Cybersecurity is a leading national problem for which the market may fail to produce a solution. The ultimate source of the problem is that computer owners lack adequate incentives to invest in security because they bear fully the costs of their security precautions but share the benefits with their network partners. In a world of positive transaction costs, individuals often select less than optimal security levels. The problem is compounded because the insecure networks extend far beyond the regulatory jurisdiction of any one nation or even coalition of nations. Originally published in 2006, this book brings together the views of leading law and economics scholars on the nature of the cybersecurity problem and possible solutions to it. Many of these solutions are market based, but they need some help, either from government or industry groups, or both. Indeed, the cybersecurity problem prefigures a host of twenty-first-century problems created by information technology and the globalization of markets.

This volume focuses on transparency as the guiding principle for insurance regulation and supervisory law. All chapters were written by experts in their respective fields, who address transparency in a wide range of European and non-European jurisdictions. Each chapter reviews the transparency principles applicable in the jurisdiction discussed. While the European jurisdictions reflect different facets of the principle as emerging from EU law on insurance, the principle has developed quite differently in other jurisdictions.

Mit Vertr gen sollen wirtschaftliche Ziele umgesetzt werden. Das gelingt nur deshalb, weil Regeln dar ber bestehen, welches Verhalten durch Vertr ge bewirkt und im Streitfall erzwungen werden kann. Fr her orientierten sich Vertragsinhalte vornehmlich daran, was die Vertragsparteien wollten, heute sind sie zunehmend an die Wertvorstellungen des Gesetzgebers gebunden. Das Buch hilft dabei, die Konsequenzen zu berschauen, die sich daraus f r die Vertragsparteien ergeben, die wirtschaftlichen Folgen zu erkennen und vertraglich zu gestalten.

Under English law it is possible to secure credit on almost any asset, but the law is widely considered to be unsatisfactory. Gerard McCormack examines English law and highlights its weaknesses. He uses Article 9 of the American Uniform Commercial Code as a reference point for reform. This Article has successfully serviced the world's largest economy for over 40 years and is increasingly used as the basis for legislation by Commonwealth jurisdictions--including Canada and New Zealand.

This open access book presents recent research and hot topics in the field of real estate science in Japan. It features carefully selected English translations of peer-reviewed papers and excellent articles published in the Japanese Journal of Real Estate Sciences, as well as papers presented at the Japan Association of Real Estate Sciences (JARES) annual conference. The topics covered include market analyses of vacant houses, policies for reuse of vacant houses, property tax policy, issues of land for which the owners are unknown, disaster and real estate values, the siting optimization plan and its influence on real estate, big data and ICT technology for the real estate business, and public real estate management.Real estate science in Japan has developed in step with international research in the fields of law and economics, regional science, civil engineering, environmental science, architectonics, and related areas. At the same time, it has evolved into a unique discipline that focuses on policy-oriented practical science with arguments for the reform of outdated laws, regulations, and traditional customs. Asian countries are currently growing rapidly and are catching up with developing countries. The lessons learned and know-how accumulated by JARES is helpful for practitioners and policymakers not only in Japan, but also in other Asian countries.

Probably the core characteristic of a bill of lading is that the original bill of lading must be presented at the port of destination for a consignee to be entitled to delivery of the goods and for the carrier to get a good discharge of its delivery obligation by delivering the goods to said consignee. This notion is accepted virtually worldwide, but the more precise content of the "presentation rule" differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Furthermore, and of importance, the legal basis establishing the "presentation rule" differs. With the technological advances in maritime transport as well as in communications technology and the emergence of more complicated trading patterns, a system where a specific tangible piece of paper issued at the port of loading has to be presented at the port of discharge to obtain delivery of the goods seems almost archaic and can obviously create problems. Thus, in practice very often - especially in some trades such as the oil trade - the bill of lading is not available at the port of discharge when the ship is ready to deliver the cargo. The book will first analyse the "presentation rule", its finer contents and its legal basis. It will then go on with (legal) analyses of three developments and responses to the problems that the bill of lading system gives rise to in practice, viz. the commercial, the international legislature's, and the technological response. The commercial response analysed here consists of contractual exemption or limitation clauses in the bill of lading set up as a defence against claims for misdelivery. The international legislature's response denotes the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules which as the first international convention on carriage of goods by sea includes elaborate rules on delivery of the goods. Finally, the technological response denotes the possibility of using electronic (equivalents of) bills of lading. The analyses will include a comparative approach examining both English and Scandinavian law to elucidate the issues with greater clarity.

The focus of this work is the concept of full harmonization in European private law. Using the relevant guidelines developed to date, it examines the actual scope of this concept in current practice and makes suggestions for how European Union legislators may meaningfully make use of this method. Besides the juridical challenges facing full harmonization, the study also shows the importance of its economic effects.

This book gives a detailed account of the current state of the law concerning good faith in contractual performance in Australia, through an empirical study on its reception and development across the various Australian jurisdictions. In Australia, good faith received wide attention after Priestly J introduced in his obiter comments in Renard Construction (ME) v Minister for Works (1992) 26 NSWLR 234.This book focuses on the attitude of the judges to good faith, the definition of good faith, and the possibility of legislating a good faith obligation in Australian contract law. This book also discusses the issues surrounding its development, its meaning, and acceptance at the international level.The empirical legal research adopted in this book will offer a significant contribution in understanding the concept of good faith in Australia from the empirical perspective.

Fur neue und kunftige Geschaftsfelder von E-Commerce und E-Government stellen der Datenschutz und der Identitatsschutz wichtige Herausforderungen dar. Renommierte Autoren aus Wissenschaft und Praxis widmen sich in dem Band aktuellen Problemen des Daten- und Identitatsschutzes aus rechtlicher und technischer Perspektive. Sie analysieren aktuelle Problemfalle aus der Praxis und bieten Handlungsempfehlungen an. Das Werk richtet sich an Juristen und technisch Verantwortliche in Behorden und Unternehmen sowie an Rechtsanwalte und Wissenschaftler."

Die Luftsicherheit beschaftigt Experten nicht erst seit dem 11. September 2001. Seither hat auf nationaler, zwischenstaatlicher und europaischer Ebene jedoch eine besonders rasante Entwicklung eingesetzt und etwa das Luftsicherheitsgesetz, den Prumer Vertrag und neue EG-Verordnungen hervorgebracht. Selbst Fachleuten fallt es schwer, samtliche Neuerungen im Blick zu behalten. Der vorliegende Band erortert die einschlagigen Vorschriften, greift zahlreiche Spezialfragen sowie Anregungen aus der Praxis auf und entwickelt neue Losungsansatze.

The product of a unique collaboration between academic scholars, legal practitioners, and technology experts, this Handbook is the first of its kind to analyze the ongoing evolution of smart contracts, based upon blockchain technology, from the perspective of existing legal frameworks - namely, contract law. The book's coverage ranges across many areas of smart contracts and electronic or digital platforms to illuminate the impact of new, and often disruptive, technologies on the law. With a mix of scholarly commentary and practical application, chapter authors provide expert insights on the core issues involving the use of smart contracts, concluding that smart contracts cannot supplant contract law and the courts, but leaving open the question of whether there is a need for specialized regulations to prevent abuse. This book should be read by anyone interested in the disruptive effect of new technologies on the law generally, and contract law in particular.

This book presents a comprehensive and systematic study of the principal aspects of the modern law of international commercial transactions. Based on diverse sources, including legislative texts, case law, international conventions, and a variety of soft-law instruments, it highlights key topics such as the international sale of goods, international transport, marine insurance, international finance and payments, electronic commerce, international commercial arbitration, standard trade terms, and international harmonization of trade laws. In focusing on the private law aspects of international trade, the book closely analyzes the relevant statutes, case law and the European Union (EU) and international uniform law instruments like the Rome I Regulation, the UN Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), UNCITRAL Model Laws; non-legislative instruments including restatements such as the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, and rules of business practices codified by the ICC such as the Arbitration Rules, UCP 600 and different versions of the INCOTERMS. The book clearly explains the key concepts and nuances of the subject, offering incisive and vivid analyses of the major issues and developments. It also traces the evolution of the law of international trade and explores the connection between the lex mercatoria and the modern law. Comprehensively examining the issue of international harmonization of trade laws from a variety of perspectives, it provides a detailed account of the work of major players in the field, including UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT, ICC, and the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). Adopting the comparative law method, this book offers a critical analysis of the laws of two key jurisdictions-India and England-in the context of export trade. In order to stimulate discussion on law reform, it explains the similarities and differences not only between laws of the two countries, but also between the laws of India and England on the one hand, and the uniform law instruments on the other. Given its breadth of coverage, this book is a valuable reference resource not only for students in the fields of law, international trade, and commercial law, but also for researchers, practitioners and policymakers.

Modern financial systems rely on robust infrastructures to support efficient and resilient markets. Trading venues, clearinghouses, securities depositories, and trade repositories are the building blocks of the financial market architecture. Financial market infrastructures (FMIs) have been central in the post-crisis reform of global and domestic financial markets, with lawmakers closely regulating FMIs in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This book systematically analyses the current regulatory landscape of FMIs, specifically in the areas of trading and post-trading services in financial instruments. The legal regime for FMIs is complex due to the many relevant regulations and implementing measures. The comprehensive and cross-border approach of this book, covering both the EU and the US regimes, supports lawyers in understanding the law relevant to each step of a securities and financial transaction. The dual perspective taken in the book, covering both transactional and institutional aspects, deepens that understanding further. The volume is organized in three main parts introduced by a general discussion on the economic and legal evolution of FMIs. Parts I and II address trading and post-trading infrastructures and services in the securities and derivatives markets. Part III explains contemporary issues and challenges observable across a wide range of activities in both trading and post-trading services. Financial Market Infrastructures fills a void in the literature on FMIs, providing a comprehensive source of reference to the legal and regulatory framework. Trading venues and post-trading services in financial instruments are critical for the modern financial markets, and their economic and systemic relevance is fully analysed in this new work creating a valuable reference source for legal practitioners and scholars working in financial regulation.

Trade liberalization has shaped international economic relations since the conclusion of the GATT 1947. The last few decades have seen a significant shift in the focus of this process: multilateralism seems to have reached its limits, giving way to regionalism, and the focus of trade liberalization has shifted to non-tariff barriers. While these developments have attracted considerable attention, exploring them from comparative perspectives has been largely neglected. Trading systems - the WTO, regional economic integrations and federal systems - are all based on the same dichotomy of free trade and local public interest: they generally prohibit the constituent parties (states) from restricting trade, but exempt them from this limitation if the restriction is warranted by a legitimate local end. The purpose of this volume is to contribute to filling the above-mentioned research gap by exploring central issues in regional economic integrations from a comparative perspective. It provides a general economic analysis of the costs and benefits of trade liberalization and the role and function of normative values in commercial policy. This is followed by a comparative analysis of the approaches used in various regional economic integrations (in North America, Europe and Latin America) and federal markets (the United States, Australia and India) regarding the balance between free trade and local public interest. Key issues in investment law, one of the most contentious elements of next-generation free trade agreements, are also addressed.

This book provides an in-depth analysis of the unique structure of the Nigerian popular music industry. It explores the dissonance between copyright's thematic support for creative autonomy and the practical ways in which the law allows singer-songwriters' (performing authors') creative autonomy to be subverted in their contractual relationships with record labels. The book establishes the concept of creative autonomy for performing authors as a key criterion for sustainable economic development, and makes innovative legal and policy recommendations to help stakeholders preserve it.

In response to pirate attacks in the Western Indian Ocean, countries worldwide have increasingly authorized the deployment of armed guards from private military and security companies (PMSCs) on merchant ships. This widespread trend contradicts states' commitment to retain a monopoly on violence and discourage the presence of arms on civilian vessels. This book conceptualizes the extensive use of PMSCs as a form of institutional isomorphism, combining the functionalist, ideational, political and organizational arguments used to account for the privatization of security on land into a synthetic explanation of the commercialization of vessel protection.

Die Publikation stellt einen Rechtsvergleich zwischen spanischem und deutschem Recht im Spannungsfeld von Lauterkeitsrecht und Kennzeichenrecht an. Das Hervorrufen von Verwechslungen gehoert seit jeher zu den Kerntatbestanden des Marken- und sonstigen Kennzeichenrechts. Aber wie Art. 10bis der Pariser Verbandsubereinkunft zeigt auch zu den Archetypen unlauteren Wettbewerbs. Auch Art. 6 des Spanischen Gesetzes uber unlauteren Wettbewerb ordnet die Unlauterkeit von "Verwechslungshandlungen" (Actos de confusion) an. Das EU-Recht begegnet Verwechslungsgefahren, nicht nur in verschiedenen kennzeichenrechtlichen Rechtsakten, sondern auch im Lauterkeitsrecht. Die Richtlinie 2005/29/EG uber unlautere Geschaftspraktiken und insbesondere dessen Art. 6 Abs. 2 lit. a, der in Deutschland durch 5 Abs. 2 im Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb umgesetzt wurde, fuhrte in den nachfolgenden Jahren unter anderem zu einer Neujustierung des Verhaltnisses von Markenrecht und Lauterkeitsrecht. Die Studie vergleicht neben der strukturellen Umsetzung der relevanten Vorschriften der Richtlinie, den Stand von Literatur und Rechtsprechung zu vielen Fragen des Nebeneinander der beiden Regelungsmaterien (Marken-und Lauterkeitsrecht) unter europaischen Einfluss in beiden Landern.

All of the topics discussed in this book - from sovereignty to cybercrime, and from drones to the identification of passengers & privacy - are profoundly affected by algorithms; so are air traffic services and aeronautical communications. All of these aviation-related aspects are addressed in a 75-year-old treaty called the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, which, as this book argues, needs to be reviewed with a focus on its relevance and applicability in connection with Moore's Law, which posits that transistors in computer microchips double in speed, power and performance every two years, while the cost of computers is halved during the same period. Firstly, in terms of traditional territorial sovereignty, we have arrived at a point where there is a concept of data sovereignty and ownership that raises issues of privacy. Data transmission becomes ambivalent in terms of territorial sovereignty, and the Westphalian model may not be the perfect answer. Whether it be the manufacture of airplanes, the transfer of data on individuals, or the transmission of aeronautical and telecommunications information - all have to be carried out in accordance with the same fundamental principle: duty of care. Against the backdrop of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the detailed analysis presented here covers key areas such as: megatrends; AI and international law in the digital age; blockchain and aviation; drones; aviation and telecommunications; aviation and the Internet; cybersecurity; and digital identification of passengers & privacy. In turn, the book suggests how we can best manage this transition.

This book shows how, with the increasing interaction between jurisdictions spearheaded by globalization, it is gradually becoming impossible to confine transactions to a single jurisdiction. Presented in the form of a compendium of essays by eminent academics and practitioners in the field, it provides a detailed overview of private, international law practice in South Asian nations, addressing contemporary discourse within this knowledge domain. Conflict of laws/private international law arises from the universal acknowledgment that it is difficult to govern human transactions solely by the local law. The research presented addresses the three major threads of private international law - jurisdiction, choice of law and enforcement - within each of the South Asian countries in the areas of family law and commercial law. The research in family law domain includes traditional areas such as marriage, divorce and maintenance, as well as some of the contemporary concerns in this region - inter-country child retrieval, surrogacy, and the country statement on accession to the Hague Conventions related to this domain. In commercial law the research explores the concerns raised with regard to choice of law issues in transnational contracts, and also enforcement of foreign judgment/arbitral awards in the nations of this region.

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the developmental history and structural framework of Chinese competition law from a law and economics perspective. It examines the philosophical foundations, the substantive law, and enforcement issues concerning competition law and policy in China by pursuing an economic and comparative approach. Further, the book presents and analyzes competition cases involving monopolistic agreements, abuse of dominant position, and concentration. The book will help professionals and business practitioners to understand the distinct features of competition law and policy in China, and how the substance and enforcement of the law can be compared with competition regulations in the US and EU from an economic perspective. Given its scope, it offers a valuable guide for academic, public sector and professional audiences alike, and will appeal to researchers, students and anyone with an interest in economic law and policy in China. The book can also be used as reading material to accompany courses such as China's Competition Law and Policy, Comparative Competition Law, and Market Regulation in China for foreign students studying Chinese law and policy at the undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels.

This book contains a selection of essays and articles by John H. Jackson previously published over four decades and now collected together into one volume. Each article has been selected for its continued timeliness and relevance to contemporary issues in international trade. Particular attention has been given to making available articles that have previously been less accessible. For the most part articles are republished in their original form but, where appropriate, the author has clearly marked some omissions and added updating material. An indispensable addition to every international trade library.

Hotel Law, Transactions, Management and Franchising presents a practical guide to the issues that face lawyers and industry leaders working in the hospitality field. It aims to develop the reader’s understanding of the acquisition process and the complex relationships in management and franchise deals that dominate the hotel industry.

This text is written primarily as a desktop reference for legal practitioners working in the hotel law field and is also suitable for students studying towards hotel and hospitality careers both at an undergraduate and law school or graduate level. The highly experienced author, contributors and editors offer insights into the industry players and their preferred positions, desired outcomes, and the potential pitfalls that can ensnare even the most well-planned deals.

With broad coverage of the rapidly growing field of hospitality law—including gaming, recreation, and amenities— the book’s approach examines the dominant models of hotel ownership, management and franchising, and includes independent hotels and the move towards complex resorts. The book’s coverage of key legal topics ranges from real estate, to intellectual property, contracts, and finance.Hotel Law will give readers an understanding of the hospitality industry from the perspective of the transactional practitioner, while examining the multi-party relationships and agreements that develop between an owner, operator, licensor and lender.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Hotel Law, 2. Purchase Sale Agreements, 3. Hotel Management Agreements, 4. Essential Cases, 5. Franchise Agreements, 6. Subordination Non-Disturbance and Attornment and Comfort Letters, 7. Technical Services, Glossary of Terms, Index

Eine Personengesellschaft, die am Rechtsverkehr teilnimmt, ist im Zivilprozess unabhangig von ihren Gesellschaftern parteifahig. Ziel der Publikation war die Klarung der Frage, inwieweit ein Urteil, das im Passivprozess fur oder gegen die Personengesellschaft bzw. ihre Gesellschafter ergeht, auch massgeblich fur die jeweils nicht am Prozess beteiligte Partei ist. Die Untersuchung erfolgte fallgruppenweise anhand einer Interessenabwagung im Rahmen der normativen Vorgaben. Dabei war neben den Interessen von Gesellschaft und Gesellschaftern stets auch das Interesse des Gesellschaftsglaubigers zu berucksichtigen. Die Untersuchung hat ergeben, dass die prozessuale Reprasentation der nicht am Erstprozess beteiligten Partei massgeblich fur die Entscheidung uber eine Rechtskrafterstreckung ist.

In Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe, Michele Finck examines the relationship between blockchain technology and EU law and introduces the theme of blockchain governance. The book provides a general introduction to blockchains as both a regulatable and a regulatory technology and outlines the interaction between distributed ledger technology and specific areas of EU law, such as the General Data Protection Regulation. It should be read by anyone interested in EU law, the relationship between law, innovation and technology, and technology governance.