Xenes: 2D Synthetic Materials Beyond Graphene includes all the relevant information about Xenes thus far reported, focusing on emerging materials and new trends. The book's primary goal is to include full descriptions of each Xene type by leading experts in the area. Each chapter will provide key principles, theories, methods, experiments and potential applications. The book also reviews the key challenges for synthetic 2D materials such as characterization, modeling, synthesis, and integration strategies. This comprehensive book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers, physicists and chemists working in academia and R&D in industry. The discovery of silicene dates back to 2012. Since then, other Xenes were subsequently created with synthetic methods. The portfolio of Xenes includes different chemical elements of the periodic table and hence the related honeycomb-like lattices show a wealth of electronic and optical properties that can be successfully exploited for applications.

Reliability has always been a major concern in designing computing systems. However, the increasing complexity of such systems has led to a situation where efforts for assuring reliability have become extremely costly, both for the design of solutions for the mitigation of possible faults, and for the reliability assessment of such techniques. Cross-layer reliability is fast becoming the preferred solution. In a cross-layer resilient system, physical and circuit level techniques can mitigate low-level faults. Hardware redundancy can be used to manage errors at the hardware architecture layer. Eventually, software implemented error detection and correction mechanisms can manage those errors that escaped the lower layers of the stack. This book presents state-of-the-art solutions for increasing the resilience of computing systems, both at single levels of abstraction and multi-layers. The book begins by addressing design techniques to improve the resilience of computing systems, covering the logic layer, the architectural layer and the software layer. The second part of the book focuses on cross-layer resilience, including coverage of physical stress, reliability assessment approaches, fault injection at the ISA level, analytical modelling for cross-later resiliency, and stochastic methods. Cross-Layer Reliability of Computing Systems is a valuable resource for researchers, postgraduate students and professional computer architects focusing on the dependability of computing systems.

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 224 highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Measuring elastic deformation and orientation gradients by scanning electron microscopy - conventional, new and emerging methods, Development of an alternative global method with high angular resolution, Implementing the new global method, Numerical validation of the method and influence of optical distortions, and Applications of the method.

Organometallic Luminescence: A Case Study of Alq3, an OLED Reference Material contains many discoveries on Alq3, an important organometallic material to the optoelectronics community that includes insights that can be applied to other organic compounds. The book contains groundbreaking research from the author's own investigation into the Alq3 material that is based on years of experiments, the results of which initially escaped any logical explanation. The book describes a simple method based on photoluminescence to observe optical properties in Alq3, also covering the optical properties of absorption and long decay from theoretical and experimental perspectives.

Industrial Tomography: Systems and Applications, Second Edition thoroughly explores the important techniques of industrial tomography, also discusses image reconstruction, systems, and applications. This book presents complex processes, including the way three-dimensional imaging is used to create multiple cross-sections, and how computer software helps monitor flows, filtering, mixing, drying processes, and chemical reactions inside vessels and pipelines. This book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers and applied physicists working in the photonics and optoelectronics industry or in the applications industries.

A comprehensive look combining experimental and theoretical approaches to graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology evaluation and development are including a review of key applications. Graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology review the fundamentals, processing methods, and applications of this key materials system. The topics addressed are comprehensive including synthesis, preparation, both physical and chemical properties, both accepted and novel processing methods, modeling, and simulation. The book provides fundamental information on key properties that impact performance, such as crystal structure and particle size, followed by different methods to analyze, measure, and evaluate graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology and particles. Finally, important applications are covered, including different applications of biomedical, energy, electronics, etc. Graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology is appropriate for those working in the disciplines of nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine.

Modern Luminescence: From Fundamental Concepts to Materials and Applications, Volume One, Concepts and Luminescence is a multivolume work that reviews the fundamental principles, properties and applications of luminescent materials. Topics addressed include key concepts of luminescence, with a focus on important characterization techniques to understand a wide category of luminescent materials. The most relevant luminescent materials, such as transition metals, rare-earth materials, actinide-based materials, and organic materials are discussed, along with emerging applications of luminescent materials in biomedicine, solid state devices, and the development of hybrid materials. This book is an important introduction to the underlying scientific concepts needed to understand luminescence, such as atomic and molecular physics and chemistry. Other topics explored cover the latest advances in materials characterization methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, ultrafast spectroscopy, nonlinear spectroscopy, and more. Finally, there is a focus on the materials physics of nanophotonics.

Epitaxial Growth of Complex Metal Oxides, Second Edition reviews techniques and recent developments in the fabrication quality of complex metal oxides, which are facilitating advances in electronic, magnetic and optical applications. Sections review the key techniques involved in the epitaxial growth of complex metal oxides and explore the effects of strain and stoichiometry on crystal structure and related properties in thin film oxides. Finally, the book concludes by discussing selected examples of important applications of complex metal oxide thin films, including optoelectronics, batteries, spintronics and neuromorphic applications. This new edition has been fully updated, with brand new chapters on topics such as atomic layer deposition, interfaces, STEM-EELs, and the epitaxial growth of multiferroics, ferroelectrics and nanocomposites.

Thermal Management of Gallium Nitride Electronics outlines the technical approaches undertaken by leaders in the community, the challenges they have faced, and the resulting advances in the field. This book serves as a one-stop reference for compound semiconductor device researchers tasked with solving this engineering challenge for future material systems based on ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors. A number of perspectives are included, such as the growth methods of nanocrystalline diamond, the materials integration of polycrystalline diamond through wafer bonding, and the new physics of thermal transport across heterogeneous interfaces. Over the past 10 years, the book's authors have performed pioneering experiments in the integration of nanocrystalline diamond capping layers into the fabrication process of compound semiconductor devices. Significant research efforts of integrating diamond and GaN have been reported by a number of groups since then, thus resulting in active thermal management options that do not necessarily lead to performance derating to avoid self-heating during radio frequency or power switching operation of these devices. Self-heating refers to the increased channel temperature caused by increased energy transfer from electrons to the lattice at high power. This book chronicles those breakthroughs.

Robotics plays a pivotal role in many domains such as industry and medicine. Robots allow for increased safety, production rates, accuracy, and quality; however, robots must be well designed and controlled to achieve the required performance. The design and control of robotics involve many varying disciplines, such as mechanical engineering, electronics, and automation, and must be further studied to ensure the technology is utilized appropriately. Design and Control Advances in Robotics considers the most recent applications and design advances in robotics and highlights the latest developments and applications within the field of robotics. Covering key topics such as deep learning, machine learning, programming, automation, and control advances, this reference work is ideal for engineers, computer scientists, industry professionals, academicians, practitioners, scholars, researchers, instructors, and students.

Brillouin Scattering, Volume 109 in the Semiconductors and Semimetal series, marks the centenary of Leon Brillouin's seminal 1922 paper which provided a detailed theory of the effect that now bears his name. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is the strongest third order optical nonlinearity and plays an important role in contemporary science and applications, particularly lasers, communications, and fibre optics, as well as playing a new role in experimental physics and the life sciences. This volume provides a foundational perspective on Brillouin scattering, starting with a historical review of Brillouin scattering, the theory of SBS and the convergence between SBS and Optomechanics. We then consider SBS in several different waveguide geometries, including photonic crystal fibres, integrated optics and superfluids.

Luminescent Metal Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications provides a comprehensive accounting of various protocols used for the synthesis of metal nanoclusters, their characterization techniques, toxicity evaluation and various applications and future prospects. The book provides detailed experimental routes, along with mechanisms on the formation of benign metallic clusters using biomaterials and a comprehensive review regarding the preparation, properties and prospective applications of these nano clusters in various fields, including therapeutic applications. Various methods to protect nanocluster materials to increase their stability are emphasized, including the incorporation of ligands (protein, small molecule, DNA, thiols). This book addresses a gap in the current literature by bringing together the preparation, characterization and applications of all the possible types of reported metal nanoclusters and their hybrids. It is suitable for materials scientists and engineers in academia and those working in research and development in industry. It may also be of interest to those working in the interdisciplinary nanotechnology community, such as physical chemists.

Conjugated Polymers for Next-Generation Applications, Volume One: Synthesis, Properties and Optoelectrochemical Devices describes the synthesis and characterization of varied conjugated polymeric materials and their key applications, including active electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, along with new ideas of functional materials for next-generation high-energy batteries, a discussion of common design procedures, and the pros and cons of conjugated polymers for certain applications. The book's emphasis lies in the underlying electronic properties of conjugated polymers, their characterization and analysis, and the evaluation of their effectiveness for utilization in energy and electronics applications. This book is ideal for researchers and practitioners in the area of materials science, chemistry and chemical engineering.

Conjugated Polymers for Next-Generation Applications, Volume Two: Energy Storage Devices describes the synthesis and characterization of varied conjugated polymeric materials and their key applications, including active electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, along with new ideas of functional materials for next-generation high-energy batteries, a discussion of common design procedures, and the pros and cons of conjugated polymers for certain applications. The book's emphasis lies in the underlying electronic properties of conjugated polymers, their characterization and analysis, and the evaluation of their effectiveness for utilization in energy and electronics applications. This book is ideal for researchers and practitioners in the area of materials science, chemistry and chemical engineering.

The use of MEMS resonators for signal processing is relatively new and has the potential to change the topology of newer generation circuits. New materials, design and fabrication processes, and integration with conventional circuitry will need to be considered. This book explores the challenges and opportunities of developing circuits with MEMS resonator filters. The replacement of classical electrical components with electromechanical components is explored in this book, and the specific properties of MEMS resonators required in various frequency ranges are discussed. Materials and their selection, CAD tools for system design and the integration of MEMS with CMOS circuitry, and the design, fabrication, testing and packaging of MEMS filters themselves are addressed in detail. Case studies where resonator MEMS have been used as components have been included to encourage readers to consider the practical applications of this technology. MEMS Resonator Filters is essential reading for the analogue circuit designer community, particularly those who are designing circuits for wireless communications, and CMOS technology researchers and engineers who are involved in the fabrication of circuits. Designers of sensors and interfacing circuits will also be interested since resonators are also being used as sensors.

The Designer's Guide to the Cortex-M Microcontrollers, Third Edition provides an easy-to-understand introduction to the concepts required to develop programs in C with a Cortex-M based microcontroller. Sections cover architectural descriptions that are supported with practical examples, enabling readers to easily develop basic C programs to run on the Cortex-M0/M0+/M3 and M4 and M7 and examine advanced features of the Cortex architecture, such as memory protection, operating modes and dual stack operation. Final sections examine techniques for software testing and code reuse specific to Cortex-M microcontrollers. Users will learn the key differences between the Cortex-M0/M0+/M3 and M4 and M7; how to write C programs to run on Cortex-M based processors; how to make the best use of the CoreSight debug system; the Cortex-M operating modes and memory protection; advanced software techniques that can be used on Cortex-M microcontrollers, and much more.

Semiconductor Memories and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of semiconductor memory at the technology and system levels. After an introduction on market trends and memory applications, the book focuses on mainstream technologies, illustrating their current status, challenges and opportunities, with special attention paid to scalability paths. Technologies discussed include static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), non-volatile memory (NVM), and NAND flash memory. Embedded memory and requirements and system level needs for storage class memory are also addressed. Each chapter covers physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies, and the main challenges to scalability. Finally, the work reviews the emerging trends for storage class memory, mainly focusing on the advantages and opportunities of phase change based memory technologies.

Radiation Dosimetry Phosphors provides an overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of materials used for radiation dosimetry and reviews the most appropriate phosphor materials for each radiation dosimetry technique. The book describes the available phosphors used commercially for their applications in the medical field for dose measurements. Although radiation dosimetry phosphors are commercially available, continuous efforts have been made by the worldwide research community to develop new materials or improve already existing materials used in different areas with low or high levels of radiation. Moreover, researchers are still working on developing dosimetric phosphors for OSL, ML, LL and RPL dosimetry. This book provides an overall view of the phosphors available, low cost synthesis methods, mechanisms involved, emerging trends and new challenges for the development of emerging materials for radiation dosimetry. It is suitable for those working in academia and R&D laboratories in the discipline of materials science and engineering, along with practitioners working in radiation and dosimetry.

Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials addresses the fundamental physics and chemistry of defects in 2D materials and their effects on physical, electrical and optical properties. The book explores 2D materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD). This knowledge will enable scientists and engineers to tune 2D materials properties to meet specific application requirements. The book reviews the techniques to characterize 2D material defects and compares the defects present in the various 2D materials (e.g. graphene, h-BN, TMDs, phosphorene, silicene, etc.). As two-dimensional materials research and development is a fast-growing field that could lead to many industrial applications, the primary objective of this book is to review, discuss and present opportunities in controlling defects in these materials to improve device performance in general or use the defects in a controlled way for novel applications.

Intelligent Nanotechnology: Merging Nanoscience and Artificial Intelligence provides an overview of advances in science and technology made possible by the convergence of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI). Sections focus on AI-enhanced design, characterization and manufacturing and the use of AI to improve important material properties, with an emphasis on mechanical, photonic, electronic and magnetic properties. Designing benign nanomaterials through the prediction of their impact on biology and the environment is also discussed. Other sections cover the use of AI in the acquisition and analysis of data in experiments and AI technologies that have been enhanced through nanotechnology platforms. Final sections review advances in applications enabled by the merging of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, including examples from biomedicine, chemistry and automated research.

Sensors for Ranging and Imaging is a comprehensive textbook and professional reference that provides a solid background in active sensing technology. This new edition has been comprehensively updated and expanded to include the latest radar technologies. Beginning with an introductory section on signal generation, filtering and modulation, the book follows with chapters on radiometry (infrared and microwave) as a background to the active sensing process. The core of the book is concerned with active sensing, starting with active ranging and active imaging sensors (operational principles, components), and goes through the derivation of the radar (and lidar) range equations, and the detection of echo signals, both fundamental to the understanding of radar, sonar and lidar imaging. Further chapters cover signal propagation of both electromagnetic and acoustic energy, and target and clutter characteristics. The remainder of the book involves the basics of the range measurement process, active imaging with an emphasis on noise and linear frequency modulation techniques, Doppler processing, and target tracking. This systematic and thorough guide to ranging and imaging sensors is invaluable for graduate students studying sensing systems and industry professionals wishing to expand or update their knowledge. It offers clear, detailed explanations alongside worked examples to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of the material.

The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy - Part 2, Volume 221 in the Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Recollections from the Early Years: Canada-USA, My Recollection of the Early History of Our Work on Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope, Walter Hoppe (1917-1986), Reminiscences of the Development of Electron Optics and Electron Microscope Instrumentation in Japan, Early Electron Microscopy in The Netherlands, L. L. Marton, 1901-1979, The Invention of the Electron Fresnel Interference Biprism, The Development of the Scanning Electron Microscope, and much more.