The book covers advances in hydrothermal reduction of CO2 into low-carbon fuels. It offers perspectives from chemical engineering, environmental chemicals, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, geology and materials science. It addresses fundamentals and applications of hydrothermal chemical processes, associated materials, and technologies. It describes reduction with biomass and dissociation of water by solar energy-driven two-step process. Challenges and strategies are discussed to facilitate research and development.

Recently there has been a widespread resurgence of interest in the applications of hydrogen as a "clean fuel" with its potential for local electricity production and use in transport. The last five years have seen breakthroughs in our understanding of the nature, structure and biosynthesis of hydrogenases. This book is a timely description of these developments, taking a lucid, multidisciplinary approach.
Scientists in fields such as clean technology, biochemistry, electrochemistry, agriculture and general biotechnology will find this an accessible resource bringing together the many facets of these enzymes.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203471040

Utah's Uinta Basin contains one of the largest oil shale resources in the United States. This book examines many of the issues surrounding oil shale development in the Uinta Basin. Focusing on research conducted by investigators associated with The University of Utah's Institute for Clean and Secure Energy (ICSE), the chapters in this book build on each other across a range of scales and of disciplines to present a comprehensive picture of the opportunities and challenges facing this nascent industry. Scales range from the molecular analysis of kerogen to the basin-scale analysis of oil shale geology. Legal, policy, geologic, chemical, economic, and engineering perspectives provide insight into the nature of the Uinta Basin oil shale resource and the potential costs (both financial and environmental) of its extraction. This book integrates the various analyses in two ways. First, the Skyline 16 oil shale core, which was drilled in the Uinta Basin as part of this research, was the source of samples for much of the work that is discussed in this book. Second, the latter chapters of this book incorporate models and data from the earlier chapters to (1) produce a suite of in situ simulation scenarios that study the effect of well arrangement on energy ratio and (2) evaluate costs and air quality issues associated with these scenarios.

This book details some of the problems experienced in the Soviet petroleum industry and includes a discussion on the downward trend in petroleum production. It reviews a geological assessment of the offshore region and presents a discussion of activities in the Soviet offshore waters.

This textbook provides an excellent overview of the two most common uses of coal: combustion and gasification. The authors, experts in the fields of combustion, coal structure, and coal combustion modeling, present detailed yet easy to understand information on the properties of coal, combustion mechanisms of pulverized coal and small coal particles, combustion in fluidized beds and the gasification process. Unlike other books on the subject, industrial applications and environmental aspects are covered in detail.

"Second Edition expands and updates information on the technological aspects of refining heavy oils, residua, bitumen, and other high-sulfur feedstocks. Focuses on the range of next-generation refining processes."

Dr. J. S. Laskowski has written several papers on frother-collector interactions and the effect of such interactions on flotation kinetics, and on frothers chemistry and frothing. He is founder and Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Coal Preparation. Dr. E. T. Woodburn has published numerous papers on flotation froth and flotation kinetics.
Frothing in Flotation, published in honor of Jan Leja, appeared in 1989. Many important contributions on various aspects of flotation froth properties and behavior and the relationship between froth appearance and flotation performance have appeared since, and this volume intends to summarize these achievements. Flotation kinetics involves a number of mass transfer processes with some of them being critically determined by the behavior of froth. Since froth is complex, and controlled experimentation is difficult, the froth phase was, until recently, either ignored or treated entirely empirically. With wide applications of flotation columns, the behavior of the froth is now often recognized as being dominant in determining flotation performance, and the research in this area is one of the most actively pursued.

Featuring a detailed analysis of current approval requirements and the relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders in general and with main focus on composite cylinders for storing compressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by the proposed approval procedure based on probabilistic safety assessment After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessments, the book details working procedures and improving cycles and (slow) bursts as methods for assessing residual strength. It then discusses methods for statistically evaluating test data, as well as sample- size and distribution-character considerations. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the performance sheets developed by the author. On this basis, it discusses safety as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, and explores aspects of artificial aging for simulating the end-of-life reliability level. Lastly, the book considers control and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction using destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods and correcting for under- and overestimates of safe lifetime. Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information enables manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and supports the improvement of current regulations and standards.

On January 1988, the ascertained and economically accessible reserves of Natural Gas (NG) amounted to over 144,000 billion cubic meters worldwide, corresponding to 124 billion tons of oil equivalents (comparable with the liquid oil reserves, which are estimated to be 138 billion TOE). It is hypothesized that the volume of NG reserve will continue to grow at the same rate of the last decade. Forecasts on production indicate a potential increase from about 2,000 billion cubic meters in 1990 to not more than 3,300 billion cubic meters in 2010, even in a high economic development scenario. NG consumption represents only one half of oil: 1.9 billion TOE/y as compared to 3.5 of oil. Consequently, in the future gas will exceed oil as a carbon atom source. In the future the potential for getting energetic vectors or petrochemicals from NG will continue to grow.

The topics covered in "Natural Gas Conversion V" reflect the large global R&D effort to look for new and economic ways of NG exploitation. These range from the direct conversion of methane and light paraffins to the indirect conversion through synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals. Particularly underlined and visible are the technologies already commercially viable.

These proceedings prove that mature and technologically feasible processes for natural gas conversion are already available and that new and improved catalytic approaches are currently developing, the validity and feasibility of which will soon be documented. This is an exciting area of modern catalysis, which will certainly open novel and rewarding perspectives for the chemical, energy and petrochemical industries.

Acknowledging the dearth of standardized data on the thermal behavior of natural and synthetic fuels, two widely respected experts in the field present 100 samples of organic substances characterized under identical conditions by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in addition to proximate analysis-providing accurate information essential in research and engineering applications related to fuel preparation. Discusses nonisothermal kinetic techniques, mathematical models, and other parameter estimation procedures that facilitate the extrapolation of results obtained under various conditions-including the Gaur and Reed method, an important advance in understanding the kinetics of thermal data Organizing thermograms by individual biomass components, Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels helps engineers identify reaction mechanisms as well as determine kinetic parameters accurately optimize conditions to favor one reaction over another obtain and interpret TG-DTA figures on temperature and rates of heterogeneous reactions, as well as the dynamics involved compare samples by changing the TG operating conditions to reveal how parameters from particle size to heating rate affect the decomposition pattern of solid samples improve comprehension of quantitative derivations due to mass and heat transfer and much more Practical and accessible, Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels is an excellent hands-on guide for chemical, petroleum, fuel, civil, environmental, and mining engineers; petroleum, fuel, physical, and analytical chemists; polymer and materials scientists; geologists; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

This book presents a thermodynamic and economic analysis of gas-gas systems in power plants, including combined heat and power systems, combined cooling, heat and power systems, hydrogen production facilities and compressed energy storage system. A configuration for high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor is also used as a heat source for the cycle. The book compares different technologies, such as gas-steam and gas-gas systems, using optimized cases. It presents mathematical models that return optimal thermodynamic parameters of the cycles, and applies a novel continuous-time model in order to perform an economic analysis as well. This book utilizes numerous illustrations and worked examples to thoroughly explain the technologies discussed, making it relevant for researchers, market analysts, decision makers, power engineers and students alike.

This book is a concise but well-organized introduction to nanotechnology (NT) which the upstream oil industry is now vigorously adapting to develop its own unique applications for improved oilfield operations and, oil and gas production. Its reader will learn nanotechnology fundamentals, be introduced to important NT products and applications from other industries and learn about the current state of development of various NT applications in the upstream oil industry, which include innovative use of nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery; drilling and completions; reservoir sensing; and production operations and flow assurance. Key Features Exclusive title on potential of nanoparticle-based agents and interventions for improving myriad of oilfield operations Unique guide for nanotechnology applications developers and users for oil and gas production Introduces nanotechnology for oil and gas managers and engineers Includes research data discussions relevant to field Offers a practical applications-oriented approach

Covering the principles of chromatographic separation, the chromatographic process from a physical chemical perspective, instrumentation for performing analyses, and operational procedures, this second edition offers information needed for the successful practice of gas chromatography. It contains examples of available apparatus, detectors, columns, stationary phases and operating conditions.

This book mainly introduces an essential safety concept and procedure for electrical engineering in oil and gas field. It begins by providing broad guidelines for performing electrical safety and operability review (ELSOR), giving reader a general overview of the field. It subsequently verifies electrical distribution, overhead line and hazardous area classification safety analysis together with comparison of different international codes and standards with China national codes, to interpret different safety concepts from different countries for electrical engineering in oil and gas field. This unique and complete co-design safety analysis will greatly benefit international electrical engineers and operators of oil and gas fields. This book is with vivid flow chart, accurate table expressing the analysis logic method and exact illustrations of code and standard of different country and area. This book stresses the electrical design safety for surface facilities of oil and gas oil field and will benefit to engineer who works with oil and gas field surface facilities engineering.

Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes is a complete treatise on all aspects of adsorptive processes. It covers all fundamental principles as well as process design and simulation of gas adsorption processes for separation and purification. This highly popular book in the field has now been reprinted and made available in paperback form.

Bridging the gap between the well-known technological description of gasification and the underlying theoretical understanding, this book covers the latest numerical and semi-empirical models describing interphase phenomena in high-temperature conversion processes. Consequently, it focuses on the description of gas-particle reaction systems by state-of-the-art computational models in an integrated, unified form. Special attention is paid to understanding and modeling the interaction between individual coal particles and a surrounding hot gas, including heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions inside the particle on the particle interface and near the interface between the solid and gas phases. While serving the needs of engineers involved in industrial research, development and design in the field of gasification technologies, this book's in-depth coverage makes it equally ideal for young and established researchers in the fields of thermal sciences and chemical engineering with a focus on heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions.

This book explains the place of oil in the economic and political predicaments that now confront the West. Thompson explains the problems that the rising cost of oil posed in the years leading up to the 2008 crash, and the difficulties that a volatile oil market now poses to economic recovery under the conditions of high debt, low growth and quantitative easing. The author argues that the 'Gordian knot' created by the economic and political dynamics of supply and demand oil in the present international economy poses a fundamental challenge to the assumption of economic progress embedded in Western democratic expectations.

This self-contained reference covers the chemistry, process chemistry, technology, engineering, and economics of methane conversion, including its environmental impact and commercial exploitation. Beginning with methane's availability and increasing importance as an environmentally acceptable natural resource alternative and feedstock, Methane and Its Derivatives elucidates derivative production by synthesis gas and methane conversion routes discusses methanol and ammonia synthesis, synthetic gasoline, and oxygenate fuels technologies presents data on critical, supercritical, and transport properties, chemical reactions and equilibria, and solubility introduces recent gas engineering techniques, from NOx and SOx removal, and membrane gas separation, to multiphase transport phenomena and cryogenic processes surveys contemporary analytical chemistry and trace component identification methodologies highlights current trends of petrochemical industries and much more

Contents:
Strategic, economic and environmental issues for transportation fuels; performance of ethanol as a transportation fuel; biomass ethanol market forces; envirnomental impacts of biomass ethanol; biomas feedstock resources and composition; cellelases - structure; function and applications; biocatalyst development for ethanol production from cellulosic hydrolysates; pretreatment; cellulase production; cellulose conversion; hemicellulose conversion; advanced process options for ethanol production from biomass; review of pilot plant programs for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol; methods for the chemical analysis of biomass; ethanol from corn - technology and economics.

Shale gas and/or oil play identification is subject to many screening processes for characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and brittleness. Evaluating shale gas and/or oil reservoirs and identifying potential sweet spots (portions of the reservoir rock that have high-quality kerogen content and brittle rock) requires taking into consideration multiple rock, reservoir, and geological parameters that govern production. The early determination of sweet spots for well site selection and fracturing in shale reservoirs is a challenge for many operators. With this limitation in mind, Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations develops an approach to improve the industry's ability to evaluate shale gas and oil plays and is structured to lead the reader from general shale oil and gas characteristics to detailed sweet-spot classifications. The approach uses a new candidate selection and evaluation algorithm and screening criteria based on key geomechanical, petrophysical, and geochemical parameters and indices to obtain results consistent with existing shale plays and gain insights on the best development strategies going forward. The work introduces new criteria that accurately guide the development process in unconventional reservoirs in addition to reducing uncertainty and cost.

On Petrocultures brings together key essays by Imre Szeman, a leading scholar in the field of energy humanities and a critical voice in debates about globalization and neoliberalism. Szeman's most important and influential essays, in dialogue with exciting new pieces written for the book, investigate ever-evolving circuits of power in the contemporary world, as manifested in struggles over space and belonging, redefinitions of work and individual autonomy, and the deep links between energy use and climate change. These essays explore life lived in the twenty-first century by examining critically the vocabulary through which capitalism makes sense of itself, focusing on concepts like the nation, globalization, neoliberalism, creativity, and entrepreneurship. At the heart of the volume is the concept of "petrocultures," which demands that we understand a fundamental fact of modern life: we are shaped by and through fossil fuels. Szeman argues that we cannot take steps to address global warming without fundamentally changing the social, cultural, and political norms and expectations developed in conjunction with the energy riches of the past century. On Petrocultures maps the significant challenge of our dependence on fossil fuels and probes ways we might begin to leave petrocultures behind.

This up-to-date reference provides state-of-the-art information on all processes currently used to manufacture lubricant base oils and waxes-offering practical, timesaving solutions for specific on-the-job problems. Furnishes helpful lists of conversion factors, construction cost data, and process licensors-as well as a glossary of essential petroleum processing terms Describing the properties of different types of crude oils, base oils, and waxes, Lubricant Base Oil and Wax Processing thoroughly details the basic steps involved in lubricant base oil and wax manufacturing, including distillation deasphalting extraction solvent and hydrogen refining solvent and catalytic dewaxing clay and hydrogen finishing and more

This work is based on the proceedings of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Spring National Meeting in Houston, Texas, March 28 to April 1, 1993. It details various facets of residue upgrading and distillate hydrotreating, stressing the importance of selective catalysts in aromatics reduction. New aromatics saturation processes for the production of very low-aromatic distillates are introduced.

Provides insights into the composition of petroleum, especially its heavy ends, and presents a review of modern methods for the analysis of heavy petroleum fractions, which are viewed as refinery feedstocks. The concept of an atmospheric equivalent boiling point (AEBP) scale increasing the boiling range almost threefold and allowing for the description of all crude oil fractions is introduced.

The first edition of the book Coal: Typology - Chemistry - Physics - Constitution appeared in 1961. In 1981 a new edition was published in which the text was unaltered proving that after 20 years the book was still considered a standard work in its field. The enormous activities in the 80's in the field of coal conversion processes (especially gasification and
liquefaction) and the equally amazing development of instrumental techniques of observation and analysis prompted a complete revision and update of the book. The present edition contains 1000 pages compared to the 514 pages of its predecessors of 1961 and 1981. The number of illustrations has greatly increased from 253 to 574 and that of the tables from 76 to 208. These figures amply testify to the increase in coal research.

Compared with its former editions, the present book treats a considerable number of new subjects: modern concepts of geotectonics and of organic geochemistry; the problem of pseudohomogeneity of vitrinite; developments of the classification and systematics of coals and coal components (macerals); an expose on electron microscopy and the most important instrumental physical methods of analysis (FTIR, NMR, ESCA and analytical pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy); the principles of physical-statistical structure analysis based on the concept of additivity of a large number of molar functions; a revision of Seyler's ideas of discrete steps in coalification; an essay on coal fluorescence; and the survey on magnetic properties - magnetic susceptibility and magnetic resonance - is considerably enlarged. A completely new chapter is added on cohesion and adhesion phenomena as found in coals. The chapter on solvent extraction and solubilisation is
significantly enlarged and new concepts are discussed. The actions of hydrogen, molecular oxygen and oxidising agents on coal are updated and a newly written chapter treats the grand processes of coal conversion (combustion, gasification, carbonisation and liquefaction). Coal constitution in its diverse aspects is revised with a practically complete survey of many proposed coal models. Essays on synthetic coal analogues and on the simulation of natural coalification are added. Also new is the compendium, a set of comprehensive tables, containing the most important numerical data of this book in a fully
comparative form.

Every chapter has its own bibliography, divided into general references (leading books on the treated subject) and special references, which are quotations of scientific papers discussed in the text. The extensive subject index, complete index of names and the compendium are provided in order to facilitate usage as an encyclopedic work.