An ever-increasing dependence on green energy has brought on a renewed interest in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis as a viable solution for hydrogen production. While alkaline water electrolyzers have been used in the production of hydrogen for many years, there are certain advantages associated with PEM electrolysis and its relevance to renewable energy sources. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications discusses the advantages of PEM electrolyzers over alkaline electrolyzers, presents the recent advances of hydrogen PEM fuel cells accelerating the large-scale commercialization of PEM electrolysis, and considers the challenges that must be addressed before PEM electrolysis can become a commercially feasible option. Written by international scientists in PEM electrolysis and fuel cell research areas, this book addresses the demand for energy storage technologies that store intermittent renewable energy and offers the most complete and up-to-date information on PEM electrolysis technology and research. The authors: Cover the fundamental applications of PEM electrolysis Review the state-of-the-art technologies and challenges related to each of the components of the PEM electrolysis Address failure analysis and review available failure diagnostic tools Provide future direction for researchers and technology developers PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications provides a fundamental understanding of the requirements and functionalities of certain components and attributes of the PEM electrolysis technology that are common for both PEM fuel cells' and electrolyzers' hydrogen applications for energy storage. Beneficial to students and professionals, the text serves as a handbook for identifying PEM electrolysis failure modes and diagnosing electrolyzer performance to improve efficiency and durability.

Gas Mixtures provides practical suggestions and calculations for producing multicomponent test gas atmospheres. General topics addressed include sorbent evaluation, methods development, dosimeter testing, instrument calibration, atmospheric simulation, and gas analysis. Learn the tricks of the trade for producing gas mixtures over a wide range of concentrations using even the most difficult-to-handle materials.
Gas Mixtures is a must for industrial hygienists, air pollution control specialists, analytical chemists, and others working in such areas as health and safety, air pollution, air cleaning, and respirator and carbon research.

This book describes advances in the thinking of experts in the field of combustion toxicology through 1991. It emphasizes contributions due to the efforts of the working groups of ISO/TCQ2/SC3, along with presentation of the most up-to-date strategy for minimizing the risk of toxic hazards in fires.

Wastes generated in a community can be a valuable energy and material resource. However, past and current waste disposal and treatment practices consume energy and have led this resource to become a serious environmental burden. Fortunately, being a resource as well as a burden has generated some extremely creative and economically attractive waste-to-energy systems to utilize wastes while mitigating their environmental impact. It is hoped that this book will promote an appreciation of the environmental problems, energy demand and resources, the economics and risks involved that are essential to define the role of these systems in the future. The problems of urban air pollution, acid rain, global greenhouse effect and surface and groundwater degradation all can be tied directly or indirectly to how we produce and utilize energy and dispose of wastes. All communities have wastes, be they wastewater, municipal solid wastes, industrial or agricultural wastes, and the community must deal with them. It is possible to consolidate many of these wastes to gain real benefits in terms of the environment, economics, energy supply and conservation and materials recovery. This text summarizes s

Unconventional Reservoir Rate-Transient Analysis provides petroleum engineers and geoscientists with the first comprehensive review of rate-transient analysis (RTA) methods as applied to unconventional reservoirs. Volume One-Fundamentals, Analysis Methods, and Workflow is comprised of five chapters which address key concepts and analysis methods used in RTA. This volume overviews the fundamentals of RTA, as applied to low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs exhibiting simple reservoir and fluid characteristics. Volume Two-Application to Complex Reservoirs, Exploration and Development is comprised of four chapters that demonstrate how RTA can be applied to coalbed methane reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs, and low-permeability/shale reservoirs exhibiting complex behavior such as multiphase flow. Use of RTA to assist exploration and development programs in unconventional reservoirs is also demonstrated. This book will serve as a critical guide for students, academics, and industry professionals interested in applying RTA methods to unconventional reservoirs.

The expansion of unconventional petroleum resources in the recent decade and the rapid development of computational technology have provided the opportunity to develop and apply 3D numerical modeling technology to simulate the hydraulic fracturing of shale and tight sand formations. This book presents 3D numerical modeling technologies for hydraulic fracturing developed in recent years, and introduces solutions to various 3D geomechanical problems related to hydraulic fracturing. In the solution processes of the case studies included in the book, fully coupled multi-physics modeling has been adopted, along with innovative computational techniques, such as submodeling. In practice, hydraulic fracturing is an essential project component in shale gas/oil development and tight sand oil, and provides an essential measure in the process of drilling cuttings reinjection (CRI). It is also an essential measure for widened mud weight window (MWW) when drilling through naturally fractured formations; the process of hydraulic plugging is a typical application of hydraulic fracturing. 3D modeling and numerical analysis of hydraulic fracturing is essential for the successful development of tight oil/gas formations: it provides accurate solutions for optimized stage intervals in a multistage fracking job. It also provides optimized well-spacing for the design of zipper-frac wells. Numerical estimation of casing integrity under stimulation injection in the hydraulic fracturing process is one of major concerns in the successful development of unconventional resources. This topic is also investigated numerically in this book. Numerical solutions to several other typical geomechanics problems related to hydraulic fracturing, such as fluid migration caused by fault reactivation and seismic activities, are also presented. This book can be used as a reference textbook to petroleum, geotechnical and geothermal engineers, to senior undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, and to geologists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists and applied mathematicians working in this field. This book is also a synthetic compendium of both the fundamentals and some of the most advanced aspects of hydraulic fracturing technology.

Within technical overview sections on such emerging areas as bioprocessing, bioconversion, biosolubilization, biosystems and biocleaning, this handsomely illustrated reference specifically surveys pioneering work in the genetic production of sulfatase enzymes for removing organic sulfur from coal; r

Biomass is a widely available resource, that can be characterized by its high production potential. Enabling the production of different types of biofuels, biomass can be used in both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. There is extensive knowledge of the biofuel production process, and technologies enabling the production of biofuels with high caloric value and better physicochemical properties are developed. The biggest barrier in the development of a biofuels market is not the lack of know-how, but economic and political aspects. Biomass for Biofuels presents technological aspects of biomass conversion into advanced biofuels. Also discussed are the influence of growing biofuels markets on the natural environment and social relations as well as economic aspects of acquisition of biomass and its processing into biofuels. In addition biomass characteristics are presented. A definition is provided, and its chemical composition and properties detailed. The focus is on lignocellulosic biomass, whose complex structure is a limiting factor for biofuels production via biological processes. For that reason, echanical, chemical and physicochemical methods that enable an increased availability for the microorganisms used for biomass conversion to biofuels are discussed.

These three volumes provide valuable information to help bring rational and scientifically feasible solutions to petroleum contaminated soils. State-of-the-art information on both technical and regulatory issues is covered, including environmental fate, health effects, risk assessment and remedial alternatives. They show why petroleum contaminated soils are a problem - and propose solutions for that problem. These books are an excellent reference for regulatory personnel and environmental consultants at all levels.

This book addresses the three basic areas of combustion toxicology: combustion of materials, assessment of the toxicity of smoke, and understanding of hazards to humans. It is based on the papers published in the Journal of Fire Sciences during 1983-1987.

These three volumes provide valuable information to help bring rational and scientifically feasible solutions to petroleum contaminated soils. State-of-the-art information on both technical and regulatory issues is covered, including environmental fate, health effects, risk assessment and remedial alternatives. They show why petroleum contaminated soils are a problem - and propose solutions for that problem. These books are an excellent reference for regulatory personnel and environmental consultants at all levels.

Petroleum refining involves refining crude petroleum as well as producing raw materials for the petrochemical industry. This book covers current refinery processes and process-types that are likely to come on-stream during the next three to five decades. The book includes (1) comparisons of conventional feedstocks with heavy oil, tar sand bitumen, and bio-feedstocks; (2) properties and refinability of the various feedstocks; (3) thermal processes versus hydroprocesses; and (4) the influence of refining on the environment.

Introduction to Oil and Gas Operational Safety is aligned directly to the NEBOSH International Technical Certificate in Oil and Gas Operational Safety. Concisely written by a highly experienced team, this full colour reference provides complete coverage of the syllabus, including chapters on fire hazards, risk management and emergency response. It will ensure that you are fully equipped with the knowledge and understanding to respond and deal with the daily hazards you may face whilst working in the oil and gas industry. Complete with tables, case studies and self-test questions, this book will guide you through the principles of how to manage both offshore and onshore operational risks to prepare you for your exam and beyond.

A research paper or graduate essay demonstrating weak English and poor formatting is likely to be rejected by an editor or marked down by an assessor; but why should these gaps in your English knowledge undermine your subject knowledge and skill as an engineer or student of the discipline? Written English: A Guide for Electrical and Electronic Students and Engineers is the first resource to work at the sentence level to resolve the English language problems facing international engineering students and scholars. Informed by hundreds of research papers and student essays, this valuable reference: Covers grammar essentials and key terms in the fields of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems Uses real-world examples to reveal common mistakes and identify critical areas of focus Provides practical solutions to formatting, vocabulary, and stylistic issues Written English: A Guide for Electrical and Electronic Students and Engineers equips readers with the necessary knowledge to produce accurate and effective English when writing for engineering.

Many oil production processes present a significant challenge to the oil and gas field processing facilities and equipment design. The optimization of the sequential operations of handling the oil-gas mixture can be a major factor in increasing oil and gas production rates and reducing operating costs. Petroleum and Gas Field Processing provides an all-inclusive guide to surface petroleum operations and solves these and other problems encountered in the field processing of oil and gas. Fully revised and updated to reflect major changes over the past decade or so, this second edition builds on the success attained in the first edition. It delivers an expanded and updated treatment that covers the principles and procedures related to the processing of reservoir fluids for the separation, handling, treatment, and production of quality petroleum oil and gas products. With five new chapters, this second edition covers additional subjects, in particular natural gas, economics and profitability, oil field chemicals, and piping and pumps. The book also contains worked-out examples and case studies from a variety of oil field operations.

Updated for today’s engineer, Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition delivers the quick answers for daily petroleum challenges. Starting with a review of basic equations, calculations, and many worked examples, this reference offers a quick look up of topics such as drilling fluids, pressure control, and air and gas calculations. The formulas and calculations are provided in either English field units or in metric units. Additional topics include cementing, subsea considerations, well hydraulics, hydraulic fracturing methods, and drill string design limitations. New formulas include geothermal drilling, horizontal wells, and temperature workover. Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition continues to save time and money for the oilfield worker and manager on the job with an easy layout and organization, helping you confidently conduct operations and evaluate the performance of your wells.

When classifying fracturing fluids and their additives, it is important that production, operation, and completion engineers understand which chemical should be utilized in different well environments. A user's guide to the many chemicals and chemical additives used in hydraulic fracturing operations, "Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Fluids Technology "provides an easy-to-use manual to create fluid formulations that will meet project-specific needs while protecting the environment and the life of the well. Fink creates a concise and comprehensive reference that enables the engineer to logically select and use the appropriate chemicals on any hydraulic fracturing job. The first book devoted entirely to hydraulic fracturing chemicals, Fink eliminates the guesswork so the engineer can select the best chemicals needed on the job while providing the best protection for the well, workers and environment.

Pinpoints the specific compounds used in any given fracturing operationProvides a systematic approach to classifying fracturing fluid technology to meet specific project needsEliminates guesswork with easy-to-understand language on selection and components of hydraulic fracturing chemicalsAddresses environmental aspects of chemicals to safeguard employees and protect the environment

Written by a team of pioneering scientists from around the world, Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications brings together recent technological advances and research in the rapidly growing field of low temperature plasmas. The book provides a comprehensive overview of related phenomena such as plasma bullets, plasma penetration into biofilms, discharge-mode transition of atmospheric pressure plasmas, and self-organization of microdischarges. It describes relevant technology and diagnostics, including nanosecond pulsed discharge, cavity ringdown spectroscopy, and laser-induced fluorescence measurement, and explores the increasing research on atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma jets. The authors also discuss how low temperature plasmas are used in the synthesis of nanomaterials, environmental applications, the treatment of biomaterials, and plasma medicine. This book provides a balanced and thorough treatment of the core principles, novel technology and diagnostics, and state-of-the-art applications of low temperature plasmas. It is accessible to scientists and graduate students in low-pressure plasma physics, nanotechnology, plasma medicine, and materials science. The book is also suitable as an advanced reference for senior undergraduate students.

This book is a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of PEM fuel cells. It covers the fundamentals and basic concepts of different types of fuel cells as well as recent developments of PEM fuel cells. Components, diagnostics, performance and characterization are discussed and modelling and novel applications are covered. Written by experts in this field, this book is an invaluable tool for graduate students and professionals.

Joseph Hilyard's timely new book provides a broad perspective on the oil and gas industry, with primary attention to the United States. It takes the reader on a tour of the operations used to find and evaluate resources, and then to produce, store and deliver oil and gas.
The book's main focus is primarily on the equipment and processes used in exploring new resources; evaluating promising formations; drilling wells; managing oil and gas production; converting oil and gas into products; and transporting oil and gas. Separate chapters address the evolution and current structure of the petroleum industry; oil and gas trading; and challenges likely to face the oil and gas industry in coming years.
Three appendices define key industry terminology; suggest further reading on selected topics; and identify organizations that can provide more information.

A comprehensive reference for engineers and researchers, Gas Turbine Heat Transfer and Cooling Technology, Second Edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect advances in the field made during the past ten years. The second edition retains the format that made the first edition so popular and adds new information mainly based on selected published papers in the open literature.

See What s New in the Second Edition:

• State-of-the-art cooling technologies such as advanced turbine blade film cooling and internal cooling
• Modern experimental methods for gas turbine heat transfer and cooling research
• Advanced computational models for gas turbine heat transfer and cooling performance predictions
• Suggestions for future research in this critical technology

The book discusses the need for turbine cooling, gas turbine heat-transfer problems, and cooling methodology and covers turbine rotor and stator heat-transfer issues, including endwall and blade tip regions under engine conditions, as well as under simulated engine conditions. It then examines turbine rotor and stator blade film cooling and discusses the unsteady high free-stream turbulence effect on simulated cascade airfoils. From here, the book explores impingement cooling, rib-turbulent cooling, pin-fin cooling, and compound and new cooling techniques. It also highlights the effect of rotation on rotor coolant passage heat transfer.

Coverage of experimental methods includes heat-transfer and mass-transfer techniques, liquid crystal thermography, optical techniques, as well as flow and thermal measurement techniques. The book concludes with discussions of governing equations and turbulence models and their applications for predicting turbine blade heat transfer and film cooling, and turbine blade internal cooling."

This book presents selected contributions to the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems" held in June 2010. These original papers reflect recent progress in response to the modern-day requirements in chemistry of carbon nanomaterials and metal-hydrogen systems. Successor to the 2008 proceedings, this second volume focuses on research and application studies of materials capable of interacting actively with hydrogen, also addressing questions of hydrogen accumulation and storage. As a whole, it provides a review of the most relevant areas of hydrogen materials interactions and carbon nanomaterials science, making it invaluable for all researchers, physicists, chemists, post-graduates and young scientists interested in the structure, properties and applications of different nanocarbon materials.

Converting old landfills to energy producing sites, while capturing emitted greenhouse gases, has faced numerous technical, financial and social challenges and developments lately. Also, the re-mining of landfills to recover useful land in dense urban areas and proper landfill closure has been a subject of discussion and investigation. Designed as an overview text for landfill management from cradle to grave, this volume s content stretches from the fundamentals to the rather indepth details. By putting down their joint international experience, the authors have intended to both guide and inspire the user for his or her landfill project.

Introducing the fundamental concepts of landfill gas management and its needs and importance in the present world energy scenario, this accessible reference volume presents key landfill gas management techniques at regional, national and global levels. In detail, it gives an account of the recent technologies available for landfill gas treatment and its utilization. It summarizes landfill gas prediction models developed in various parts of the world and details their adequacy in various field conditions. Covering both landfill remediation aspects and economic considerations while selecting a landfill gas to energy utilization project, the reader gets familiar with the practical aspects of converting a landfill site. Also, the challenges faced by municipalities and landfill operators in recovering landfill gas as an energy source are described, and solutions are suggested for solving them effectively. These include practical execution problems, governmental issues, and developing policies to encourage investment. The volume also includes various case studies of landfill gas-to-energy utilization projects from around the world, which can be reviewed and customized for the reader s own application with the help of extensive reference section.

Intended as an overview text for advanced students and researchers in the relevant engineering and technology fields (Environmental, Civil, Geotechnical, Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical), this book will also be particularly helpful to practitioners such as municipal managers, landfill operators, designers, solid waste management engineers, urban planners, professional consultants, scientists, non-governmental organizations and entrepreneurs.

Pipeline integrity is key to maintaining operational success, safety and security and minimising harm to the environment. Corrosion is a dominant contributory factor to failures, leaks and integrity threat in pipelines. Therefore, its optimum control within an integrity management framework is paramount for the cost effective design of facilities and ensuring continued, uninterrupted and safe operations within the expected design life. This recommended practice (RP) is a compendium of current best practices and state of the art knowledge by major operators, engineering contractors and service companies involved in hydrocarbon production and transportation. The RP incorporates some minimum operational requirements and practices to ensure that when managing corrosion in pipelines, fundamental principles are followed. It covers management of corrosion for pipelines carrying hydrocarbons, injection water and/or produced water from design to decommissioning. It is structured to follow the logical steps of a basic corrosion management process and makes references to relevant and available International standards and/or recommended practices. It is intended for use by personnel from the petroleum industry having knowledge of corrosion and materials. It is hoped that this RP will prove to be a key reference document for engineers, suppliers and contractors working in the oil and gas industry, paving the way for corrosion free operation of pipelines with the ultimate goal of improving safety, security and minimising the impact on the environment.