A timely, hands-on guide to environmental issues and regulatory standards for the petroleum industry
Environmental analysis and testing methods are an integral part of any current and future refining activities. Today's petroleum refining industry must be prepared to meet a growing number of challenges, both environmental and regulatory.
Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry focuses on the analytical issues inherent in any environmental monitoring or cleanup program as they apply to today's petroleum industry, not only during the refining process, but also during recovery operations, transport, storage, and utilization. Designed to help today's industry professionals identify test methods for monitoring and cleanup of petroleum-based pollutants, the book provides examples of the application of environmental regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products, as well as current and proposed methods for the mitigation of environmental effects and waste management.
Part I introduces petroleum technology, refining, and products, and reviews the nomenclature used by refiners, environmental scientists, and engineers. Part II discusses environmental technology and analysis, and provides information on environmental regulation and the impact of refining.
Coverage includes:
* In-depth descriptions of analyses related to gaseous emissions, liquid effluents, and solid waste
* A checklist of relevant environmental regulations
* Numerous real-world examples of the application of environmental regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products
* An analysis of current and proposed methods of environmental protection and waste management

"Crude Oil Chemistry "is foremost a scientifically exact guide to the full family of classical and modern analytical and process technologies in petroleum refining. In widening its vision also to incorporate a geological history of petroleum formation, present-day geopolitical and economic issues, and approaches to redress and improve the delicate ties between the petroleum industry and the environment, this reference succeeds as a total representation of the factors going into the chemistry of crude oil and their outward bound ramifications. The book thoroughly evaluates the chemistry and processing of low API gravity high-sulfur heavy crude oil increasingly relied on in the industry.

This book is a concise but well-organized introduction to nanotechnology (NT) which the upstream oil industry is now vigorously adapting to develop its own unique applications for improved oilfield operations and, oil and gas production. Its reader will learn nanotechnology fundamentals, be introduced to important NT products and applications from other industries and learn about the current state of development of various NT applications in the upstream oil industry, which include innovative use of nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery; drilling and completions; reservoir sensing; and production operations and flow assurance. Key Features Exclusive title on potential of nanoparticle-based agents and interventions for improving myriad of oilfield operations Unique guide for nanotechnology applications developers and users for oil and gas production Introduces nanotechnology for oil and gas managers and engineers Includes research data discussions relevant to field Offers a practical applications-oriented approach

This book is the latest in a series of respected volumes that provides an up-to-date review of some of the major chemistry topics related to the oil and gas industry. Divided into four sections, it looks in turn at the latest developments in environmental issues, new technology, applications and flow assurance. This reflects the increasingly important role for chemical technologies in offshore, deep water and challenging environments, allied to developments of low environmental impact chemistry. Regulatory strategies are also discussed, from both the governmental and operational perspective. Overall, Chemistry in the Oil Industry VII presents the latest information on developments in the modern oil industry, which will have an impact on future cost-effectiveness and efficiency. It will be a valuable resource for professionals and consultants within the industry, as well as government agencies and laboratory staff.

Contents:
Introduction 1. Properties of Gases at Low Pressures 2. Theory 3. Measurement of Vacum 4. Mechanical Methods of Vacum Production 5. Physico-Chemical Methods of Vacum Production 6. Analysis of the Vacum Systems 7. Design of Vacum Systems 8. Construction of Vacum Systems 9. Problems Reference Tables Appendix References Index

Recently there has been a widespread resurgence of interest in the applications of hydrogen as a "clean fuel" with its potential for local electricity production and use in transport. The last five years have seen breakthroughs in our understanding of the nature, structure and biosynthesis of hydrogenases. This book is a timely description of these developments, taking a lucid, multidisciplinary approach.
Scientists in fields such as clean technology, biochemistry, electrochemistry, agriculture and general biotechnology will find this an accessible resource bringing together the many facets of these enzymes.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203471040

On Petrocultures brings together key essays by Imre Szeman, a leading scholar in the field of energy humanities and a critical voice in debates about globalization and neoliberalism. Szeman's most important and influential essays, in dialogue with exciting new pieces written for the book, investigate ever-evolving circuits of power in the contemporary world, as manifested in struggles over space and belonging, redefinitions of work and individual autonomy, and the deep links between energy use and climate change. These essays explore life lived in the twenty-first century by examining critically the vocabulary through which capitalism makes sense of itself, focusing on concepts like the nation, globalization, neoliberalism, creativity, and entrepreneurship. At the heart of the volume is the concept of "petrocultures," which demands that we understand a fundamental fact of modern life: we are shaped by and through fossil fuels. Szeman argues that we cannot take steps to address global warming without fundamentally changing the social, cultural, and political norms and expectations developed in conjunction with the energy riches of the past century. On Petrocultures maps the significant challenge of our dependence on fossil fuels and probes ways we might begin to leave petrocultures behind.

This textbook provides an excellent overview of the two most common uses of coal: combustion and gasification. The authors, experts in the fields of combustion, coal structure, and coal combustion modeling, present detailed yet easy to understand information on the properties of coal, combustion mechanisms of pulverized coal and small coal particles, combustion in fluidized beds and the gasification process. Unlike other books on the subject, industrial applications and environmental aspects are covered in detail.

There is a growing concern about fires in mines, coal mines in particular. Attempts are being made to improve mine fire combat efforts and their prevention, taking advantage of developments in the fields of science and technology. This book looks at those developments and their applications.

"Second Edition expands and updates information on the technological aspects of refining heavy oils, residua, bitumen, and other high-sulfur feedstocks. Focuses on the range of next-generation refining processes."

Shale gas and/or oil play identification is subject to many screening processes for characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and brittleness. Evaluating shale gas and/or oil reservoirs and identifying potential sweet spots (portions of the reservoir rock that have high-quality kerogen content and brittle rock) requires taking into consideration multiple rock, reservoir, and geological parameters that govern production. The early determination of sweet spots for well site selection and fracturing in shale reservoirs is a challenge for many operators. With this limitation in mind, Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations develops an approach to improve the industry's ability to evaluate shale gas and oil plays and is structured to lead the reader from general shale oil and gas characteristics to detailed sweet-spot classifications. The approach uses a new candidate selection and evaluation algorithm and screening criteria based on key geomechanical, petrophysical, and geochemical parameters and indices to obtain results consistent with existing shale plays and gain insights on the best development strategies going forward. The work introduces new criteria that accurately guide the development process in unconventional reservoirs in addition to reducing uncertainty and cost.

Featuring a detailed analysis of current approval requirements and the relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders in general and with main focus on composite cylinders for storing compressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by the proposed approval procedure based on probabilistic safety assessment After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessments, the book details working procedures and improving cycles and (slow) bursts as methods for assessing residual strength. It then discusses methods for statistically evaluating test data, as well as sample- size and distribution-character considerations. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the performance sheets developed by the author. On this basis, it discusses safety as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, and explores aspects of artificial aging for simulating the end-of-life reliability level. Lastly, the book considers control and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction using destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods and correcting for under- and overestimates of safe lifetime. Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information enables manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and supports the improvement of current regulations and standards.

Dr. J. S. Laskowski has written several papers on frother-collector interactions and the effect of such interactions on flotation kinetics, and on frothers chemistry and frothing. He is founder and Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Coal Preparation. Dr. E. T. Woodburn has published numerous papers on flotation froth and flotation kinetics.
Frothing in Flotation, published in honor of Jan Leja, appeared in 1989. Many important contributions on various aspects of flotation froth properties and behavior and the relationship between froth appearance and flotation performance have appeared since, and this volume intends to summarize these achievements. Flotation kinetics involves a number of mass transfer processes with some of them being critically determined by the behavior of froth. Since froth is complex, and controlled experimentation is difficult, the froth phase was, until recently, either ignored or treated entirely empirically. With wide applications of flotation columns, the behavior of the froth is now often recognized as being dominant in determining flotation performance, and the research in this area is one of the most actively pursued.

Acknowledging the dearth of standardized data on the thermal behavior of natural and synthetic fuels, two widely respected experts in the field present 100 samples of organic substances characterized under identical conditions by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in addition to proximate analysis-providing accurate information essential in research and engineering applications related to fuel preparation. Discusses nonisothermal kinetic techniques, mathematical models, and other parameter estimation procedures that facilitate the extrapolation of results obtained under various conditions-including the Gaur and Reed method, an important advance in understanding the kinetics of thermal data Organizing thermograms by individual biomass components, Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels helps engineers identify reaction mechanisms as well as determine kinetic parameters accurately optimize conditions to favor one reaction over another obtain and interpret TG-DTA figures on temperature and rates of heterogeneous reactions, as well as the dynamics involved compare samples by changing the TG operating conditions to reveal how parameters from particle size to heating rate affect the decomposition pattern of solid samples improve comprehension of quantitative derivations due to mass and heat transfer and much more Practical and accessible, Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels is an excellent hands-on guide for chemical, petroleum, fuel, civil, environmental, and mining engineers; petroleum, fuel, physical, and analytical chemists; polymer and materials scientists; geologists; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Covering the principles of chromatographic separation, the chromatographic process from a physical chemical perspective, instrumentation for performing analyses, and operational procedures, this second edition offers information needed for the successful practice of gas chromatography. It contains examples of available apparatus, detectors, columns, stationary phases and operating conditions.

Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes is a complete treatise on all aspects of adsorptive processes. It covers all fundamental principles as well as process design and simulation of gas adsorption processes for separation and purification. This highly popular book in the field has now been reprinted and made available in paperback form.

This self-contained reference covers the chemistry, process chemistry, technology, engineering, and economics of methane conversion, including its environmental impact and commercial exploitation. Beginning with methane's availability and increasing importance as an environmentally acceptable natural resource alternative and feedstock, Methane and Its Derivatives elucidates derivative production by synthesis gas and methane conversion routes discusses methanol and ammonia synthesis, synthetic gasoline, and oxygenate fuels technologies presents data on critical, supercritical, and transport properties, chemical reactions and equilibria, and solubility introduces recent gas engineering techniques, from NOx and SOx removal, and membrane gas separation, to multiphase transport phenomena and cryogenic processes surveys contemporary analytical chemistry and trace component identification methodologies highlights current trends of petrochemical industries and much more

During the upgrading of heavy petroleum, asphaltene is the most problematic impurity since it is the main cause of catalyst deactivation and sediments formation. Exploring many aspects related to asphaltenes composition and conversion, Asphaltenes: Chemical Transformation during Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils highlights the various changes that these heavy and complex molecules undergo during catalytic hydroprocessing. After defining and characterizing asphaltene structure, the book examines the composition of petroleum and the processes and catalysts for upgrading heavy oils. It then details the characterization of asphaltenes after hydroprocessing and the effect of reaction conditions on their structures. The authors also analyze the deactivation and characterization of spent hydroprocessing catalysts as well as the role played by asphaltenes. They cover sediments formation during hydroprocessing and the role of asphaltenes on it. The final chapters describe the hydrocracking and kinetics of asphaltenes and the fractionation of heavy crudes and asphaltenes. Due to the increasing production of heavy crude oils, asphaltene has become one of the most studied molecules. This book provides a deep understanding of how asphaltenes transform during hydroprocessing, offering insight on designing catalysts and processing for the upgrading of heavy oils.

Contents:
Strategic, economic and environmental issues for transportation fuels; performance of ethanol as a transportation fuel; biomass ethanol market forces; envirnomental impacts of biomass ethanol; biomas feedstock resources and composition; cellelases - structure; function and applications; biocatalyst development for ethanol production from cellulosic hydrolysates; pretreatment; cellulase production; cellulose conversion; hemicellulose conversion; advanced process options for ethanol production from biomass; review of pilot plant programs for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol; methods for the chemical analysis of biomass; ethanol from corn - technology and economics.

Harness State-of-the-Art Computational Modeling Tools Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers successfully establishes the use of computational modeling as an effective means to simulate and enhance boiler performance. This text factors in how computational flow models can provide a framework for developing a greater understanding of the underlying processes in PC boilers. It also provides a detailed account of the methodology of computational modeling of pulverized coal boilers, as well as an apt approach to modeling complex processes occurring in PC boilers in a manageable way. Connects Modeling with Real-Life Applications Restricted to the combustion side of the boiler (the authors assume some prior background of reaction engineering and numerical techniques), the book describes the individual aspects of combustion and heat recovery sections of PC boilers that can be used to further improve the design methodologies, optimize boiler performance, and solve practical boiler-related problems. The book provides guidelines on implementing the material in commercial CFD solvers, summarizes key points, and presents relevant case studies. It can also be used to model larger boilers based on conventional, super-critical, or ultra-super critical technologies as well as based on oxy-fuel technologies. Consisting of six chapters, this functional text: Provides a general introduction Explains the overall approach and methodology Explores kinetics of coal pyrolysis (devolatilization) and combustion and methods of its evaluation Presents computational flow modeling approach to simulate pulverized coal fired boiler Covers modeling aspects from formulation of model equations to simulation methodology Determines typical results obtained with computational flow models Discusses the phenomenological models or reactor network models Includes practical applications of computational modeling Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers explores the potential of computational models for better engineering of pulverized coal boilers, providing an ideal resource for practicing engineers working in utility industries. It also benefits boiler design companies, industrial consultants, R & D laboratories, and engineering scientists/research students.

An ever-increasing dependence on green energy has brought on a renewed interest in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis as a viable solution for hydrogen production. While alkaline water electrolyzers have been used in the production of hydrogen for many years, there are certain advantages associated with PEM electrolysis and its relevance to renewable energy sources. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications discusses the advantages of PEM electrolyzers over alkaline electrolyzers, presents the recent advances of hydrogen PEM fuel cells accelerating the large-scale commercialization of PEM electrolysis, and considers the challenges that must be addressed before PEM electrolysis can become a commercially feasible option. Written by international scientists in PEM electrolysis and fuel cell research areas, this book addresses the demand for energy storage technologies that store intermittent renewable energy and offers the most complete and up-to-date information on PEM electrolysis technology and research. The authors: Cover the fundamental applications of PEM electrolysis Review the state-of-the-art technologies and challenges related to each of the components of the PEM electrolysis Address failure analysis and review available failure diagnostic tools Provide future direction for researchers and technology developers PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications provides a fundamental understanding of the requirements and functionalities of certain components and attributes of the PEM electrolysis technology that are common for both PEM fuel cells' and electrolyzers' hydrogen applications for energy storage. Beneficial to students and professionals, the text serves as a handbook for identifying PEM electrolysis failure modes and diagnosing electrolyzer performance to improve efficiency and durability.

This up-to-date reference provides state-of-the-art information on all processes currently used to manufacture lubricant base oils and waxes-offering practical, timesaving solutions for specific on-the-job problems. Furnishes helpful lists of conversion factors, construction cost data, and process licensors-as well as a glossary of essential petroleum processing terms Describing the properties of different types of crude oils, base oils, and waxes, Lubricant Base Oil and Wax Processing thoroughly details the basic steps involved in lubricant base oil and wax manufacturing, including distillation deasphalting extraction solvent and hydrogen refining solvent and catalytic dewaxing clay and hydrogen finishing and more

Modern petroleum and petrotechnical engineering is increasingly challenging due to the inherently scarce and decreasing number of global petroleum resources. Exploiting these resources efficiently will require researchers, scientists, engineers and other practitioners to develop innovative mathematical solutions to serve as basis for new asset development designs. Deploying these systems in numerical models is essential to the future success and efficiency of the petroleum industry. Multiphysics modeling has been widely applied in the petroleum industry since the 1960s. The rapid development of computer technology has enabled the numerical applications of multiphysics modeling in the petroleum industry: its applications are particularly popular for the numerical simulation of drilling and completion processes. This book covers theory and numerical applications of multiphysical modeling presenting various author-developed subroutines, used to address complex pore pressure input, complex initial geo-stress field input, etc. Some innovative methods in drilling and completion developed by the authors, such as trajectory optimization and a 3-dimensional workflow for calculation of mud weight window etc, are also presented. Detailed explanations are provided for the modeling process of each application example included in the book. In addition, details of the completed numerical models data are presented as supporting material which can be downloaded from the website of the publisher. Readers can easily understand key modeling techniques with the theory of multiphysics embedded in examples of applications,and can use the data to reproduce the results presented. While this book would be of interest to any student, academic or professional practitioner of engineering, mathematics and natural science, we believe those professionals and academics working in civil engineering, petroleum engineering and petroleum geomechanics would find the work especially relevant to their endeavors.

This work is based on the proceedings of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Spring National Meeting in Houston, Texas, March 28 to April 1, 1993. It details various facets of residue upgrading and distillate hydrotreating, stressing the importance of selective catalysts in aromatics reduction. New aromatics saturation processes for the production of very low-aromatic distillates are introduced.