untersuchung entwickelt die wesentlichen Leitgedanken des hier so genannten Gefahrtragungsrechts des UN-Kaufrechts. Zentral sind die Erkenntnisse, dass der Gefahrbegriff streng verschuldensunabhangig zu bestimmen ist und dass kein relevanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Gefahrtragung und dem Inhalt der Lieferpflicht des Verkaufers besteht. Diese Pramissenbildung ermoeglicht eine stringente Auslegung der Einzelvorschriften, beispielsweise zur Wechselwirkung zwischen Pflichtverletzung und Gefahrtragung. Ferner kann nunmehr der Anwendungsbereich der praktisch besonders wichtigen Gefahrtragung beim Versendungskauf trennscharf definiert werden.

Wenn zwei oder mehrere Unternehmen ihre wirtschaftliche und rechtliche Selbstandigkeit verlieren und gemeinsam ein neues Unternehmen bilden, bezeichnet man dies gemeinhin als Fusion. Wahrend derartige Prozesse in der freien Wirtschaft sehr haufig anzutreffen sind, bilden Fusionen im Bereich der Koerperschaften des oeffentlichen Rechts eher die Ausnahme. Das vorliegende Werk beschreibt Fusionsverfahren von Handwerkskammern in sechs verschiedenen Bundeslandern von der Gegenwart ruckblickend bis ins Jahr 1953. Welche Grunde waren ausschlaggebend? Welche tatsachlichen und rechtlichen Hindernisse mussten uberwunden werden? Wie gestalteten sich die Fusionsverfahren? Diese Publikation versucht Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden und moechte als Leitfaden fur kunftige Handwerkskammerfusionen dienen.

Das aktienrechtliche Beschlussmangelrecht ist seit Jahren heftiger Kritik ausgesetzt. Die Autorin greift diese Kritik auf und befasst sich mit der Frage, ob und wie die Nichtigkeitsgrunde des 241 AktG reformiert werden sollten. Der Untersuchungsansatz der Autorin basiert auf einer Beleuchtung der Nichtigkeitsgrunde aus drei Perspektiven. Neben der Historie der Nichtigkeitsgrunde eruiert die Autorin die Nichtigkeitsgrunde de lege lata auf ihre Funktion und Konsistenz und stellt die Konsequenzen einer Abschaffung der Nichtigkeitskategorie dar. Mit dem klaren Verdikt einer Daseinsberechtigung der ex lege eintretenden Nichtigkeit befasst sich die Autorin mit bestehenden Reformansatzen und prasentiert anschliessend basierend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen einen eigenen Reformvorschlag zur kunftigen Ausgestaltung der Nichtigkeitsgrunde im Aktienrecht.

In the global infectious-disease research community, there has long been uncertainty about the conditions under which biological resources may be studied or transferred out of countries. This work examines the reasons for that uncertainty and shows how global biomedical research has been shaped by international disputes over access to biological resources. Bringing together government leaders, World Health Organization officials, and experts in virology, wildlife biology, clinical ethics, technology transfer, and international law, the book identifies the critical problems - and implications of these problems - posed by negotiating for access and sharing benefits, and proposes solutions to ensure that biomedical advances are not threatened by global politics. Written in accessible, non-technical language, this work should be read by anyone who sees global health and biomedical research as a priority for international lawmakers.

Rechtliche Durchsetzbarkeit, Verlasslichkeit von Vertragen und technische Bewahrtheit sind Voraussetzungen fur erfolgreiche Finanzierung und Rentabilitat. Daher bietet dieses Buch erstmals einen umfassenden UEberblick uber die technischen und rechtlichen sowie die wirtschaftlichen Aspekte von Biogas-Vorhaben. Ausgewiesene Experten aus Forschung und Praxis beleuchten die verschiedenen Teilaspekte. Ein einleitendes Kapitel "Projektfinanzierung von Biogas-Projekten" bietet Lesern Orientierung und ordnet die einzelnen Fachkapitel in das Gesamtthema ein.