This book describes and explains the basis of bio-inspired, leading-edge tubercles based on humpback whale flippers as passive but effective flow control devices, as well as providing a comprehensive practical guide in their applications. It first discusses the morphology of the humpback whale flipper from a biological perspective, before presenting detailed experimental and numerical findings from past investigations by various experts on the benefits of leading-edge tubercles and their engineering implementations. Leading-edge tubercle designs and functions have attracted considerable interest from researchers in terms of understanding their role in the underwater agility of these whales, and to exploit their flow dynamics in the development of new and novel engineering solutions. Extensive research over the past recent years has demonstrated that the maneuverability of these whales is at least in part due to the leading-edge tubercles acting as passive flow control devices to delay stall and increase lift in the post-stall regime. In addition to the inherent benefits in terms of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, investigations into leading-edge tubercles have also broadened into areas of noise attenuation, stability and industrial applications. This book touches upon these areas, with an emphasis upon the effects of lifting-surface types, flow regimes, tubercle geometries, lifting-surface stability and potential industrial applications, among others. As such, it features contributions from key experts in the fields of biology, physics and engineering who have conducted significant studies into understanding the various aspects of leading-edge tubercles. Given the broad coverage and in-depth analysis, this book will benefit academic researchers, practicing engineers and graduate students interested in tapping into such a unique but highly functional flow control strategy.

Essentially there are two variational theories of liquid crystals explained in this book. The theory put forward by Zocher, Oseen and Frank is classical, while that proposed by Ericksen is newer in its mathematical formulation although it has been postulated in the physical literature for the past two decades. The newer theory provides a better explanation of defects in liquid crystals, especially of those concentrated on lines and surfaces, which escape the scope of the classical theory. The book opens the way to the wealth of applications that will follow.

This textbook is based on lectures and tutorials given for several years at the Physics Department of Novosibirsk State University. It is constructed as a set of problems followed by detailed solutions and may act as a complementary text for standard courses on the physics of continuous media.

Theory and modelling with direct numerical simulation and experimental observations are indispensable in the understanding of the evolution of nature, in this case the theory and modelling of plasma and fluid turbulence. Plasma and Fluid Turbulence: Theory and Modelling explains modelling methodologies in depth with regard to turbulence phenomena and turbulent transport both in fluids and plasmas. Special attention is paid to structural formation and transitions. In this detailed book, the authors examine the underlying ideas describing turbulence, turbulent transport, and structural transitions in plasmas and fluids. By comparing and contrasting turbulence in fluids and plasmas, they demonstrate the basic physical principles common to fluids and plasmas while also highlighting particular differences. The book also discusses the application of these ideas to neutral fluids. Part I presents a general introduction to turbulence and structural formation in fluids and plasmas, and Part II explains methodologies for fluid turbulence. In Part III, the authors describe the subjects in magnetohydrodynamics, in particular, dynamo problems. The final section, Part IV, considers plasma turbulence and transport.

The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.

This book is intended as an introductory textbook for graduate students and as a reference book for engineers and scientists working in the field of coastal engineering. As such it gives a description of the theories for wave and nearshore hydrodynamics. It is meant to de-mystify the topics and hence starts at a fairly basic level. It requires knowledge of fluid mechanics equivalent to a first year graduate level. At the end of each topic, an attempt is made to give an overview of the present stage of the scientific development in that area with numerous references for further studies.

Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, Second Edition provides comprehensive coverage of both theoretical and practical aspects of emulsions. The book presents fundamental concepts and processes in emulsified systems, such as flocculation, coalescence, stability, precipitation, deposition, and the evolution of droplet size distribution.

The book explains how to predict emulsion stability and determine droplet sizes in a variety of emulsion systems. It discusses spontaneous emulsification and the formation of "nanoemulsions" as well as droplet-droplet interactions in different electrical fields (electrocoalescence), and the formulation, composition, and preparation variables that contribute to the inversion in emulsion systems. Several chapters emphasize applications such as emulsification encountered in oil spills, asphalt, chemical flooding, acid crude oils, and large-scale industrial wastewater treatment. The survey of experimental characterization methods highlights the importance of thinliquid films in colloidal systems and assesses different NMR applications, ultrasound characterization, video microscopy, and other on-line instrumentation. The last chapter in the book deals with obtaining conductivity measurements as an alternative to online instrumentation.

Completely revised and expanded, this second edition of Emulsions and Emulsion Stability offers a well-rounded collection of knowledge that is applicable to all academic and industrial scientists and researchers in the fields of surfactant and emulsion science.

Capillary Flows with Forming Interfaces explores numerous theoretical problems that arise in the mathematical description of capillary flows. It focuses on developing a unified approach to a variety of seemingly very different capillary flows of practical importance where classical fluid mechanics leads to nonphysical results. The book begins with a review of the conceptual framework of fluid mechanics and then proceeds to analyze the roots of singularities, such as the moving contact-line problem and the capillary breakup problem. The author then examines how different singular flows can be described as particular cases of a general physical phenomenon of interface formation. He illustrates the developed mathematical models and experimentally verifies them through a number of example problems relevant to engineering applications. The conceptual framework provided in this reference enables further progress in developing mathematical models of capillary flows. The book also allows readers to make informed strategic choices regarding available numerical codes and the in-house development of these codes.

Combining rigorous theory with practical application, this book provides a unified and detailed account of the fundamental equations governing atmospheric and oceanic fluid flow on which global, quantitative models of weather and climate prediction are founded. It lays the foundation for more accurate models by making fewer approximations and imposing dynamical and thermodynamical consistency, moving beyond the assumption that the Earth is perfectly spherical. A general set of equations is developed in a standard notation with clearly stated assumptions, limitations, and important properties. Some exact, non-linear solutions are developed to promote further understanding and for testing purposes. This book contains a thorough consideration of the fundamental equations for atmospheric and oceanic models, and is therefore invaluable to both theoreticians and numerical modellers. It also stands as an accessible source for reference purposes.

Acoustics of Nanodispersed Magnetic Fluids presents key information on the acoustic properties of magnetic fluids. The book is based on research carried out by the author as well as on many publications in both the Russian and foreign scientific literature from 1969 onwards. It describes a wide variety of topics, which together lay the foundation of a new scientific research area: the acoustics of nanodispersed media. The book examines the nanoscale structure of matter in specific areas and discusses the following: Model theory and known features of the propagation of sound waves in magnetised fluids Acoustomagnetic and magnetoacoustic effects in magnetic fluids Acoustomagnetic spectroscopy of vibrational modes in the liquid-shell system Vibration and rheological effects of magnetised magnetic fluids Acoustometry of the shape of magnetic nanoaggregates and non-magnetic microaggregates Acoustogranulometry, a new method for studying the physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a carrier fluid The book is a valuable resource for engineers and researchers in the fields of acoustics, physical acoustics, magnetic hydrodynamics, and rheology physics. The experimental methods, which are described in this book, are based on incompatible features of magnetic fluids, i.e. strong magnetism, fluidity and compressibility. As a result, this can find industrial application in advanced technology. It is also useful for both advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying nanotechnology, materials science, physical and applied acoustics.

This book describes wetting fundamentals and reviews the standard protocol for contact angle measurements. The authors include a brief overview of applications of contact angle measurements in surface science and engineering. They also discuss recent advances and research trends in wetting fundamentals and include measurement techniques and data interpretation of contract angles.

Originally published in 1926, this informative and detailed textbook is primarily aimed at university students studying applied mathematics for a science or engineering degree and contains a large number of useful examples to work though. Basic knowledge of elementary dynamics is assumed throughout, as is a working knowledge of differential and integral calculus. Answers can be found at the back of the book, as well as a summary of the methods of solution of the equations contained. Examples are mostly collected from a variety of past university and college examination papers, and notably rigid dynamics has been confined to two-dimensional motion and omissions have been made to all reference of moving axes. Covering the topic in its entirety, this book gives a panoramic overview of the subject and will be of considerable value to anyone with a keen interest in mathematics and engineering, as well as the history of education.

The understanding and control of transport phenomena in materials processing play an important role in the improvement of conventional processes and in the development of new techniques. Computer modeling of these phenomena can be used effectively for this purpose. Although there are several books in the literature covering the analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow, Computer Modelling of Heat and Fluid Flow in Materials Processing specifically addresses the understanding of these phenomena in materials processing situations. Written at a level suitable for graduate students in materials science and engineering and subjects, this book is ideal for those wishing to learn how to approach computer modeling of transport phenomena and apply these techniques in materials processing. The text includes a number of relevant case studies and each chapter is supported by numerous examples of transport modeling programs.

This textbook is a pedagogic introduction to a number of phenomena employing fluid mechanics. Beginning with basic concepts and conservation laws for neutral and charged fluids, the authors apply and develop them to understand aerodynamics, locomotion of micro-organisms, waves in air and water, shock waves, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic instabilities, stars and black holes, blood flow in humans, and superfluids. The approach is to consider various striking topics on fluid mechanics, without losing necessary mathematical rigor. The book balances the qualitative explanations with formal treatment, in a compact manner. A special focus is given to the important and difficult subject of turbulence and the book ends with a discussion on turbulence in quantum fluids. The textbook is dotted by a number of illustrative examples, mostly from real life, and exercises. The textbook is designed for a one semester course and addresses students at undergraduate and graduate level in physics or engineering, who want to research in the fields as diverse as aeronautics, meteorology, cosmology, biomechanics, and mathematical physics. It is requested knowledge of an undergraduate level course on mathematical methods to better understand the topics presented here.

Multi-phase flows are part of our natural environment such as tornadoes, typhoons, air and water pollution and volcanic activities as well as part of industrial technology such as power plants, combustion engines, propulsion systems, or chemical and biological industry. The industrial use of multi-phase systems requires analytical and numerical strategies for predicting their behavior. .In its fourth extended edition the successful monograph package Multiphase Flow Daynmics contains theory, methods and practical experience for describing complex transient multi-phase processes in arbitrary geometrical configurations, providing a systematic presentation of the theory and practice of numerical multi-phase fluid dynamics.

In the present second volume the methods for describing the mechanical interactions in multiphase dynamics are provided. This fourth edition includes various updates, extensions, improvements and corrections.

"The literature in the field of multiphase flows is numerous. Therefore, it is very important to have a comprehensive and systematic overview including useful numerical methods. The volumes have the character of a handbook and accomplish this function excellently. The models are described in detail and a great number of comprehensive examples and some cases useful for testing numerical solutions are included. These two volumes are very useful for scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of technical thermodynamics, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and for mathematicians with interest in technical problems. Besides, they can give a good overview of the dynamically developing, complex field of knowledge to students. This monograph is highly recommended,

BERND PLATZER, ZAAM

In the present second volume the methods for describing the mechanical interactions in multiphase dynamics are provided. This fourth edition includes various updates, extensions, improvements and corrections.

"The literature in the field of multiphase flows is numerous. Therefore, it is very important to have a comprehensive and systematic overview including useful numerical methods. The volumes have the character of a handbook and accomplish this function excellently. The models are described in detail and a great number of comprehensive examples and some cases useful for testing numerical solutions are included. These two volumes are very useful for scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of technical thermodynamics, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and for mathematicians with interest in technical problems. Besides, they can give a good overview of the dynamically developing, complex field of knowledge to students. This monograph is highly recommended,

BERND PLATZER, ZAAM

"The literature in the field of multiphase flows is numerous. Therefore, it is very important to have a comprehensive and systematic overview including useful numerical methods. The volumes have the character of a handbook and accomplish this function excellently. The models are described in detail and a great number of comprehensive examples and some cases useful for testing numerical solutions are included. These two volumes are very useful for scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of technical thermodynamics, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and for mathematicians with interest in technical problems. Besides, they can give a good overview of the dynamically developing, complex field of knowledge to students. This monograph is highly recommended,

BERND PLATZER, ZAAM

This book covers the basics of the hydrodynamics and vibration of structures subjected to environmental loads. It describes the interaction of hydrodynamics with the associated vibration of structures, giving simple explanations. Emphasis is placed on the applications of the theory to practical problems. Several case studies are provided to show how the theory outlined in the book is applied in the design of structures. Background material needed for understanding fluid-induced vibrations of structures is given to make the book reasonably self-sufficient. Examples are taken mainly from the novel structures that are of interest today, including ocean and offshore structures and components.Besides being a text for undergraduates, this book can serve as a handy reference for design engineers and consultants involved in the design of structures subjected to dynamics and vibration.

The introduction of the ISO 9000 quality standard resulted in renewed interest and pressure on industry to strengthen their quality and metrology standards. To meet this renewed interest Practical Density Measurement and Hydrometry provides invaluable, contemporary information on mass metrology. The book highlights the principles of physics involved and the technology needed to accurately measure the density of solids and liquids to high precision to meet the increasing demands on the metrology industry. Starting with national and international density standards, the book proceeds to discuss the variety of methods used to accurately measure solid and liquid density, to compare and contrast these techniques, and to thoroughly explain the thermal dilation of liquids. It also examines interferometers used in dimensional measurements of solid-based density standards, corrections applicable due to finite aperture, phase change due to reflection and ringing, and special methods for density determination. The final chapters detail specific points of relevance to density measurements and hydrometry for materials commonly used in industry. Complimented with practical guidance on applying these measurement techniques, calibration procedures, and data tables, this book is an essential reference for metrologists and a valuable introduction for graduate students.

Physics of Fluids in Microgravity provides a clear view of the latest research and progress in the different fields of fluid research in space at the beginning of the International Space Station Era. The topics presented include bubbles and drops dynamics, Marangoni flows, diffusion and thermodiffusion, solidification and crystal growth. The results obtained so far are, in some cases, to be confirmed by extensive research activities on the International Space Station, where basic and applied microgravity experimentation will take place in the years to come.

Environmental Fluid Mechanics provides comprehensive coverage of a combination of basic fluid principles and their application in a number of different situations-exploring fluid motions on the earth's surface, underground, and in oceans-detailing the use of physical and numerical models and modern computational approaches for the analysis of environmental processes. Environmental Fluid Mechanics covers novel scaling methods for a variety of environmental issues; equations of motion for boundary layers; hydraulic characteristics of open channel flow; surface and internal wave theory; the advection diffusion equation; sediment and associated contaminant transport in lakes and streams; mixed layer modeling in lakes; remediation; transport processes at the air/water interface; and more.

This book critically reexamines what turbulence really is, from a fundamental point of view and based on observations from nature, laboratories, and direct numerical simulations. It includes critical assessments and a comparative analysis of the key developments, their evolution and failures, along with key misconceptions and outdated paradigms. The main emphasis is on conceptual and problematic aspects, physical phenomena, observations, misconceptions and unresolved issues rather than on conventional formalistic aspects, models, etc. Apart from the obvious fundamental importance of turbulent flows, this emphasis stems from the basic premise that without corresponding progress in fundamental aspects there is little chance for progress in applications such as drag reduction, mixing, control and modeling of turbulence. More generally, there is also a desperate need to grasp the physical fundamentals of the technological processes in which turbulence plays a central role.

With major implications for applied physics, engineering, and the natural and social sciences, the rapidly growing area of environmental fluid dynamics focuses on the interactions of human activities, environment, and fluid motion. A landmark for the field, the two-volume Handbook of Environmental Fluid Dynamics presents the basic principles, fundamental flow processes, modeling techniques, and measurement methods used in the study of environmental motions. It also offers critical discussions of environmental sustainability related to engineering. The handbook features 81 chapters written by 135 renowned researchers from around the world. Covering environmental, policy, biological, and chemical aspects, it tackles important cross-disciplinary topics such as sustainability, ecology, pollution, micrometeorology, and limnology. Volume Two: Systems, Pollution, Modeling, and Measurements explores the interactions between engineered structures and anthropogenic activities that affect natural flows, with particular emphasis on environmental pollution. The book covers the numerical methodologies that underpin research, predictive modeling, and cyber-infrastructure developments. It also addresses practical aspects of laboratory experiments and field observations that validate quantitative predictions and help identify new phenomena and processes. As communities face existential challenges posed by climate change, rapid urbanization, and scarcity of water and energy, the study of environmental fluid dynamics becomes increasingly relevant. This volume is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and policymakers working to better understand environmental motions and how they affect and are influenced by anthropogenic activities. See also Handbook of Environmental Fluid Dynamics, Two-Volume Set and Volume One: Overview and Fundamentals.

This monograph is devoted to the description of the physical fundamentals of laser refractography-a novel informational-measuring technique for the diagnostics of optically inhomogeneous media and flows, based on the idea of using spatially structured probe laser radiation in combination with its digital recording and c- puter techniques for the differential processing of refraction patterns. Considered are the physical fundamentals of this technique, actual optical schemes, methods of processing refraction patterns, and possible applications. This informational technique can be employed in such areas of science and technology as require remote nonperturbative monitoring of optical, thermophysical, chemical, aerohydrodynamic, and manufacturing processes. The monograph can also be recommended for students and postgraduates of - formational, laser, electro-optical, thermophysical, chemical, and other specialties. Laser refractography is a conceptually novel refraction method for the diagn- tics of inhomogeneous media, based on the idea of using spatially structured probe laser radiation in combination with its digital recording and computer techniques for the differential processing of refraction patterns.

A unified treatment of cavitation, a phenomenon which extends across the boundaries of many fields. The approach is wide-ranging and the aim is to give due consideration to the many aspects of cavitation in proportion to their importance. Particular attention is paid to the diverse situations in which cavitation occurs and to its practical implications. The material includes basic hydrodynamical and acoustical theory, as well as experimental findings in physics, chemistry and biology laboratories. Cavitation-related phenomena covered include such diverse examples as erosion of ship propellers, ultrasonic cleaning, detection of high energy particles, fragmentation of biological cells and sonoluminescence.

Hamiltonian fluid dynamics and stability theory work hand-in-hand in a variety of engineering, physics, and physical science fields. Until now, however, no single reference addressed and provided background in both of these closely linked subjects. Introduction to Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics and Stability Theory does just that-offers a comprehensive introduction to Hamiltonian fluid dynamics and describes aspects of hydrodynamic stability theory within the context of the Hamiltonian formalism. The author uses the example of the nonlinear pendulum-giving a thorough linear and nonlinear stability analysis of its equilibrium solutions-to introduce many of the ideas associated with the mathematical argument required in infinite dimensional Hamiltonian theory needed for fluid mechanics. He examines Andrews' Theorem, derives and develops the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima (CMH) equation, presents an account of the Hamiltonian structure of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, and discusses the stability theory associated with the KdV soliton. The book's tutorial approach and plentiful exercises combine with its thorough presentations of both subjects to make Introduction to Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics and Stability Theory an ideal reference, self-study text, and upper level course book.

This book is a follow-up to the introductory text written by the same authors. The primary emphasis on this book is linear and nonlinear partial differential equations with particular concentration on the equations of viscous fluid motion. Each chapter describes a particular application of the finite element method and illustrates the concepts through example problems. A comprehensive appendix lists computer codes for 2-D fluid flow and two 3-D transient codes.