- Explains exergy return on exergy invested (ERoEI) so that the reader can make his own judgements as to the costs of recovering energy from conventional and non-conventional resources - Deals with single phase flow aspects (inertia, anisotropy, slip), which admittedly are covered in other textbooks, but out of the contexts of petroleum and environmental engineering. - Gives readers the tools to generate heterogeneous permeability fields (stochastic random fields, marked point processes, Markov chains, which makes it possible to evaluate the effects of heterogeneity on flow - Includes an elaborate section on surface chemistry to understand wetting behaviour and its influence on the relative permeability and capillary pressure behaviour - Derives effective permeabilities and relative permeabilities in upscaled models and illustrates this with examples in EXCEL

The present crude oil and natural gas reservoirs around the world have depleted conventional production levels. To continue enhancing productivity for the remaining mature reservoirs, drilling decision-makers could no longer rely on traditional balanced or overbalanced methods of drilling. Derived from conventional air drilling, underbalanced drilling is increasingly necessary to meet today s energy and drilling needs. While more costly and extreme, underbalanced drilling can minimize pressure within the formation, increase drilling rate of penetration, reduce formation damage and lost circulation, making mature reservoirs once again viable and more productive. To further explain this essential drilling procedure, Bill Rehm, an experienced legend in drilling along with his co-editors, has compiled a handbook perfect for the drilling supervisor.

"Underbalanced Drilling: Limits and Extremes," written under the auspices of the IADC Technical Publications Committee, contain many great features and contributions including: Real case studies shared by major service companies to give the reader guidelines on what might happen in actual operationsQuestions and answers at the end of the chapters for upcoming engineers to test their knowledgeCommon procedures, typical and special equipment involved, and most importantly, the limits and challenges that still surround this technology"

This book is focused on the management of gas consumers, especially in cases of gas supply disruptions. It addresses natural gas consumers from numerous different fields, including those in the industrial sector, the electric power industry, and public utilities. It highlights various ways gas supply can be affected and demonstrates the approaches that can help recovery from reduced, stopped, and restored gas deliveries. The algorithms involved in transitioning gas consumers from normal to emergency operation, and the algorithm for recovering normal operation after an emergency in the gas supply system is terminated are explored thoroughly. By clearly explaining several approaches, this book will enable specialists to more effectively manage gas-consuming enterprises in emergency situations associated with gas supply disruption

From upstream to downstream, heat exchangers are utilized in every stage of the petroleum value stream. An integral piece of equipment, heat exchangers are among the most confusing and problematic pieces of equipment in petroleum processing operations. This is especially true for engineers just entering the field or seasoned engineers that must keep up with the latest methods for in-shop and in-service inspection, repair, alteration and re-rating of equipment. The objective of this book is to provide engineerswith sufficient information to make better logical choices in designing and operating the system. "Heat Exchanger Equipment Field Manual" provides an indispensable means for the determination of possible failures and for the recognition of the optimization potential of the respective heat exchanger.
Step-by-step procedure on how to design, perform in-shop and in-field inspections and repairs, perform alterations and re-rate equipment Select the correct heat transfer equipment for a particular applicationApply heat transfer principles to design, select and specify heat transfer equipmentEvaluate the performance of heat transfer equipment and recommend solutions to problemsControl schemes for typical heat transfer equipment application "

This book examines mass communication and civic participation in the age of oil, analyzing the rhetorical and discursive ways that governments and corporations shape public opinion and public policy and activists attempt to reframe public debates to resist corporate framing. In the twenty-first century, oil has become a subject of civic deliberation. Environmental concerns have intensified, questions of indigenous rights have arisen, and private and public investment in energy companies has become open to deliberation. International contributors use local events as a starting point to explore larger issues associated with oil-dependent societies and cultures. This interdisciplinary collection synthesizes work in the energy humanities, rhetorical studies and environmental studies to analyze the global discourse of oil from the start of the twentieth century into the era of transnational corporations of the 21st century. This book will be a vital text for scholars in communication studies, the energy humanities and in environmental studies. Case studies are framed accessibly, and the theoretical lenses are accessible across disciplines, making it ideal for a post-graduate and advanced undergraduate audience in these fields.

This edited book explores the use of surfactants in upstream exploration and production (E&P). It provides a molecular, mechanistic and application-based approach to the topic, utilising contributions from the leading researchers in the field of organic surfactant chemistry and surfactant chemistry for upstream E&P. The book covers a wide range of problems in enhanced oil recovery and surfactant chemistry which have a large importance in drilling, fracking, hydrate inhibition and conformance. It begins by discussing the fundamentals of surfactants and their synthesis. It then moves on to present their applicability to a variety of situations such as gas injections, shale swelling inhibition, and acid stimulation. This book presents research in an evolving field, making it interesting to academics, postgraduate students, and experts within the field of oil and gas.

The book discusses ways to overcome the side effects of using hydrocarbon-based products as energy sources. Hydrocarbons produce raw crude oil waste of around 600,000 metric tons per annum, with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 metric tons per year. The various chapters in this book focus on approaches to reduce these wastes through the application of potential microbes, in a process called bioremediation. The book is a one-stop reference resource on the methods, mechanisms and application of the bio-composites, in the laboratory and field. Focusing on resolving a very pressing environmental issue, it not only provides details of existing challenges, but also offers deeper insights into the possibility of solving problems using hydrocarbon bioremediation.

The objective of this book is to provide engineers with the necessary tools and techniques for formulating plans, designs, cost estimates and specifications for pipeline construction and field maintenance and modernization programs. Packed with easy to read and understand tables, pipeline schematics, bullet lists and "what to do next" checklists. This easy to use book covers the design, construction, and operation of onshore pipeline systems. The incorporate construction methods, commissioning, pressure testing, and start up into the design of a pipeline system. The focus is on pipeline routing, mechanical design, construction methods, hydraulics, installation, and operations of onshore pipeline systems. With this book readers will acquire and/or consolidate the essential knowledge and skills to design, construct, and operate pipelines. Design and simulation problems are an integral part of this book. With this book in hand, engineers will be able to:

Routine auditing of technical work output relative to technical input and established criteria and expectations.

Assessment and estimation of work scope including pipeline design integrity and resourcing requirements from enquiry through to project completion.

To carry out conceptual designs in support of concept selection studies.
Back-of-the envelope calculationsChecklists for maintenance operationsChecklists for environmental complianceSimulations, modeling tools and equipment designGuide for pump and pumping station placement

This book addresses conventional and new predictive methodologies for estimating thermophysical properties of heavy petroleum fluids. For the unidentifiable fractions forming the fluids, chemical structures are calculated so that property estimation methods for mixtures of identifiable components are now available for such fractions. Chemical and multiphase equilibriums are of utmost importance; hence, the most significant ones involving heavy petroleum fluids are determined and illustrated using advanced equations of state such as sPC-SAFT and EoS/GE. The included phase equilibriums are phase envelopes of reservoir fluids, asymmetric mixtures between light solvents and bitumen including the presence of water and asphaltenes, among others. Besides, heavy petroleum fluids are analyzed from the Newtonian and non-Newtonian viewpoints, exploring their complex rheological behavior. Finally, complemented by online an Excel program for the thermodynamic characterization of unidentifiable petroleum fractions, this book is a useful resource for engineers and researchers in the petroleum industry and is also of interest to students studying chemical and petroleum engineering.

OPEC and the World's Energy Future offers a complete account of OPEC's past, present, and possible future in relation to economic, political, and technological changes. It focuses on the impacts of recent international political and economic developments and analyzes the factors affecting OPEC as well as the world oil market. Offers readers a thorough understanding of the interplay among international economics, politics, and technological advances and their effect on the world oil market Describes the continued importance of oil and gas as major sources of energy throughout the world Examines OPEC's history and merits, highlights differences among OPEC members, and discusses OPEC's relations with the outside world Illustrates the impact of new technologies and how they may challenge and change the organization in the near and long term Aimed at policy makers, managers, scientists, and technologists in the oil and gas industry, this work offers readers a thorough understanding of the interplay among international economics, politics, and technological advances and their effect on the world oil market.

This book presents the theory and technologies of drilling operations. It covers the gamut of formulas and calculations for petroleum engineers that have been compiled over several years. Some of these formulas and calculations have been used for decades, while others help guide engineers through some of the industry's more recent technological breakthroughs. Comprehensively discussing all aspects of drilling technologies, and providing abundant figures, illustrations and tables, examples and exercises to facilitate the learning process, it is a valuable resource for students, scholars and engineers in the field of petroleum engineering.

The predicted ICT revolution has gained increasing attention in the oil industry the last few years. It is enabled by the use of ubiquitous real time data, collaborative techniques, and multiple expertises across disciplines, organizations and geographical locations.Integrated Operations in the Oil and Gas Industry: Sustainability and Capability Development covers the capability approach to integrated operations that documents research and development in the oil industry. By 'capability', we refer to the combined capacity and ability to plan and execute in accordance with business objectives through a designed combination of human skills, work processes, organizational change, and technology. This book will serve as a knowledge base for those who are interested in learning about, and those involved in, Integrated Operations in the Oil and Gas Industry.

This monograph focuses on methanol and its utilization in transportation sector, namely in spark ignition (SI) engines. The contents focus on methanol production and presents a variety of production technologies from different feedstocks. The potential of methanol utilization in transportation in SI engines is discussed, its challenges, limitations, aspects related to its utilization and current global use of methanol are also presented. The book also contains chapters related to pollutant formation and exhaust emissions from methanol fuelled SI engines, one chapter is focused specifically on formaldehyde emissions, which possesses one of the greatest challenges of methanol use in IC engines. Readers will learn about the production aspects of methanol, its potential as a sustainable fuel, its utilization in SI engine and the effect of methanol and its utilization techniques on engine performance, combustion, exhaust emissions, efficiency and other important parameters. This volume will be a useful guide for professionals, post-graduate students involved in alternative fuels, spark ignition engines, and environmental research.

This book focuses on chemical syntheses and processes for biofuel production mediated by microwave energy. This is the first contribution in this area serving as a resource and guidance manual for understanding the principles, mechanisms, design, and applications of microwaves in biofuel process chemistry. Green chemistry of microwave-mediated biofuel reactions and thermodynamic potentials for the process biochemistry are the focus of this book. Microwave generation, wave propagation, process design, development and configurations, and biofuel applications are discussed in detail.

The precipitation and deposition of solids are a major challenge in the production of oil and gas. Flow assurance solids are formed because of unavoidable changes in temperature, pressure and composition of the oil-gas-water flowstream, from reservoir conditions to processing conditions. The advent of subsea production and the increased exploitation of heavy crudes have made flow assurance issues dominant in ensuring efficient and safe exploitation of hydrocarbon assets. Five troublesome flow assurance solids are described in the book: asphaltene, paraffin wax, natural gas hydrate, naphthenate and inorganic scale. These big-five solids are presented in stand-alone chapters. Each chapter is designed to be readable without clutter. Derivations of equations and descriptions of supporting details are given in several appendices. The book is intended for professional engineers and natural scientist working in E&P companies, engineering companies, service companies and specialized companies. An understanding of the big-five solids is required throughout the lifetime of oil and gas assets, from early development to abandonment. The technical, safety and environmental risks associated with deposition problems in near-wellbore formations, production tubing, wellhead equipment, flowlines and processing facilities, are relevant for decisions in the oil and gas industry and in outside regulatory and financial entities.

Metal-air batteries (MABs) have attracted attention because of their high specific energy, low cost, and safety features. This book discusses science and technology including material selection, synthesis, characterization, and their applications in MABs. It comprehensively describes various composite bifunctional electrocatalysts, corrosion/oxidation of carbon-containing air cathode catalysts, and how improvements can be achieved in the catalytic activities of oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction and their durability/stability. This book also analyzes, compares, and discusses composite bifunctional electrocatalysts in the applications of MABs, matching the fast information of commercial MABs in requirements. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals, this comprehensive work provides readers with an appreciation for what bifunctional composite electrocatalysts are capable of, how this field has grown in the past decades, and how bifunctional composite electrocatalysts can significantly improve the performance of MABs. It also offers suggestions for future research directions to overcome technical challenges and further facilitate research and development in this important area.

Engineers seek solutions to problems, and the economic viability of each potential solution is normally considered along with the technical merits. This is typically true for the petroleum sector, which includes the global processes of exploration, production, refining, and transportation. Decisions on an investment in any oil or gas field development are made on the basis of its value, which is judged by a combination of a number of economic indicators. Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations focuses on economic treatment of petroleum engineering operations and serves as a helpful resource for making practical and profitable decisions in oil and gas field development. Reflects major changes over the past decade or so in the oil and gas industry Provides thorough coverage of the use of economic analysis techniques in decision-making in petroleum-related projects Features real-world cases and applications of economic analysis of various engineering problems encountered in petroleum operations Includes principles applicable to other engineering disciplines This work will be of value to practicing engineers and industry professionals, managers, and executives working in the petroleum industry who have the responsibility of planning and decision-making, as well as advanced students in petroleum and chemical engineering studying engineering economics, petroleum economics and policy, project evaluation, and plant design.

The proposed book focuses on one of the most important issues affecting humankind in this century - Peak Oil or the declining availability of abundant, cheap energy-and its effects on our industrialized economy and wildlife conservation. Energy will be one of the defining issues of the 21st Century directly affecting wildlife conservation wherever energy extraction is a primary economic activity and indirectly through deepening economic recessions. Since cheap, abundant energy has been at the core of our industrial society, and has resulted in the technological advancements we enjoy today, the peak in world oil extraction would potentially have major impacts on civilization unless we prepare well in advance. One potential economic solution covered in the book would be a Steady State Economy with a stable population and per capita consumption, particularly in such industrialized countries as the United States. Furthermore, the lack of cheap, abundant energy directly and indirectly affects conservation efforts by professional societies and federal and state agencies, and NGOs concerned with wildlife issues. We need to recognize these potential problems and prepare, as much as possible, for the consequences stemming from them.

This textbook is intended for post-graduate students in mechanical and allied engineering disciplines. It will also be helpful to scientists and engineers working in the areas of combustion to recapitulate the fundamental and generally applied aspects of combustion. This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamental aspects of combustion. It includes physical descriptions of premixed and non-premixed flames. It provides a detailed analysis of the basic ideas and design characteristics of burners for gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. A chapter on alternative renewable fuels has also been included to bring out the need, characteristics and usage of alternative fuels. Review questions have been provided at the end of each chapter which will help the students to evaluate their understanding of the important concepts covered in that chapter. Several standard text books have been cited in the chapters and are listed towards the end, as suggested reading, to enable the readers to refer them when required. The textbook will be useful for students in mechanical, aerospace and related fields of engineering. It will also be a good resource for professionals and researchers working in the areas of combustion technology.

This practical manual provides basic theoretical knowledge about fermentative processes, biochemical laboratory techniques, and an arsenal of practical tricks, recipes, do's, and don'ts for the biogas plant manager. It explains why some popular tests and techniques are unreliable, how to optimize the feedstock's cost and the energy self-consumption of the digester, and how to analyze experimental error propagation and judge whether a marketing claim or a test result from the literature is correct. All examples are taken from the author's experience as consultant in managing biogas plants in Italy and Spain. It features a glossary of technical jargon and useful reference tables and formulae. By following the procedures described in this manual, anybody can learn in short time how to become a "bacteria farmer."

This book is both a review and a look to the future, highlighting challenges for better predicting quantitatively the impact of diagenesis on reservoir rocks. Classical diagenesis studies make use of a wide range of descriptive analytical techniques to explain specific, relatively time-framed fluid-rock interaction processes, and deduce their impacts on reservoir rocks. Future operational workflows will consist of constructing a conceptual diagenesis model, quantifying the related diagenetic phases, and modelling the diagenetic processes. Innovative approaches are emerging for applied quantitative diagenesis, providing numerical data that can be used by reservoir engineers as entry (input) data, and for validating results of numerical simulations. Geometry-based, geostatistical and geochemical modelling do not necessarily mimic natural processes, they rather provide reasonable solutions to specific problems.

This compendium covers unconventional fuel sources, i.e., sources other than crude oil and natural gas with the aim of presenting these sources as future alternates to fossil fuels. The contents of this must-have volume are important aspects of the non-fossil fuel sources of availability of alternate sources of fuels. The properties of these fuels are well documented and compared to other fuels from non-petroleum sources (such as tar sand, coal, and oil shale). The environmental effects of non-petroleum fuels will also be compared to other fuels in terms of current environmental regulations.

This book is a concise but well-organized introduction to nanotechnology (NT) which the upstream oil industry is now vigorously adapting to develop its own unique applications for improved oilfield operations and, oil and gas production. Its reader will learn nanotechnology fundamentals, be introduced to important NT products and applications from other industries and learn about the current state of development of various NT applications in the upstream oil industry, which include innovative use of nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery; drilling and completions; reservoir sensing; and production operations and flow assurance. Key Features Exclusive title on potential of nanoparticle-based agents and interventions for improving myriad of oilfield operations Unique guide for nanotechnology applications developers and users for oil and gas production Introduces nanotechnology for oil and gas managers and engineers Includes research data discussions relevant to field Offers a practical applications-oriented approach

Corrosion Protection for the Oil and Gas Industry: Pipelines, Subsea Equipment, and Structures summarizes the main causes of corrosion and requirements for materials protection, selection of corrosion-resistant materials and coating materials commonly used for corrosion protection, and the limitations to their use, application, and repair. This book focuses on the protection of steels against corrosion in an aqueous environment, either immersed in seawater or buried. It also includes guidelines for the design of cathodic protection systems and reviews of cathodic protection methods, materials, installation, and monitoring. It is concerned primarily with the external and internal corrosion protection of onshore pipelines and subsea pipelines, but reference is also made to the protection of other equipment, subsea structures, risers, and shore approaches. Two case studies, design examples, and the author's own experiences as a pipeline integrity engineer are featured in this book. Readers will develop a high quality and in-depth understanding of the corrosion protection methods available and apply them to solve corrosion engineering problems. This book is aimed at students, practicing engineers, and scientists as an introduction to corrosion protection for the oil and gas industry, as well as to overcoming corrosion issues.