Most studies of famine and the African food crisis stress how the socio-economic context influences the occurrence of food shortages. By contrast, this book argues that food insecurity itself influences the social and economic organization of the society. Through this approach, the author provides a new interpretation of the causes and consequences of Tanzania's present economic crisis. The book examines the effects of changing food availability on the functioning of the state, the market and clientage networks, over the past seven decades. The conclusion is that clientage is no less important than the state and market as an organizational force in Tanzanian society, and, under heightened food insecurity, the state and market lose ground to clientage.

J. Fagg Foster (1907-1985) was one of the most significant creators of institutionalist economic theory in the twentieth century. He wrote and taught in the American intellectual tradition of Thorstein Weblen, John R. Commons, John Dewey and Clarence E. Ayres. This tradition shares purpose and philosophy with the European contributors, Gunnar Myrdal and K. William Kapp. Because little of Foster's scholarly work was formally published, professional knowledge of his extraordinary contribution is quite limited beyond the circle of his students and colleagues. Value Theory and Economic Progress attempts to correct that deficiency by providing an extended characterization of this missing and crucial component of the development of American heterodox economic thought. Its purpose is to demonstrate the timely relevance and significance of this model of inquiry in political economy. In addition, this volume explains that contemporary problem solving means changing what is' into what ought to be' through institutional adjustments; such a demonstration is at the heart of Foster's contribution to institutional thought.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book develops the analysis of Time Series from its formal beginnings in the 1890s through to the publication of Box and Jenkins' watershed publication in 1970, showing how these methods laid the foundations for the modern techniques of Time Series analysis that are in use today.

This book covers a broad spectrum of topics, from experimental philosophy and cognitive theory of science, to social epistemology and research and innovation policy. Following up on the previously published Volume 1, "Mind, Rationality, and Society," it provides further applications of methodological cognitivism in areas such as scientific discovery, technology transfer and innovation policy. It also analyzes the impact of cognitive science on philosophical problems like causality and truth. The book is divided into four parts: Part I "Experimental Philosophy and Causality" tackles the problem of causality, which is often seen as straddling metaphysics, ontology and epistemology. Part II "Cognitive Rationality of Science" deals with the cognitive foundation of scientific rationality, starting from a strong critique of the neopositivist rationality of science on the one hand and of the relativist and social reduction of the methodology of science on the other. Part III "Research Policy and Social Epistemology" deals with topics of social epistemology, science policy and culture of innovation. Lastly, Part IV "Knowledge Transfer and Innovation" addresses the dynamics of knowledge generation, transfer and use in technological innovation.

The ancient Oriental dyestuff madder red was avidly sought by Europeans and finally cracked by the French in 1760, and it became the main crop in the Caspian Caucasus. The quest for Turkey Red spurred an avalanche of research that led to its chemical synthesis in 1870 and subsequently the collapse of the world-wide madder industry.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203400437

Contents:
Introduction A.J.H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu
Part I
1. Globalization, factor prices and living standards in Asia before 1940 Jeffrey G. Williamson
Part II
2. Four revolutions in the textile trade of Asia 1814-1994: the impact of Bombay, Osaka, the Little Tigers and China D.A. Farnie
3. Europe, China and Japan: transfer of silk reeling technology in 1860-95 Debin Ma
4. The colonial origins of Korea's market economy Myung Soo Cha
5. South Korea's late industrialization in comparative historical perspective Jaymin Lee
6. Export dynamics in Taiwan and mainland China 1950-2000: a Schumpeterian approach Hans H. Bass
7. Industrialization and institutional change in Hong Kong 1842-1960 David W. Clayton
8. Education and development: the experience of the Four Little Tigers Derek H. Aldcroft
Part III
9. Another monetary economy: the case of traditional China Akinobu Kuroda
10. Money and growth without development: the case of Ming China Dennis O'Flynn and Arturo Giráldez
11. California and Navada minerals in the Pacific Rim 1850-1900 David J. St. Clair
Part IV
12. The transmission of corporate cultures: international Officers in the HSBC group Frank H.H. King
13. Chaos and instability: the Asia Pacific rice trade in the 1990s A.J.H. Latham

This is the first Open Access book introducing more than 20 of Japan's leading innovative entrepreneurs from the 17th century to the present. The author outlines the innovative business models created by entrepreneurs including SoftBank's Masayoshi Son, Fast Retailing (Uniqlo)'s Yanai Tadashi, Honda's Soichiro Honda, Sony's Akio Morita, Panasonic's Konosuke Matsushita, and Toyota's Kiichiro Toyoda, as well as their predecessors including Takatoshi Mitsui of Mitsui Zaibatsu, Shibusawa Eiichi of Daiichi Bank. While introducing the innovators, the author also raises three broader questions: 1. Why did Japan industrialize earlier than any other country outside Europe and the United States? 2. Why was Japan able to realize unsurpassed economic growth between the 1910s and the 1980s? 3. Why has Japan's economy stagnated for more than 30 years since the 1990s? Drawing upon analytical concepts including Schumpeter's breakthrough innovation, Kirzner's incremental innovation, and Christensen's disruptive innovation, the author contends that Japan's successes were based on unique and systematic breakthrough innovation and an accumulation of incremental innovation, while it later fell victim to a combination of breakthrough innovation from advanced countries and disruptive innovation by developing nations.

The concept of `economic planning' was a central theme of the popular economic policy debate in the 1930s. Dr Ritschel traces the many interpretations of planning, and examines the process of idealogical construction and dissemination of the new economic ideas. He finishes with an explanation of the planners' retreat, later in the decade, from the economics of planning towards the far less ambitious (but also less contentious) alternative - the `middle way' of Keynesian economics.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Cocoa & Chocolate, charts the economic consequences of the addition of chocolate to Western diets, and the consequent boom in cocoa sales, over 150 years. While the cocoa boom might have been expected to transform the economic conditions of the cocoa producers from rural poverty into prosperity, it somehow failed to achieve this.
This pioneering study examines all aspects of the history of cocoa and chocolate and the effect of these commodities globally. William Gervase Clarence-Smith looks at the effects of increased production of cocoa on the environment and on land distribution, at the coercion of labour to work the plantations, at the manufacture of chocolate, at taxation and at consumption.

eBook available with sample pages: 020346186X

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Nazi Germany utilized every available resource to fight the Second World War, and one significant weapon in Hitler's economic arsenal was gold - gold looted from the central banks of those European countries which were occupied by the Nazi regime between 1939 and 1942. Calculated at pre-1939 prices, the Germans gained access to about $625 million (US) in monetary gold, only about half of which was recovered by American Forces in April 1945 from a mine in central Germany. The 'Gold War' did not end then, however; it just assumed a different shape. Instead of fuelling Hitler's war effort, the recovered gold soon became a pawn in the Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union and has remained a controversial issue in international politics for years, one not completely resolved to this day.Although this is an important aspect of the Second World War and its aftermath, it has been largely neglected in historical research because of the lack of adequate source materials. The author succeeded in gaining access to hitherto unavailable but crucial records from archives in West Germany, Britain and the United States and is thus in a position to piece together, for the first time, the story of the Nazi gold loot and the long, complicated restitution of part of this gold by the Western Allies. Hitler's Gold represents an essential contribution to the economic history of the Second World War.

Has America always been the champion of free trade? Debates about free trade and protection are one of the dominant features of 19th century economic discourse. The writings of the British classical economists, in particular, have been the subject of extensive secondary literature. In contrast, the writings of their American counterparts have often been overlooked. This collection seeks to help rectify this, by giving access to an extensive range of 19th-century American writings on trade issues. Many of the pieces selected are unavailable, even in America. Each has been carefully retypeset. Early American economics is often criticized for lacking the theoretical sophistication of European economics. The picture which emerges from these texts is more complex. It seems that far from being of universal application, the ideas of the English classical economists did not fit neatly in the context of 19th-century America, and it is much harder to draw a sharp doctrinal divide between protectionists and free-traders. The texts reproduced discuss: "the American system" of protection for infant industries; the North/South divide in the US, made manifest by the slavery question and the civil

Contents:
Part I. The foundations of the twentieth-century debt
1. Sinking funds, annuities and savings banks
2. An Edwardian debt
Part II. The Great War
3. Lloyd George's Loan
4. McKenna's conversion
5. The small saver and continuous borrowing
6. The beginning of overseas borrowing and the Anglo-French Loan
7. The year of drift: internal borrowing in 1916
8. The year of drift: external borrowing in 1916
9. External borrowing 1917-18: (I) the United States of America
10. External borrowing 1917-18: (II) the neutrals, Canada and silver
11. Bonar Law's Loans
12. National War Bonds and continuous borrowing
Part III. Repayment, refinancing, conversion and funding
13. Victory and funding
14. The struggle for internal control, 1919-23
15. The external market and Canada
16. The debt to the US Treasury and the Blackett-Rathbone talks
17. The Balfour Note and the Baldwin Settlement
18. The price of indebtedness, 1924-31
19. The great conversion
20. Savings Certificates, savings banks and capital advances
21. Debt repayment and the sinking funds
22. The development of market management

'Fisher's book will appeal to scholars interested in historical macroeconomics and the industrial revolution. It suggests promising directions for future research, and it contains vast amounts of useful information. In time, specialists may find it to be an indispensable reference.'- Gary Richardson, Journal of Economic History;In this study of the European economy from 1700 to 1910, the macroeconomic data from five countries is examined both descriptively and analytically (using structural and time-series methods). The UK receives three chapters, in view of the extensive literature in that case, while France, Germany, Italy and Sweden are each covered in a separate chapter.

Making Commercial Law Through Practice 1830-1970 adds a new dimension to the history of Britain's commerce, trade manufacturing and financial services, by showing how they have operated in law over the last one hundred and forty years. In the main law and lawyers were not the driving force; regulation was largely absent; and judges tended to accommodate commercial needs, so that market actors were able to shape the law through their practices. Using legal and historical scholarship, the author draws on archival sources previously unexploited for the study of commercial practice and the law's role in it. This book will stimulate parallel research in other subject areas of law. Modern commercial lawyers will learn a great deal about the current law from the story of its evolution, and economic and business historians will see how the world of commerce and trade operated in a legal context.

Since 1990 the UK has undergone major shifts in terms of its land, economy, society, policy and environment, all of which have had a profound effect on the geographical landscape. This fully revised edition of a well-known book presents a full description and interpretation of the changes that have occurred during the 1990s. It includes a great deal of new material from a revised team of contributors.