Prof. Dr. -Ing. Wolfgang Spyra Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany The demilitarization and conversion of military properties wor- wide has been a topic of growing importance since the end of the Cold War. The slowing of the arms race brought on by weapons treaties and relaxed tensions between NATO and Warsaw Pact nations caused sto- piles of conventional weapons to become superfluous. The need to process and dispose of such weapons began more quickly in NATO countries. This demilitarization process began shortly after the reunification of Germany and was largely completed by the mid to late 1990's. The remaining process, no small task in itself, of converting lands formerly used by the military into safe and environmentally acceptable landscapes may continue for decades to come. Due to a lack of resources and technology, the process of demilitarization in the former Warsaw Pact countries has launched more slowly. In 2002 both Georgia and Moldova finished projects which destroyed their stocks of liquid ballistic missile components. Both these projects were carried out through the cooperative support of trans-national organizations, private contractors, and research institutions. The Republic of Azerbaijan now finds itself at the beginning of its demilitarization process. Stored at the country's military depots are over 2000 tons of missile fuels, oxidizer, and chemical additives. This hazardous waste is kept in tanks intended only for temporary transport and storage.

The most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of all the possible aspects for biofeedstock processing and the production of energy from biofeedstocks Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, as long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as "biofuels and biofeedstocks" is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the "energy pie." But biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published and the information widely disseminated to keep the industry informed of the state-of-the-art. This first volume in this groundbreaking new series is a collection of papers from some of the world's foremost authorities on biofeedstocks and biofuels, covering biofeedstocks and how they are processed. It is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, technician, or student working in this area. This initial volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series: * Covers all the aspects of biofeedstocks and their suitability as an alternative energy source * Covers all the updated protocols for biofeedstock processing * Is the only book covering biofeestocks and their processes in such a comprehensive manner, including biodiesel, bioethanol, biomass, and the future of bioenergy * Is suitable not only for the engineer working with biofeedstocks, but as a textbook for graduate students, post-doctoral students, and researchers

Here's the ideal tool if you're looking for a flexible, straightforward analysis system for your everyday design and operations decisions. This new third edition includes sections on stations, geographical information systems, "absolute" versus "relative" risks, and the latest regulatory developments. From design to day-to-day operations and maintenance, this unique volume covers every facet of pipeline risk management, arguably the most important, definitely the most hotly debated, aspect of pipelining today.
Now expanded and updated, this widely accepted standard reference guides you in managing the risks involved in pipeline operations. You'll also find ways to create a resource allocation model by linking risk with cost and customize the risk assessment technique to your specific requirements. The clear step-by-step instructions and more than 50 examples make it easy. This edition has been expanded to include offshore pipelines and distribution system pipelines as well as cross-country liquid and gas transmission pipelines.
The only comprehensive manual for pipeline risk managementUpdated material on stations, geographical information systems, "absolute" versus "relative" risks, and the latest regulatory developmentsSet the standards for global pipeline risk management

This is a valuable addition to any reservoir engineer's library, containing the basics of well testing methods as well as all of the latest developments in the field. Not only are "evergreen" subjects, such as layered reservoirs, naturally fractured reservoirs, and wellbore effects, covered in depth, but newer developments, such as well testing for horizontal wells, are covered in full chapters.
*Covers real-life examples and cases
*The most up-to-date information on oil well testing available
*The perfect reference for the engineer or textbook for the petroleum engineering student

This title deals exclusively with theory and practice of gas well testing, pressure transient analysis techniques, and analytical methods required to interpret well behavior in a given reservoir and evaluate reservoir quality, simulation efforts, and forecast producing capacity. A highly practical edition, this book is written for graduate students, reservoir/simulation engineers, technologists, geologists, geophysicists, and technical managers. The author draws from his extensive experience in reservoir/simulation, well testing, PVT analysis basics, and production operations from around the world and provides the reader with a thorough understanding of gas well test analysis basics. The main emphasis is on practical field application, where over 100 field examples are resented to illustrate basic methods for analysis. Simple solutions to the diffusivity equation are discussed and their physical meanings examined. Each chapter focuses in how to use the information gained in well testing to make engineering and economic decisions, and an overview of the current research models and their equations are discussed in relation to gas wells, homogenous, heterogeneous, naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs.
Handy, portable reference with thousands of equations and procedures.
There is currently no other reference or handbook on the market that focuses only on gas well testing.
Offers "one stop shopping" for the drilling and reservoir engineer on gas well testing issues.

Primarily this book describes the thermodynamics of gas turbine cycles. The search for high gas turbine efficiency has produced many variations on the simple "open circuit" plant, involving the use of heat exchangers, reheating and intercooling, water and steam injection, cogeneration and combined cycle plants. These are described fully in the text.

A review of recent proposals for a number of novel gas turbine cycles is also included. In the past few years work has been directed towards developing gas turbines which produce less carbon dioxide, or plants from which the CO2 can be disposed of; the implications of a carbon tax on electricity pricing are considered.

In presenting this wide survey of gas turbine cycles for power generation the author calls on both his academic experience (at Cambridge and Liverpool Universities, the Gas Turbine Laboratory at MIT and Penn State University) and his industrial work (primarily with Rolls Royce, plc.) The book will be essential reading for final year and masters students in mechanical engineering, and for practising engineers.

The perfect primer for both the layperson and the engineer, for the new hire and the old hand, describing, in easy-to-understand language, one of the biggest and most lucrative industries in the world. There is only one substance known to mankind that can cause wars, influence global economies, and make entire countries rich: petroleum. One teaspoon of the stuff carries enough energy to power a ton truck up a hill. It's in the news every single day, it influences our lives in ways that we cannot fathom, and it is the most important commodity in the world. But how much does the average person, even the average engineer, know about it? This book describes the petroleum industry, in easy-to-understand language, for both the layperson and engineer alike. From the economics of searching for oil and gas to the pitfalls of drilling and production, getting it out of the ground, into pipelines, into refineries, and, finally, into your gas tank, this book covers the petroleum industry like no other treatment before. There is coverage of pricing and the economics of this very important resource, as well, which is useful not only to engineers, but to economists and, really, anyone who uses it. From jet fuel to gasoline to natural gas and plastics, petroleum is one of the integral products of our lives. We are practically bathed it in from birth, our food is protected by it, and it even has healing properties. Learn all about this incredible substance and its fascinating history and highly debated future. An Introduction to Petroleum Technology, Economics, and Politics: * Gives a thorough summary of the petroleum and natural gas industry, from prospect to production to pipeline * New technologies, such as directional and underbalanced drilling, are covered, in easy-to-understand language * Useful not only for newcomers and laypersons, but for engineers and students, particularly those for whom English is a second language * Examines the basics of pricing and valuation

Most of the world's energy still comes from fossil fuels, and there are still many strides being made in the efficiency and cost effectiveness of extracting these important and increasingly more elusive natural resources. This is only possible if the nature of the emergence, evolution, and parameter estimation of high grade reservoir rocks at great depths is known and a theory of their forecast is developed. Over 60 percent of world oil production is currently associated with carbonate reservoir rocks. The exploration, appraisal and development of these fields are significantly complicated by a number of factors. These factors include the structural complexity of the carbonate complexes, variability of the reservoir rock types and properties within a particular deposit, many unknowns in the evaluation of fracturing and its spatial variability, and the preservation of the reservoir rock qualities with depth. The main objective of most studies is discovering patterns in the reservoir rock property changes of carbonate deposits of different genesis, composition and age. A short list of the unsolved issues includes: the role of facies environment in the carbonate formation; the major geologic factors affecting the formation of high-capacity reservoir rocks and preservation of their properties; recommendations as to the use of the new techniques in studies of the structural parameters; and establishing a correlation between the major evaluation parameters. The focus of this volume is to show the scientific and engineering community a revolutionary process. The author perfected an earlier developed methodology in studies of the void space structure (Bagrintseva's method, 1982). This methodology is based on carbonate rock saturation with luminophore and on special techniques in processing of photographs made under UV light. The luminophore technique was combined with the raster electron microscopy and its variation, the studies under the cathode luminescence regime. This combination enabled a more detailed study of the reservoir void space, the nonuniformity in the open fracture evolution, their morphology, length and variability of openness. Over recent years these techniques have found wide application. Useful for the veteran engineer or scientist and the student alike, this book is a must-have for any geologist, engineer, or student working in the field of upstream petroleum engineering.

How does fracking affect our children, grandchildren and future generations?
In "Just the Fracks Ma'am" Greg Kozera takes the mystery out of the fracking process. He explains a very technical process and issues associated with it in a way that they are easily understood by non-technical people. Greg is a master story teller and uses stories to make fracking understandable and his book memorable.

Newly revised, this is still the "must have" guide for any drilling, production, or petroleum engineer, with thousands of handy formulas and calculations that the engineer needs on a daily basis. Presented in an easy-to-use format, this second edition of Formulas and Calculations for Drilling Operations is a quick reference for day-to-day work out on the rig. It also serves as a handy study guide for drilling and well control certification courses. Virtually all the mathematics required on a drilling rig is here in one convenient source, including formulas for pressure gradient, specific gravity, pump, output, annular velocity, buoyancy factor, and many other topics. Whether open on your desk, on the hood of your truck at the well, or on an offshore platform, this is the only book available that covers the gamut of the formulas and calculations for petroleum engineers that have been compiled over decades. Some of these formulas and calculations have been used for decades, while others are meant to help guide the engineer through some of the more recent breakthroughs in the industry's technology, such as hydraulic fracturing and enhanced oil recovery. There is no other source for these useful formulas and calculations that is this thorough. An instant classic when the first edition was published, the much-improved revision is even better, offering new information not available in the first edition, making it as up-to-date as possible in book form. Truly a state-of-the-art masterpiece for the oil and gas industry, if there is only one book you buy to help you do your job, this is it!

This book shares the technical knowhow in the field of health, safety and environmental management, as applied to oil and gas industries and explains concepts through a simple and straightforward approach Provides an overview of health, safety and environmental (HSE) management as applied to offshore and petroleum engineering Covers the fundamentals of HSE and demonstrates its practical application Includes industry case studies and examples based on the author's experiences in both academia and oil and gas industries Presents recent research results Includes tutorials and exercises

This book deals with complex fluid characterization of oil and gas reservoirs, emphasizing the importance of PVT parameters for practical application in reservoir simulation and management. It covers modeling of PVT parameters, QA/QC of PVT data from lab studies, EOS modeling, PVT simulation and compositional grading and variation. It describes generation of data for reservoir engineering calculations in view of limited and unreliable data and techniques like downhole fluid analysis and photophysics of reservoir fluids. It discusses behavior of unconventional reservoirs, particularly for difficult resources like shale gas, shale oil, coalbed methane, reservoirs, heavy and extra heavy oils.

This work features presentations by international experts on mine environment and ventilation. Topics covered include analysis and design of ventilation systems, coal bed methane and gas modelling, dust generation and control, and heat flow, fan and face ventilation.

Fluid-Solid Interactions in Upstream Oil and Gas Applications, Volume 78 delivers comprehensive understanding of fluid-rock interactions in oil and gas reservoirs and their impact on drilling, production, and reservoir hydrocarbon management. The book is arranged based on intervals of the oil and gas production process and introduces the basics of reservoir fluids and their properties, along with the rheological behavior of solid-fluid systems across all stages of the reservoir, including drilling processes, acidizing, and fracking. The reference then addresses different application-specific issues, such as solid-fluid interactions in tight reservoirs, the applications of nanoparticles, interactions during the EOR processes, and environmental concerns.

Two general questions stood at the beginning of this PhD-thesis, namely: * What are the mechanisms which lead to the emergence and establishment of new technologies? * How can this process of technological change be influenced politically? In this sense, conceptual and theoretical interests were the early driving forces of the research work. This is also reflected in the considerable attention paid to the nature of technological change and political control. The result is an holistic per spective which builds on inputs from different disciplines and aims at dynamic interpretation. This, however, created a severe methodological problem: How could such a comprehensive perspective be used constructively? To develop this link between theory and forward-looking, policy-oriented analysis, and to devise a methodology which showed explicitly how this approach could be used in a con structive way were in fact the major challenges of this research project. The appli cation to the example of combined heat and power generation, and the comparison of the developments in the UK and in Germany serve the purpose to demonstrate how this approach and methodology can be implemented in practice. These as pects were also of particular interest to the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), one ofthe institutes of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, where most of the research work reported in this PhD-thesis was carried out.

Trade magazines and review articles describe MWD in casual terms, e.g., positive versus negative pulsers, continuous wave systems, drilling channel noise and attenuation, in very simple terms absent of technical rigor. However, few truly scientific discussions are available on existing methods, let alone the advances necessary for high-data-rate telemetry. Without a strong foundation building on solid acoustic principles, rigorous mathematics, and of course, fast, inexpensive and efficient testing of mechanical designs, low data rates will impose unacceptable quality issues to real-time formation evaluation for years to come. This all-new revised second edition of an instant classic promises to change all of this. The lead author and M.I.T.-educated scientist, Wilson Chin, has written the only book available that develops mud pulse telemetry from first principles, adapting sound acoustic principles to rigorous signal processing and efficient wind tunnel testing. In fact, the methods and telemetry principles developed in the book were recently adopted by one of the world's largest industrial corporations in its mission to redefine the face of MWD. The entire engineering history for continuous wave telemetry is covered: anecdotal stories and their fallacies, original hardware problems and their solutions, different noise mechanisms and their signal processing solutions, apparent paradoxes encountered in field tests and simple explanations to complicated questions, and so on, are discussed in complete "tell all" detail for students, research professors and professional engineers alike. These include signal processing algorithms, signal enhancement methods, and highly efficient "short" and "long wind tunnel" test methods, whose results can be dynamically re-scaled to real muds flowing at any speed. A must read for all petroleum engineering professionals!

Among renewable energy resources, Biodiesel fuel made from rapeseed is of special importance in Europe. Economical, technological, ecological and toxicological arguments have been advanced implying that, at present, Biodiesel is at best just a "niche" product that can only compete with traditional fossil diesel fuel because of significant tax incentives. Given the present state of knowledge in these very different areas, the decisive question to be asked is whether the competitiveness, and thus marketability, of Biodiesel can be enhanced by biotechnological manipulations of the rape plant.

MARK FINKELSTEIN National Renewable Energy Laboratory BRIAN H. DAVISON Oak Ridge National Laboratory The proceedings of the 19th symposium on Biotechnologyfor Fuels and Chemicals, held in Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 4-8, 1997, had over 200 attendees. This meeting continues to provide a unique forum for the presentation of new applications and recent research advances in the production of fuels and chemicals through biotech nology. The utilization of renewable resources, and in particular cellulosic biomass, has broad implications in today's world of green house gases, global warming, ozone layers, climate change, energy sustainability, and carbon emissions. It also has relevance to the chemical industry's continuing need to both lower current chemi cal production costs and produce novel chemicals. Biotechnology and bioprocessing are now making it possible to convert this bio mass to fuels and chemicals in a commercially attractive fashion. The 19th Symposium captures a wide range of technical topics from an academic, industrial, or government perspective. A vari ety of biomass feedstocks are discussed in Session 1, along with several updated and innovative pretreatment processing approaches. The ability to turn lignocellulosic materials into simple sugars offers great opportunities to generate cost-effective feed stocks to be used in biotechnological processes for the production of fuels and chemicals. Through the advent of genetic engineering, the development of a series of exciting new biocatalysts and microbes were presented in Session 2."

This book on PVT and Phase Behaviour Of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids is volume 47 in the Developments in Petroleum Science series. The chapters in the book are: Phase Behaviour Fundamentals, PVT Tests and Correlations, Phase Equilibria, Equations of State, Phase Behaviour Calculations, Fluid Characterisation, Gas Injection, Interfacial Tension, and Application in Reservoir Simulation.

This book Understanding Pore Space through Log Measurements deals with porosity, insight on pore shape connectedness, grain size, grain aspect ratio, permeability etc. Most of the published literature is focused on permeability from log measurements and log analytic techniques for porosity and fluid saturation determination. On the other hand, this book aims at looking at porosity distribution, pore shape, and pore connectedness using log measurements and thus bringing pore space into focus. A compilation of available knowledge from this perspective will lead the reader to better understanding of reservoir characterization takeaways, which exploration and exploitation managers and workers will be looking for.

Heavy crude oils and bitumen represent more than 50% of all hydrocarbons available on the planet. These feedstocks have a low amount of distillable material and high level of contaminants that make their production, transportation, and refining difficult and costly by conventional technologies. Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen is of interest to the petroleum industry mainly because of the advantages compared to aboveground counterparts. The author presents an in-depth account and a critical review of the progress of industry and academia in underground or In-Situ upgrading of heavy, extra-heavy oils and bitumen, as reported in the patent and open literature. This work is aimed to be a standalone monograph, so three chapters are dedicated to the composition of petroleum and fundamentals of crude oil production and refining. Key Features: Offers a multidisciplinary scope that will appeal to chemists, geologists, biologists, chemical engineers, and petroleum engineers Presents the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies considered Discusses economic and environmental considerations for all the routes evaluated and offers perspectives from experts in the field working with highlighted technologies

Petroleum engineers search through endless sources to understand oil and gas chemicals, identify root cause of the problems, and discover solutions while operations are becoming more unconventional and driving toward more sustainable practice. Oil and Gas Chemistry Management Series brings an all-inclusive suite of tools to cover all the sectors of oil and gas chemistry-related issues and chemical solutions from drilling and completion, to production, surface processing, and storage. The fourth reference in the series, Surface Process, Transportation, and Storage delivers the critical basics while also covering latest research developments and practical solutions. Organized by the type of challenges, this volume facilitates engineers to fully understand underlying theories, practical solutions, and keys for successful applications. Basics include produced fluids treating, foam control, pipeline drag reduction, and crude oil and natural gas storage, while more advanced topics cover CO2 recovery, shipment, storage, and utilization. Supported by a list of contributing experts from both academia and industry, this volume brings a necessary reference to bridge petroleum chemistry operations from theory into more cost-effective and sustainable practical applications.

The mooring system is a vital component of various floating facilities in the oil, gas, and renewables industries. However, there is a lack of comprehensive technical books dedicated to the subject. Mooring System Engineering for Offshore Structures is the first book delivering in-depth knowledge on all aspects of mooring systems, from design and analysis to installation, operation, maintenance and integrity management. The book gives beginners a solid look at the fundamentals involved during mooring designs with coverage on current standards and codes, mooring analysis and theories behind the analysis techniques. Advanced engineers can stay up-to-date through operation, integrity management, and practical examples provided. This book is recommended for students majoring in naval architecture, marine or ocean engineering, and allied disciplines in civil or mechanical engineering. Engineers and researchers in the offshore industry will benefit from the knowledge presented to understand the various types of mooring systems, their design, analysis, and operations.

Leverage Big Data analytics methodologies to add value to geophysical and petrophysical exploration data Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models demonstrates a new approach to geophysics and petrophysics data analysis using the latest methods drawn from Big Data. Written by two geophysicists with a combined 30 years in the industry, this book shows you how to leverage continually maturing computational intelligence to gain deeper insight from specific exploration data. Case studies illustrate the value propositions of this alternative analytical workflow, and in-depth discussion addresses the many Big Data issues in geophysics and petrophysics. From data collection and context through real-world everyday applications, this book provides an essential resource for anyone involved in oil and gas exploration. Recent and continual advances in machine learning are driving a rapid increase in empirical modeling capabilities. This book shows you how these new tools and methodologies can enhance geophysical and petrophysical data analysis, increasing the value of your exploration data. * Apply data-driven modeling concepts in a geophysical and petrophysical context * Learn how to get more information out of models and simulations * Add value to everyday tasks with the appropriate Big Data application * Adjust methodology to suit diverse geophysical and petrophysical contexts Data-driven modeling focuses on analyzing the total data within a system, with the goal of uncovering connections between input and output without definitive knowledge of the system's physical behavior. This multi-faceted approach pushes the boundaries of conventional modeling, and brings diverse fields of study together to apply new information and technology in new and more valuable ways. Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models takes you beyond traditional deterministic interpretation to the future of exploration data analysis.

Good engineers never stop looking for opportunities to improve the performance of their production systems. Performance enhancement methods are always carefully examined, and production data is analyzed in order to identify determining factors affecting performance. The two main activities of the production engineer in the petroleum and related industries are reservoir stimulation and artificial lift. The classic solution to maximizing a well's productivity is to stimulate it. The basis for selecting stimulation candidates should be a review of the well's actual and theoretical IPR. Low permeability wells often need fracturing on initial completion. In low permeability zones, additional post stimulation production can be significant to the economics, however, the production engineer needs to make management aware of the true long term potential or else overly optimistic projections can easily be made. The main purpose of stimulation is to enhance the property value by the faster delivery of the petroleum fluid and/or to increase ultimate economic recovery. The aim of reservoir stimulation is to bypass near-wellbore damage and return a well to its "natural" productivity / injectivity, to extend a conductive path deep into a formation and thus increase productivity beyond the natural level and to produce hydrocarbon from tight formation. The importance of reservoir stimulation is increasing due to following reasons: * Hydrocarbon fields in their mid-life * Production in these fields are in declining trend * The thrust area: Enhancement of production Hence, to improve productivity of the well matrix stimulation and hydraulic fracturing are intended to remedy, or even improve, the natural connection of the wellbore with the reservoir, which could delay the need for artificial lift. This book presents procedures taken in the Oil & Gas Industry for identifying well problems, and it suggests means of solving problems with the help of the Coil Tube unit which is used for improving well productivity and techniques like Acidizing and Hydraulic Fracturing.