This book addresses the various sustainability issues that the tourism industry has faced over time like the trend from over-tourism to under-tourism or from tourism in increasingly distant destinations to a new local tourism with new needs. It also highlights how contracts, both between businesses and those with consumers, can represent tools for the financial, ecological and social sustainability of the tourism industry.

In this comprehensive comparative study, Ronan Feehily analyses the legal and regulatory issues surrounding international commercial mediation and discusses their implications in a range of settings. While existing literature tends to cover mediation in general, Feehily places the commercial mediation process in its legal and regulatory context, offering an original contribution to the field. The book identifies the controversies that arise from the mediation process across numerous jurisdictions and discusses them in detail. Comparing the mediation process in Europe, North America and Australia, as well as other common, civil and 'mixed' jurisdictions, Feehily demonstrates where systemic differences are transcended and where they are significant. Organised systematically and written in an accessible style, Feehily offers an international, holistic guide to the commercial mediation process.

In this comprehensive comparative study, Ronan Feehily analyses the legal and regulatory issues surrounding international commercial mediation and discusses their implications in a range of settings. While existing literature tends to cover mediation in general, Feehily places the commercial mediation process in its legal and regulatory context, offering an original contribution to the field. The book identifies the controversies that arise from the mediation process across numerous jurisdictions and discusses them in detail. Comparing the mediation process in Europe, North America and Australia, as well as other common, civil and 'mixed' jurisdictions, Feehily demonstrates where systemic differences are transcended and where they are significant. Organised systematically and written in an accessible style, Feehily offers an international, holistic guide to the commercial mediation process.

Progressive Commercialization of Airline Governance Culture analyzes the transition of the airline sector from the not-for-profit nation-bound public utility model towards a profit-oriented globalized industry. It illustrates how legal, political, historical and cultural factors have shaped the corporate governance in the airline sector, and describes how these factors influence economic decisions and performance. The unique feature of the book is that the subject is consequentially discussed from the perspective of airline governance culture. This approach links the examination of legal and policy factors which influence airline activities together with a discussion of economic issues, all within one clear, coherent and comprehensive framework.

This book focuses on four topical and interconnected, innovative pathways to civil justice within the context of securing and improving access to justice: the use of Artificial Intelligence and its interactions with judicial systems; ADR and ODR tracks in privatising justice systems; the effects of increased self-representation on access to justice; and court specialization and the establishment of commercial courts to counter the trend of vanishing court trials. Top academics and experts from Europe, the US and Canada address these topics in a critical and multidisciplinary manner, combining legal, socio-legal and empirical insights. The book is part of 'Building EU Civil Justice', a five-year research project funded by the European Research Council. It will be of interest to scholars and policymakers, as well as practitioners working in the areas of civil justice, alternative dispute resolution, court systems, and legal tech. The chapters "Introduction: The Future of Access to Justice - Beyond Science Fiction" and "Constituting a Civil Legal System Called "Just": Law, Money, Power, and Publicity" are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book, written in three parts, covers the basics of the international trade, financing and the legal framework related to the law of carriage of goods by sea, elaborates on bills of lading in depth and sea waybills and ship's delivery orders in brief and charterparties in depth. While the book is based on the English law, cases and materials from other jurisdictions, particularly Singapore, Malaysia, India, the USA, and Australia are brought in to provide an international perspective. The practical analyses, commentary and critiques of cases would be a useful guide for practitioners in developing case arguments. Although written with practitioners, academicians and students in mind, the book will also serve as a useful guide for sea carriers, freight forwarders, international traders, financiers, etc. as the complex subject is presented in reader-friendly and easy to grasp manner.

In the global infectious-disease research community, there has long been uncertainty about the conditions under which biological resources may be studied or transferred out of countries. This work examines the reasons for that uncertainty and shows how global biomedical research has been shaped by international disputes over access to biological resources. Bringing together government leaders, World Health Organization officials, and experts in virology, wildlife biology, clinical ethics, technology transfer, and international law, the book identifies the critical problems - and implications of these problems - posed by negotiating for access and sharing benefits, and proposes solutions to ensure that biomedical advances are not threatened by global politics. Written in accessible, non-technical language, this work should be read by anyone who sees global health and biomedical research as a priority for international lawmakers.

Despite the unprecedented growth of arbitration and other means of ADR in treaties and transnational contracts in recent years, there remains no clearly defined mechanism for control of the system. One of the oldest yet largely marginalized concepts in law is the public policy exception. This doctrine grants discretion to courts to set aside private legal arrangements, including arbitration, which might be considered harmful to the "public". The exceptional and vague nature of the doctrine, along with the strong push of actors in dispute resolution, has transformed it, in certain jurisdictions, to a toothless doctrine. At the international level, the notion of transnational public policy has been devised in order to capture norms that are "truly" transnational and amenable for application in cross-border litigations. Yet, despite the importance of this discussion-a safety valve and a control mechanism for today's international and domestic international dispute resolution- no major study has ventured to review and analyze it. This book provides a historical, theoretical and practical background on public policy in dispute resolution with a focus on cross-border and transnational disputes. Farshad Ghodoosi argues that courts should adopt a more systemic approach to public policy while rejecting notions such as transnational public policy, which limits the application of those norms with mandatory nature. Contrary to the current trend, the book invites the reader to re-conceptualize the role of public policy, and transnational dispute resolution, in order to have more sustainable, fair and efficient mechanisms for resolving disputes outside of national courts. The book sheds light on one of the most important yet often-neglected control mechanisms of today's international dispute resolution and will be of particular interest to students and academics in the fields of International Investment Law, International Trade Law, Business and Economics.

This book presents the latest findings relating to behavioral economics and the digital tools applied to contract management. There has been a decisive change in the role of contracts in the past decade, with contracts being transformed from purely legal necessities designed to protect against worst-case scenarios into tools for optimizing ongoing and mutually profitable business relationships with customers. There is an increasing emphasis on tight contracts, where time-risk and additional costs are passed on to the prime contractor, who may suffer heavy penalties in the event of non-performance. Contracts shape the behavior of the parties involved and as such have a major impact on project success. The contract manager's goals are to protect the interests of the company and its shareholders by minimizing the company's financial and contractual liabilities and to maximize its profitability while ensuring end-user satisfaction. The contract is usually written before the design is fully developed, and there is often a mismatch between contractual specifications and what the customer actually wants. Good contract management entails preserving the rights of the contractor by ensuring all parties respect their contractual obligations; providing advice to the project managers and engineering team; preparing profitable amendments to contracts or change requests; maintaining good record-keeping in the event that claims arise; filing notices when necessary; and guiding the project to a profitable conclusion. Like the ancient Chinese game of Go, moves made early in the game (notification of events) can shape the nature of a potential conflict one hundred moves later (arbitration threat). Contract management can also smooth the relationship between partners, allowing well-balanced "don't-trade-a-dollar-for-a-penny" contracts to be managed through an established process rather than as sporadic events (we cannot claim to be in control of our business if we are not in control of the contracts on which it depends). Managing a contract with a mix of incomplete manuals, fragmented information, and poor planning can drive companies to "reinvent the wheel." Contract management promotes a three-phase sequence to streamline information flows across the contract lifecycle, from the bid phase to performance, project closeout, and final payments.

Praise for Lifecycle of a Technology Company

"Lifecycle of a Technology Company is a comprehensive business and legal handbook for all but the most experienced technology entrepreneurs. I shared my copy with a few colleagues at MIT who have either started or are contemplating launching their own companies, and I had a real problem retrieving it. The data supports my opinion that this book will attain 'handbook' status on the desks of technology entrepreneurs."
--Dr. George B. Kenney, Associate Director Materials Processing & Microphotonics Centers at MIT

"This book will help entrepreneurs avoid the pitfalls on the long road to success for venture-backed technology companies. It distills a lifetime of experience in advising technology companies in a concise and understandable way."
--Howard Berke, Serial Entrepreneur and Venture Capitalist

"Lifecycle of a Technology Company provides a valuable resource for lawyers at a variety of experience levels. The junior lawyer will use this resource for the basics. More experienced lawyers with a broad practice will use this for a 'sanity check' relative to market terms and business rationale. In the trenches, it will assist lawyers by providing practical, plain speaking explanations for why things operate as they do in the finance, intellectual property, and merger & acquisition segments of the technology world. If you expect to represent technology clients, keep this book nearby."
--James O'Hare, Partner Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Preston Gates Ellis, Boston

Copyright is territorial, but the same cannot be said of the internet, whose borderless nature has changed the way we consume copyright-protected material. Nevertheless, territorial segmentation of online content remains a reality in the 28 member states of the European Union. Licensing and access practices do not reflect this digital reality, in which end-users demand ubiquitous access to content. For this reason, the territorial nature of copyright and traditional business models based on national exploitation prevent the completion of the Digital Single Market. Sebastian Felix Schwemer provides a unique analysis of the dynamic licensing and access arrangements for audiovisual works and music and shows how they are being addressed by sector regulation and competition law in the Digital Single Market. His analysis, which includes case law of the Court of Justice, the Commission's competition proceedings, and various legislative tools, reveals the overlapping nature of legislative and non-legislative regulatory solutions.

Projektvertrage regeln das Rechtsverhaltnis zwischen dem Investor als Auftraggeber und dem Unternehmer als Auftragnehmer. Sie sind bei der Realisierung komplexer Projekte weit verbreitet, vor allem im Anlagenbau, aber auch bei der Beschaffung von Gutern und bei der Softwareentwicklung. In dem Buch werden die wesentlichen Aspekte und Inhalte vor dem Hintergrund der einschlagigen gesetzlichen Regelungen besprochen. Hinweise und Vorschlage zur Vertragsgestaltung berucksichtigen die aktuelle nationale und internationale Unternehmens- und Vertragspraxis."

This collection of cutting-edge scholarship examines the law and policy of financial regulation using a combination of conceptual analysis and strong empirical research. The book's authors range from global leaders to rising stars in the field, all of whom shed light on complex questions of financial sector regulation theory and practice in key economies ranging from the EU to China. Key topics include the role of law in constituting financial markets, the efficiency of markets, the role of interest groups in shaping financial regulation, the interdependence and interactions of international financial regulation with international trade and monetary regimes, and problems of regulation in state capitalism economies. This exciting volume opens the road for further enrichment of the academic and policy-making dialogue on financial regulation and regulatory practice, and reflects new trends in legal and social-science scholarship.

Leistungsstarke bargeldlose Zahlungssysteme sind im modernen Wirtschaftsleben unverzichtbar, um einen schnellen Austausch monetarer Leistungen zu ermoeglichen. UEblicherweise wird der grenzuberschreitende Geldtransfer uber das konventionelle Bankensystem abgewickelt. Daneben existiert jedoch eine Reihe von Anbietern, die Geldtransfers in nicht unwesentlicher Hoehe uber alternative Zahlungssysteme tatigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt das Buch zunachst einen UEberblick uber den herkoemmlichen UEberweisungsverkehr im deutschen, europaischen und drittstaatlichen Raum. Danach werden existierende alternative UEberweisungssysteme eingehend untersucht, und zwar stellvertretend fur die ganze Gattung das schon seit Jahrhunderten bestehende Hawala-System sowie das Handypayment via M-Pesa.

The uniqueness of this book is its conceptualization of a corporate group as a system of interaction, comprised of nodes, links and internal governance tools. This framework can be used to understand what constitutes a group, based on affiliation-linkages. By increasing our perception of group-structuring we can assess the extent to which existing laws address all variables. If the law does not consider certain variables to be used for identifying groups, a case of shadow business may be identified. Group-transparency is a recurring topic on the regulatory agenda. In this book, three legal domains are analysed questioning whether specific amendments have led to increased group-transparency: the control-definition for consolidated accounts, shareholder-transparency in company law, and major holding disclosure in listed companies. This book identifies deficiencies of the law in obtaining its regulatory objective of group-transparency, and proposes an interpretative solution based on Systems Thinking.

Das Werk befasst sich mit den im Jahre 2010 eingefuhrten Neuregelungen des Gesetzes zur Reorganisation von Kreditinstituten. Die Arbeit hat eine rechtsvergleichende Ausrichtung. Die Regelungen des KredReorgG uber das Sanierungs- und Reorganisationsverfahren werden den Vorschriften der Art. 28 ff. BankG betreffend das Schweizer Bankensanierungsverfahren gegenubergestellt. Kernfrage der Monografie ist, ob die Verfahrensregelungen des KredReorgG so ausgestaltet sind, dass sich die Planverfahren als praktisch operabel erweisen werden und damit wirksame Krisenbewaltigungsmechanismen fur Kreditinstitute in wirtschaftlicher Schieflage zur Verfugung stehen. Unter der Pramisse, dass Verfahrensregeln zum Umgang mit kriselnden Banken den Eintritt eines Vertrauensverlusts vermeiden und die Fortfuhrung des Geschaftsbetriebs der Bank sowie eine umfassende wirtschaftliche Krisenbewaltigung ermoeglichen mussen, werden die Regelungen des KredReorgG einer umfassenden Wirksamkeitsanalyse unterzogen. Die Vorschriften werden daraufhin gepruft, ob sie eine rechtzeitige und schnelle Sanierung kriselnder Kreditinstitute ermoeglichen, die ablauft, ohne dass negative Publizitatseffekte entstehen. Dabei wird auch betrachtet, ob es mittels der Vorschriften des KredReorgG moeglich ist, finanzielle Verluste des Kreditinstituts den Anteilsinhabern und Glaubigern zuzuweisen. Die Monografie verharrt nicht bei einer kritischen Betrachtung der lex lata, sondern es wird auch eine Regelungsempfehlung fur die Rechtslage de lege ferenda ausgesprochen.

Introduction to Trade Policy provides a comprehensive overview of the rules and regulations that govern trade flow. It discusses the trade policy formulation process of major international economic players, and analyzes existing trade policy tools that countries may resort to in order to take advantage of the benefits of international trade and to protect themselves against its dangers, as well as their implications for trade policy, law and negotiations. In Section I, the book explores the ways in which interest groups interact with government and legislators to shape trade policies. By developing an analytical view of trade policy formulation systems in the U.S., European Union, the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), Canada, Mexico and Australia, the book will help the reader to gain a better understanding of these countries' trade policy developments and also to apply such learning to the analysis of the trade policy formulation of any other countries. Section II goes on to explain how trade policy tools are used by governments to achieve trade and other policy objectives, while Section III analyses trade in services and the multilateral trade rules on Intellectual Property. Finally, Section IV uses hypothetical case studies in simulation exercises to illustrate trade policy decision-making and trade agreement negotiations in a bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral setting. This is the ideal introduction to international trade policy formulation for students and professionals in the areas of law, politics, economics and public policy who are seeking to develop a global view of international trade, gain insights into trade negotiations and understand the motivations behind the policies and actions of governments regarding international trade issues. This book is also the ideal companion to any traditional legal casebook on international trade or on international economic law.

A carve-out in the M&A context is a partial sale of a business unit from a company. It is different from a straightforward M&A in that it is more complex with many more issues involved. With the rise of activist investors and the search for bigger returns, the pressure on businesses to focus on key products or jurisdictions has grown. Consequently, many transformational M&A transactions are being undertaken by large corporates and there is increased attention from management - and antitrust regulators - to ensure acquired assets have a strategic fit. This frequently results in non-core products or geographies - or in the case of mandated divestments by antitrust authorities, overlapping products - to be sold. Such sales are attractive to private equity purchasers, adding another layer of complexity and competitiveness to be managed. Structuring and managing these carve-out transactions is complex and this book focuses not only on the key differences in negotiating and drafting transaction documents, the impact on counsel procedures and other legal risks to be managed, it also looks at related regulatory and reputational risks. This practical guide, edited by Robbie McLaren at Latham & Watkins, features contributions by specialists on subjects linked to the structuring and execution of carve-out transactions and provides an invaluable insight into the legal, regulatory and practical elements in play. Topics include documentary provisions, IP transfers, transitional services, employment risks, antitrust concerns and financing acquisitions. Whether you are a lawyer in practice or in-house, this commercially focused new title provides a comprehensive analysis of carve-out M&A transactions.

The book examines the extent to which Chinese cyber and network security laws and policies act as a constraint on the emergence of Chinese entrepreneurialism and innovation. Specifically, how the contradictions and tensions between data localisation laws (as part of Network Sovereignty policies) affect innovation in artificial intelligence (AI). The book surveys the globalised R&D networks, and how the increasing use of open-source platforms by leading Chinese AI firms during 2017-2020, exacerbated the apparent contradiction between Network Sovereignty and Chinese innovation. The drafting of the Cyber Security Law did not anticipate the changing nature of globalised AI innovation. It is argued that the deliberate deployment of what the book refers to as 'fuzzy logic' in drafting the Cyber Security Law allowed regulators to subsequently interpret key terms regarding data in that Law in a fluid and flexible fashion to benefit Chinese innovation.

The digital economy, broadly defined as the economy operating on the basis of interconnectivity between people and businesses, has gradually spread over the world. Although a global phenomenon, the digital economy plays out in local economic, political, and regulatory contexts. The problems thus created by the digital economy may be approached differently depending on the context. This edited collection brings together leading scholars based in Asia to detail how their respective jurisdictions respond to the competition law problems evolving out of the deployment of the digital economy. This book is timely, because it will show to what extent new competition law regimes or those with a history of lax enforcement can respond to these new developments in the economy. Academics in law and business strategies with an interest in competition law, both in Asia and more broadly, will find the insights in this edited collection invaluable. Further, this volume will be a key resource for scholars, practitioners and students.

A decade after the Global Financial Crisis and Great Recession, developed economies continue to struggle under excessive household debt. While exacerbating inequality and political unrest, this debt - when combined with wage stagnation and a shrinking welfare state - has played a key role in maintaining economic growth and allowing households faced with rising costs of living to make ends meet. In Bankruptcy: The Case for Relief in an Economy of Debt, Joseph Spooner examines this economic model and finds it increasingly unsustainable. In a call to action to reduce debt burden, he turns to bankruptcy law, which is uniquely situated as a mechanism of social insurance against the risks of a debt-dependent economy. This book should be read by anyone interested in understanding the problem of consumer debt and how best to address it.