Petroleum refining and the petrochemical industry play an important role in the current world economy. They provide the platform to convert basic raw materials into many essential products, ranging from transportation fuels (such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and gas oil) to basic and intermediate materials for petrochemical industries and many other valuable chemical products. Advanced Catalysis Processes in Petrochemicals and Petroleum Refining: Emerging Research and Opportunities is an essential comprehensive research publication that provides knowledge on refining processes that could be integrated by the petrochemical industry and discusses how to integrate refining products with petrochemical industries through the use of new technologies. Featuring a range of topics such as biofuel production, environmental sustainability, and biorefineries, this book is ideal for engineers, chemists, industry professionals, policymakers, researchers, academicians, and petrochemical companies.

This book covers the fundamentals of reservoir engineering in the recovery of hydrocarbons from underground reservoirs. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic, including discussion of recovery processes, material balance, fluid properties and fluid flow. It also contains details of multiphase flow, including pore-scale displacement processes and their impact on relative permeability, with a presentation of analytical solutions to multiphase flow equations. Created specifically to aid students through undergraduate and graduate courses, this book also includes exercises with worked solutions, and examples of previous exam papers for further guidance and practice.As part of the Imperial College Lectures in Petroleum Engineering, and based on a lecture series on the same topic, Reservoir Engineering provides the introductory information needed for students of the earth sciences, petroleum engineering, engineering and geoscience.

Due to an increase in the wide-range of chemicals in petrochemical processing industries, as well as frequency of use, there has been a steady rise in flammability problems and other hazards. Hazardous Area Classification in Petroleum and Chemical Plants: A Guide to Mitigating Risk outlines the necessities of explosion protection in oil, gas and chemical industries, and discusses fire and occupancy hazards, extinguishing methods, hazard identification, and classification of materials. This book addresses these issues and concerns and presents a simple hazard identification system to help offset future problems. It offers information on the hazards of various materials and their level of severity as it relates to fire prevention, exposure, and control. The system provides an alerting signal and on-the-spot information to help protect lives in an industrial plant or storage location during fire emergencies. Understanding the hazard helps to ensure that the process equipment is properly selected, installed, and operated to provide a safe operating system. This text also includes a summary of the rules, methods, and requirements for fighting a fire, introduces various hazard identification systems. * Includes a summary of the rules, methods, and requirements needed to extinguish a fire * Introduces various hazard identification systems * Includes concepts for layout and spacing of equipment in process plants The book serves as resource for plant design engineers as well as plant protection and safety personnel in planning for effective firefighting operations.

To meet human energy needs, the use of fossil fuels is set to continue well into the second half of the 21st century. In order to avoid irreversible climate change, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) must be integrated into industrial processes. Mineral carbonation (MC) is increasingly seen as an effective technology solution for CCS of CO2. With the potential to sequester billions of tonnes per year, remarkable developments in mineral carbonation technology are taking place, particularly in USA, Australia and the European Union.This book brings together some of the world's leading experts in the field of sequestration to provide a critical assessment of progress to date. Chapters cover the resources available for MC, and also give a critical analysis of the technologies developed for sequestering carbon from industrial and power plants, including the use of the resultant carbonated product. The studies conclude with evaluation of key technical and economic obstacles which need to be addressed for future research, development and application. CO2 Sequestration by Ex-Situ Mineral Carbonation is essential reading for engineers, chemists and materials scientists in graduate or research positions, and for those interested in sustainability, the environment and ecology.

Creates a wide-ranging knowledge base on gas sensor design and fabrication work as applied to industrial and hazardous sectors Provides restructured literature for researchers and academicians working in the field of design and fabrication of gas sensors. Delivers state-of-the-art work going on in the domain, including micro- and nano-sensors Covers the whole range of gas-sensing aspects, from basics, synthesis, and processing to characterization, testing, and application development Serves as a ready reckoner with a wealth of information to aspiring graduate and postdoctoral researchers engaged in the gas-sensing domain

This monograph covers different aspects related to utilization of alternative fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines with a focus on biodiesel, dimethyl ether, alcohols, biogas, etc. The focal point of this book is to present engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of IC engines fueled by these alternative fuels. A section of this book also covers the potential strategies of utilization of these alternative fuels in an energy efficient manner to reduce the harmful pollutants emitted from IC engines. It presents the comparative analysis of different alternative fuels in a variety of engines to show the appropriate alternative fuel for specific types of engines. This book will prove useful for both researchers as well as energy experts and policy makers.

This book is an introduction to oil and gas designed to be both accessible to absolute beginners who know nothing about the subject, and at the same time interesting to people who work in one area (such as drilling or seismic exploration) and would like to know about other areas (such as production offshore, or how oil and gas were formed, or what can go wrong).It begins by discussing oil and gas in the broader context of human society, and goes on to examine what they consist of, how and where they were formed, how we find them, how we drill for them and how we measure them. It describes production onshore and offshore, and examines in detail some instructive mishaps, including some that are well known, such as Deepwater Horizon and Piper Alpha, and other lesser known incidents. It looks at recent developments, such as shale oil, and concludes with some speculation about the future. It includes many references for readers who would like to read further. Mathematical content is minimal.

This book is an introduction to oil and gas designed to be both accessible to absolute beginners who know nothing about the subject, and at the same time interesting to people who work in one area (such as drilling or seismic exploration) and would like to know about other areas (such as production offshore, or how oil and gas were formed, or what can go wrong).It begins by discussing oil and gas in the broader context of human society, and goes on to examine what they consist of, how and where they were formed, how we find them, how we drill for them and how we measure them. It describes production onshore and offshore, and examines in detail some instructive mishaps, including some that are well known, such as Deepwater Horizon and Piper Alpha, and other lesser known incidents. It looks at recent developments, such as shale oil, and concludes with some speculation about the future. It includes many references for readers who would like to read further. Mathematical content is minimal.

Petroleum Geology of Libya, Second Edition, systematically reviews the exploration history, plate tectonics, structural evolution, stratigraphy, geochemistry and petroleum systems of Libya, and includes valuable new chapters on oil and gas fields, production, and reserves. Since the previous edition, published in 2002, there have been numerous developments in Libya, including the lifting of sanctions, a new licensing system, with licensing rounds in 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007, many new exploratory wells, discoveries and field developments, and a change of regime. A large amount of new data has been published on the geology of Libya in the past fourteen years, but it is widely scattered through the literature. Much of the older data has been superseded, and several of the key publications, especially those published in Libya, are difficult to access. This second edition provides an updated source of reference which incorporates much new information, particularly on petroleum systems, reserves, oil and gas fields, play fairways, and remaining potential. It presents the results of recent research and a detailed description of Libyan offshore geology. The book includes an extensive and comprehensive bibliography.

The blowout of the Deepwater Horizon and subsequent underground oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 is considered by many to be the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history. Interest groups, public officials, and media organizations have spent considerable time documenting the economic and ecological impacts of this spill as well as the causes of the spill, ostensibly to prevent future disasters of this magnitude. However, rather than an unbiased search for answers, such investigations involve strategic efforts by a variety of political actors to define the spill and its causes in ways that lead to their preferred policy solutions. Framing Environmental Disaster evaluates the causal stories that environmental groups tell about the spill and develops theoretical propositions about the role of such stories in the policy process. Which actors do groups hold responsible, and how do groups use blame attributions to advance their policy agendas? Constructing a creative methodological approach which includes content analysis drawn from blog posts, emails, press releases, and testimony before Congress and insights and quotations drawn from interviews with environmental group representatives, Melissa K. Merry argues that interest groups construct causal explanations long before investigations of policy problems are complete and use focusing events to cast blame for a wide range of harms not directly tied to the events themselves. In doing so, groups seek to take full advantage of "windows of opportunity" resulting from crises. An indispensable resource for scholars of public policy and environmental politics and policy, this book sheds new light on the implications of the gulf disaster for energy politics and policies while advancing scholarly understandings of the role of framing and causal attribution in the policy process.

Concerns over energy resources and the environmental impact of energy use will continue to be part of the polical agenda across the globe. World Scientific's unique series of books on Current Energy Issues is intended, in part, as an expansion and update of the material contained in the World Scientific Handbook of Energy but in part each volume will focus on related energy resources or issues that contain a broader range of topics plus more explanatory text than was possible in the Handbook. The authors will also take the opportunity to update the data presented in the Handbook since in many cases the field is rapidly changing.The Fossil Fuels volume focuses on the main fossil resources, viz. coal, oil and natural gas. Coal is still an extremely important resource especially for electricity production around the world and the book discussed methods for making coal a cleaner resource, including carbon sequestration. There has been a rapid change in the mix of fossil fuels mainly because of hydraulic fracturing which enables oil and gas to be extracted from previously inaccessible formations. The book describes this changing situation including the precautions required to make the production of these fuels safe and environmentally benign. Alternative fossil fuels such as methane hydrates are also discussed.

This update of Marshall Parker's classic text contains the latest "hands-on" information for taking measurements and making the calculations necessary for cathodic protection of buried pipe lines. Essentially a practical field manual for corrosion technicians and engineers, it is a simple and direct introduction to the fundamentals of a complex subject.
The contents cover soil resistivity surveys, potential surveys, line currents, current requirement surveys, rectifier systems for coated lines, ground bed design and installation, galvanic anodes on coated lines, hot spot protection, bond protection, stray current electrolysis, interference, operation and maintenance, and coating inspection and testing. There are also helpful appendixes that explain the fundamentals of underground corrosion, basic principles of cathodic protection, tables of properties of metals, and attenuation equations.
While other books on corrosion are sometimes too theoretical for practical work, Pipe Line Corrosion and Cathodic Protection, Third Edition, shows you how to take actual field measurements and apply them to design a well-protected system.

Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Fourth Edition provides users with tactics that will help them understand rock-fluid interaction, a fundamental step that is necessary for all reservoir engineers to grasp in order to achieve the highest reservoir performance. The book brings the most comprehensive coverage on the subject matter, and is the only training tool for all reservoir and production engineers entering the oil and gas industry. This latest edition is enhanced with new real-world case studies, the latest advances in reservoir characterization, and a new chapter covering unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, including coverage on production techniques, reservoir characteristics, and the petrophysical properties of tight gas sands from NMR logs.

This book presents and describes an innovative method to simulate the growth of natural fractural networks in different geological environments, based on their geological history and fundamental geomechanical principles. The book develops techniques to simulate the growth and interaction of large populations of layer-bound fracture directly, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and subcritical propagation theory. It demonstrates how to use these techniques to model the nucleation, propagation and interaction of layer-bound fractures in different orientations around large scale geological structures, based on the geological history of the structures. It also explains how to use these techniques to build more accurate discrete fracture network (DFN) models at a reasonable computational cost. These models can explain many of the properties of natural fracture networks observed in outcrops, using actual outcrop examples. Finally, the book demonstrates how it can be incorporated into flow modelling workflows using subsurface examples from the hydrocarbon and geothermal industries. Modelling the Evolution of Natural Fracture Networks will be of interest to anyone curious about understanding and predicting the evolution of complex natural fracture networks across large geological structures. It will be helpful to those modelling fluid flow through fractures, or the geomechanical impact of fracture networks, in the hydrocarbon, geothermal, CO2 sequestration, groundwater and engineering industries.

While international negotiations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been less than satisfactory, there is a presumption that a significant level of multi-lateral commitment will be realized at some point. International air and marine travel have been left to one side in past talks because the pursuit of agreement proceeds on the basis of commitment by sovereign nations and the effects of these specific commercial activities are, by their nature, difficult to corral and assign to specific national jurisdictions. However, air travel is increasing and, unless something is done, emissions from this segment of our world economy will form a progressively larger percentage of the total, especially as emissions fall in other activities. This book focuses on fuel. The aim is to provide background in technical and policy terms, from the broadest reliable sources of information available, for the necessary discourse on society's reaction to the evolving aviation emissions profile. It considers what policy has been, why and how commercial air travel is committed to its current liquid fuel, how that fuel can be made without using fossil-source materials, and the barriers to change. It also advances some elements of policy remedies that make sense in providing an environmentally and economically sound way forward in a context that comprehends a more complete vision of sustainability than 'renewable fuels' traditionally have. The goal of Will Sustainability Fly? is to broaden and contextualize the knowledge resource available to academics, policy makers, air industry leaders and stakeholders, and interested members of the public.

One principal need in petroleum recovery from carbonate reservoirs is the description of the three-dimensional distribution of petrophysical properties in order to improve performance predictions by means of fluid-flow computer simulations. The book focuses on a rock based approach for the integration of geological, petrophysical, and geostatistical methods to construct a reservoir model suitable to input into flow simulation programs. This second edition includes a new chapter on model construction and new examples of limestone, dolostone, and touching-vug reservoir models as well as improved chapters on basic petrophysical properties, rock-fabric/petrophysical relationships, calibration of wireline logs, and sequence stratigraphy.

The book reports on the results of the BrenaRo Winterschool 2011, held on November 21-22 in Aachen, Germany. The different chapters cover a number of aspects of the topic of energy generation, with a particular focus on energy generation from biomass. They presents new findings concerning engine development, process engineering, and biological and chemical conversion of biomass to fuels, and highlight the importance of an interdisciplinary approach, combining chemistry, biology and engineering research, to the use of renewable energy sources. All in all, this book provides readers with a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in renewable energy conversion, and gives an overview of the ongoing work in this field in Germany.

Harness State-of-the-Art Computational Modeling Tools Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers successfully establishes the use of computational modeling as an effective means to simulate and enhance boiler performance. This text factors in how computational flow models can provide a framework for developing a greater understanding of the underlying processes in PC boilers. It also provides a detailed account of the methodology of computational modeling of pulverized coal boilers, as well as an apt approach to modeling complex processes occurring in PC boilers in a manageable way. Connects Modeling with Real-Life Applications Restricted to the combustion side of the boiler (the authors assume some prior background of reaction engineering and numerical techniques), the book describes the individual aspects of combustion and heat recovery sections of PC boilers that can be used to further improve the design methodologies, optimize boiler performance, and solve practical boiler-related problems. The book provides guidelines on implementing the material in commercial CFD solvers, summarizes key points, and presents relevant case studies. It can also be used to model larger boilers based on conventional, super-critical, or ultra-super critical technologies as well as based on oxy-fuel technologies. Consisting of six chapters, this functional text: Provides a general introduction Explains the overall approach and methodology Explores kinetics of coal pyrolysis (devolatilization) and combustion and methods of its evaluation Presents computational flow modeling approach to simulate pulverized coal fired boiler Covers modeling aspects from formulation of model equations to simulation methodology Determines typical results obtained with computational flow models Discusses the phenomenological models or reactor network models Includes practical applications of computational modeling Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers explores the potential of computational models for better engineering of pulverized coal boilers, providing an ideal resource for practicing engineers working in utility industries. It also benefits boiler design companies, industrial consultants, R & D laboratories, and engineering scientists/research students.

Corrosion is a naturally occurring cost, worth billions in the oil and gas sector. New regulations, stiffer penalties for non-compliance and aging assets are all leading companies to develop new technology, procedures and bigger budgets catering to one prevailing method of prevention, cathodic protection. Cathodic Corrosion Protection Systems: A Guide for Oil and Gas Industries trains on all the necessary reports, inspection criteria, corrective measures and critical standards needed on various oil and gas equipment, structures, tanks, and pipelines. Demands in the cathodic protection market have driven development for better devices and methods, helping to prolong the equipment and pipeline's life and integrity. Going beyond just looking for leaks, this handbook gives the engineer and manager all the necessary tools needed to put together a safe cathodic protection system, whether it is for buried casing while drilling, offshore structures or submarine pipelines.

Revised to include current components considered for today's unconventional and multi-fracture grids, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition explains one of the most important features for fracture design - the ability to predict the geometry and characteristics of the hydraulically induced fracture. With two-thirds of the world's oil and natural gas reserves committed to unconventional resources, hydraulic fracturing is the best proven well stimulation method to extract these resources from their more remote and complex reservoirs. However, few hydraulic fracture models can properly simulate more complex fractures. Engineers and well designers must understand the underlying mechanics of how fractures are modeled in order to correctly predict and forecast a more advanced fracture network. Updated to accommodate today's fracturing jobs, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition enables the engineer to: Understand complex fracture networks to maximize completion strategies Recognize and compute stress shadow, which can drastically affect fracture network patterns Optimize completions by properly modeling and more accurately predicting for today's hydraulic fracturing completions

Canada is a well-endowed country that serves as an ideal model to lead the reader through the development of energy, resources, and society historically and into a post-carbon future. The book provides an historical perspective and describes the physical resource limitations, energy budgets, and climate realities that will determine the potential for any transition to renewable energy. Political and social realities, including jurisdiction and energy equality issues, are addressed. However, we cannot simply mandate or legislate policies according to social and political aspirations. Policies must comply with the realities of physical laws, such as the energy return on investment (EROI) for fossil-fuel based and renewable energy systems. EROI is discussed in both historical terms and in reference to the greater efficiencies inherent in a distributed generation, mainly electric, post-carbon society. Meyer explores the often misleading concepts and terms that have become embedded in society and tend to dictate our policy making, as well as the language, social and personal goals, and metrics that need to change before the physical transition can begin at the required scale. This book also reviews what nations have been doing thus far in terms of renewables, including the successes and failures in Canada and across the globe. Ontario's green energy fiasco, and a comparison of the different circumstances of Norway and Alberta, for example, are covered as part of the author's comparison of a wide range of countries. What are the achievements, plans, and problems that determine how well different countries are positioned to make "the transition"? The transition path is complex, and the tools we need to develop and the physical infrastructure investments we need to make, are daunting. At some point in time, Canada and Canadians, like all nations, will be living on 100% renewable energy. Whether the social and technological level that endures sees us travelling to the stars, or subsisting at a standard of living more similar to the pre-fossil fuel era, is far from certain.

Fossil fuels propelled industries and nations into the modern age and continue to powerfully influence economies and politics today. As "Energy Capitals" demonstrates, the discovery and exploitation of fossil fuels has proven to be a mixed blessing in many of the cities and regions where it has occurred.
With case studies from the United States, Canada, Mexico, Norway, Africa, and Australia, this volume views a range of older and more recent energy capitals, contrasts their evolutions, and explores why some capitals were able to influence global trends in energy production and distribution while others failed to control even their own destinies. Chapters show how local and national politics, social structures, technological advantages, education systems, capital, infrastructure, labor force, supply and demand, and other factors have affected the ability of a region to develop and control its own fossil fuel reserves. The contributors also view the environmental impact of energy industries and demonstrate how, in the depletion of reserves or a shift to new energy sources, regions have or have not been able to recover economically.
The cities of Tampico, Mexico, and Port Gentil, Gabon, have seen their oil deposits exploited by international companies with little or nothing to show in return and at a high cost environmentally. At the opposite extreme, Houston, Texas, has witnessed great economic gain from its oil, natural gas, and petrochemical industries. Its growth, however, has been tempered by the immense strain on infrastructure and the human transformation of the natural environment. In another scenario, Perth, Australia, Calgary, Alberta, and Stavanger, Norway have benefitted as the closest established cities with administrative and financial assets for energy production that was developed hundreds of miles away.
Whether coal, oil, or natural gas, the essays offer important lessons learned over time and future considerations for the best ways to capture the benefits of energy development while limiting the cost to local populations and environments.

Climate change is a huge challenge to humanity in the 21th century. In view of China's recent pledge to the international community to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, this book examines climate mitigation and adaptation efforts in China through the prism of the steel sector, and it does so from three interrelated perspectives, i.e., policy, technology, and market. The book argues that in developing the country's strategy towards green growth, over the years there has been a positive and interactive relationship between China's international commitments and domestic agenda setting in mitigation and adaptation to the impact of climate change. To illustrate China's efforts, two special areas, i.e., carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and emissions-trading system (ETS), have received focused examination. Along the spectrum of low-carbon, zero-carbon, and negative-carbon strategies, this study ends with a simulation model which outlines different policy scenarios, challenges, and uncertainties, as China moves further on, trying to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. The book will be of interest to scholars, policy-makers, and business executives who want to understand China's growing role in the world.

Updated and better than ever, "Design of Gas-Handling Systems and Facilities, 3rd Edition "includes greatly expanded chapters on gas-liquid separation, gas sweetening, gas liquefaction, and gas dehydration information necessary and critical to production and process engineers and designers. Natural gas is at the forefront of today's energy needs, and this book walks you through the equipment and processes used in gas-handling operations, including conditioning and processing, to help you effectively design and manage your gas production facility. Taking a logical approach from theory into practical application, "Design of Gas-Handling Systems and Facilities, 3rd Edition "contains many supporting equations as well as detailed tables and charts to facilite process design. Based on real-world case studies and experience, this must-have training guide is a reference that no natural gas practitioner and engineer should be without.
Packed with charts, tables, and diagramsFeatures the prerequisite ASME and API codesUpdated chapters on gas-liquid separation, gas sweetening, gas liquefaction and gas dehydration"

"This book is fast becoming the standard text in its field," wrote a reviewer in the Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology soon after the first appearance of Dake's book. This prediction quickly came true: it has become the standard text and has been reprinted many times. The author's
aim - to provide students and teachers with a coherent account of the basic physics of reservoir engineering - has been most successfully achieved. No prior knowledge of reservoir engineering is necessary. The material is dealt with in a concise, unified and applied manner, and only the simplest and most straightforward mathematical techniques are used. This low-priced paperback edition will continue to be an invaluable teaching aid for years to come.