Modern algorithmic techniques for summation, most of which were introduced in the 1990s, are developed here and carefully implemented in the computer algebra system Maple (TM). The algorithms of Fasenmyer, Gosper, Zeilberger, Petkovsek and van Hoeij for hypergeometric summation and recurrence equations, efficient multivariate summation as well as q-analogues of the above algorithms are covered. Similar algorithms concerning differential equations are considered. An equivalent theory of hyperexponential integration due to Almkvist and Zeilberger completes the book. The combination of these results gives orthogonal polynomials and (hypergeometric and q-hypergeometric) special functions a solid algorithmic foundation. Hence, many examples from this very active field are given. The materials covered are suitable for an introductory course on algorithmic summation and will appeal to students and researchers alike.

In a book written for mathematicians, teachers of mathematics, and highly motivated students, Harold Edwards has taken a bold and unusual approach to the presentation of advanced calculus. He begins with a lucid discussion of differential forms and quickly moves to the fundamental theorems of calculus and Stokes theorem. The result is genuine mathematics, both in spirit and content, and an exciting choice for an honors or graduate course or indeed for any mathematician in need of a refreshingly informal and flexible reintroduction to the subject. For all these potential readers, the author has made the approach work in the best tradition of creative mathematics.

This affordable softcover reprint of the 1994 edition presents the diverse set of topics from which advanced calculus courses are created in beautiful unifying generalization. The author emphasizes the use of differential forms in linear algebra, implicit differentiation in higher dimensions using the calculus of differential forms, and the method of Lagrange multipliers in a general but easy-to-use formulation. There are copious exercises to help guide the reader in testing understanding. The chapters can be read in almost any order, including beginning with the final chapter that contains some of the more traditional topics of advanced calculus courses. In addition, it is ideal for a course on vector analysis from the differential forms point of view.

The professional mathematician will find here a delightful example of mathematical literature; the student fortunate enough to have gone through this book will have a firm grasp of the nature of modern mathematics and a solid framework to continue to more advanced studies.

"The most important feature is that it is fun it is fun to read the exercises, it is fun to read the comments printed in the margins, it is fun simply to pick a random spot in the book and begin reading. This is the way mathematics should be presented, with an excitement and liveliness that show why we are interested in the subject."

The American Mathematical Monthly (First Review)

"An inviting, unusual, high-level introduction to vector calculus, based solidly on differential forms. Superb exposition: informal but sophisticated, down-to-earth but general, geometrically rigorous, entertaining but serious. Remarkable diverse applications, physical and mathematical."

The American Mathematical Monthly (1994) Based on the Second Edition"

"Descriptive Topology in Selected Topics of Functional Analysis" is a collection of recent developments in the field of descriptive topology, specifically focused on the classes of infinite-dimensional topological vector spaces that appear in functional analysis. Such spaces include Frechet spaces, (LF)-spaces and their duals, and the space of continuous real-valued functions C(X) on a completely regular Hausdorff space X, to name a few. These vector spaces appear in functional analysis in distribution theory, differential equations, complex analysis, and various other analytical settings. This monograph provides new insights into the connections between the topological properties of linear function spaces and their applications in functional analysis.

Ne as' book "Direct Methods in the Theory of Elliptic Equations," published 1967 in French, has become a standard reference for the mathematical theory of linear elliptic equations and systems. This English edition, translated by G. Tronel and A. Kufner, presents Ne as' work essentially in the form it was published in 1967. It gives a timeless and in some sense definitive treatment of a number issues in variational methods for elliptic systems and higher order equations. The text is recommended to graduate students of partial differential equations, postdoctoral associates in Analysis, and scientists working with linear elliptic systems. In fact, any researcher using the theory of elliptic systems will benefit from having the book in his library.

The volume gives a self-contained presentation of the elliptic theory based on the "direct method," also known as the variational method. Due to its universality and close connections to numerical approximations, the variational method has become one of the most important approaches to the elliptic theory. The method does not rely on the maximum principle or other special properties of the scalar second order elliptic equations, and it is ideally suited for handling systems of equations of arbitrary order. The prototypical examples of equations covered by the theory are, in addition to the standard Laplace equation, Lame's system of linear elasticity and the biharmonic equation (both with variable coefficients, of course). General ellipticity conditions are discussed and most of the natural boundary condition is covered. The necessary foundations of the function space theory are explained along the way, in an arguably optimal manner. The standard boundary regularity requirement on the domains is the Lipschitz continuity of the boundary, which "when going beyond the scalar equations of second order" turns out to be a very natural class. These choices reflect the author's opinion that the Lame system and the biharmonic equations are just as important as the Laplace equation, and that the class of the domains with the Lipschitz continuous boundary (as opposed to smooth domains) is the most natural class of domains to consider in connection with these equations and their applications.

Many problems arising in the physical sciences, engineering, biology and ap plied mathematics lead to mathematical models described by nonlinear integral equations in abstract spaces. The theory of nonlinear integral equations in ab stract spaces is a fast growing field with important applications to a number of areas of analysis as well as other branches of science. This book is devoted to a comprehensive treatment of nonlinear integral equations in abstract spaces. It is the first book that is dedicated to a systematic development of this subject, and it includes the developments during recent years. Chapter 1 introduces some basic results in analysis, which will be used in later chapters. Chapter 2, which is a main portion of this book, deals with nonlin ear integral equations in Banach spaces, including equations of Fredholm type, of Volterra type and equations of Hammerstein type. Some applica equations tions to nonlinear differential equations in Banach spaces are given. We also discuss an integral equation modelling infectious disease as a typical applica tion. In Chapter 3, we investigate the first order and second order nonlinear integro-differential equations in Banach spaces including equations of Volterra type and equations of mixed type. Chapter 4 is devoted to nonlinear impulsive integral equations in Banach spaces and their applications to nonlinear impul sive differential equations in Banach spaces."

This paper is a largely expository account of the theory of p x p matrix polyno mials associated with Hermitian block Toeplitz matrices and some related problems of interpolation and extension. Perhaps the main novelty is the use of reproducing kernel Pontryagin spaces to develop parts of the theory in what hopefully the reader will regard as a reasonably lucid way. The topics under discussion are presented in a series of short sections, the headings of which give a pretty good idea of the overall contents of the paper. The theory is a rich one and the present paper in spite of its length is far from complete. The author hopes to fill in some of the gaps in future publications. The story begins with a given sequence h_n" ... , hn of p x p matrices with h-i = hj for j = 0, ... , n. We let k = O, ... ,n, (1.1) denote the Hermitian block Toeplitz matrix based on ho, ... , hk and shall denote its 1 inverse H k by (k)] k [ r = .. k = O, ... ,n, (1.2) k II} . '-0 ' I- whenever Hk is invertible.

In this volume we will present some applications of special functions in computer science. This largely consists of adaptations of articles that have appeared in the literature . Here they are presented in a format made accessible for the non-expert by providing some context. The material on group representations and Young tableaux is introductory in nature. However, the algebraic approach of Chapter 2 is original to the authors and has not appeared previously . Similarly, the material and approach based on Appell states, so formulated, is presented here for the first time . As in all volumes of this series, this one is suitable for self-study by researchers . It is as well appropriate as a text for a course or advanced seminar . The solutions are tackled with the help of various analytical techniques, such as g- erating functions, and probabilistic methods/insights appear regularly . An interesting feature is that, as has been the case in classical applications to physics, special functions arise- here in complexity analysis. And, as in physics, their appearance indicates an underlying Lie structure. Our primary audience is applied mathematicians and theoretical computer scientists . We are quite sure that pure mathematicians will find this volume interesting and useful as well .

Et moi, .... si j'avait su comment en revenir. One service mathematics has rendered the je n'y serais poin t aUe.. human race. It has put common sense back Jules Verne where it belongs, on the topmost shelf next to the dusty canister labelled 'discarded non. sense', The series is divergent; therefore we may be able to do something with it. Eric T. Bell o. lleaviside Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sciences. Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One service topology has rendered mathematical physics .. .'; 'One service logic has rendered com. puter science .. .'; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics .. .'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'e1re of this series."

This volume contains the proceedings of the Workshop on app1ications of linear operator theory to systems and networks, which was held at the Weizmann Institute of Science in the third week of June, 19S3,just be fore the MTNS Conference in Beersheva. For a 10ng time these subjects were studied indepen- dent1y by mathematica1 ana1ysts and e1ectrica1 engineers. Never- the1ess, in spite of the lack of communication, these two groups often deve10ped parallel theories, though in different languages, at different levels of genera1ity and typica11y quite different motivations. In the last severa1 years each side has become aware of the work of the other and there is a seeming1y ever- increasing invo1vement of the abstract theories of factorization, extension and interpolation of operators (and operator/matrix va1ued functions) to the design and analysis of systems and net- works. Moreover, the problems encountered in e1ectrica1 engineering have genera ted new mathematica1 problems, new approaches, and usefu1 new formu1ations. The papers contained in this volume constitute a more than representative se1ection of the presented talks and dis- cussion at the workshop, and hopefu11y will also serve to give a reasonably accurate picture of the problems which are under active study today and the techniques which are used to deal with them.

These Proceedings include 42 of the 49 invited conference papers, three papers sub mitted subsequently, and a report devoted to new and unsolved problems based on two special problem sessions and as augmented by later communications from the participants. In addition, there are four short accounts that emphasize the personality of the scholars to whom the proceedings are dedicated. Due to the large number of contributors, the length of the papers had to be restricted. This volume is again devoted to recent significant results obtained in approximation theory, harmonic analysis, functional analysis, and operator theory. The papers solicited include in addition survey articles that not only describe fundamental advances in their subfields, but many also emphasize basic interconnections between the various research areas. They tend to reflect the range of interests of the organizers and of their immediate colleagues and collaborators. The papers have been grouped according to subject matter into ten chapters. Chap ter I, on operator theory, is devoted to certain classes of operators such as contraction, hyponormal, and accretive operators, as well as to suboperators and semi groups of operators. Chapter II, on functional analysis, contains papers on function spaces, algebras, ideals, and generalized functions. Chapter III, on abstract approximation, is concerned with the comparison of approximation processes, the gliding hump method, certain inter polation spaces, and n-widths."

Pierre Grisvard, one of the most distinguished French mathematicians, died on April 22, 1994. A Conference was held in November 1994 out of which grew the invited articles contained in this volume. All of the papers are related to functional analysis applied to partial differential equations, which was Grisvard's specialty. Indeed his knowledge of this area was extremely broad. He began his career as one of the very first students of Jacques Louis Lions, and in 1965, he presented his "State Thesis" on interpolation spaces, using in particular, spectral theory for linear operators in Banach spaces. After 1970, he became a specialist in the study of optimal regularity for par tial differential equations with boundary conditions. He studied singulari ties coming from coefficients, boundary conditions, and mainly non-smooth domains, and left a legacy of precise results which have been published in journals and books. Pierre Grisvard spent most of his career as a full professor at the University of Nice, where he started in 1967. For shorter or longer periods, he visited several foreign countries, and collaborated with some of the most famous mathematicians in his field. He was also an excellent organizer and directed a large number of Ph.D. students. Finally, this volume contains a bibliography of Grisvard's works as well as one paper which he wrote and which has not been published before."

The "extensions" of rings and modules have yet to be explored in detailin aresearch monograph. This book presents state of the art research and also stimulating new and further research. Broken into three parts, Part I beginswith basic notions, terminology, definitions and a description of the classes of rings and modules. Part II considers the transference ofconditions between a base ring or module and its extensions. And Part III utilizes the concept of a minimal essental extension with respect to a specific class (a hull).

Mathematical interdisciplinary applications appear throughout. Major applications of the ring and module theory to Functional Analysis, especially "C"*-algebras, appear in Part III, make thisbook ofinterest toAlgebra and Functional Analysis researchers. Notes and exercises at the end of every chapter, and open problems at the end of all three parts, lend this as an ideal textbook forgraduate or advanced undergradate students."

The purpose of this book is to provide an integrated course in real and complex analysis for those who have already taken a preliminary course in real analysis. It particularly emphasises the interplay between analysis and topology. Beginning with the theory of the Riemann integral (and its improper extension) on the real line, the fundamentals of metric spaces are then developed, with special attention being paid to connectedness, simple connectedness and various forms of homotopy. The final chapter develops the theory of complex analysis, in which emphasis is placed on the argument, the winding number, and a general (homology) version of Cauchy's theorem which is proved using the approach due to Dixon. Special features are the inclusion of proofs of Montel's theorem, the Riemann mapping theorem and the Jordan curve theorem that arise naturally from the earlier development. Extensive exercises are included in each of the chapters, detailed solutions of the majority of which are given at the end. From Real to Complex Analysis is aimed at senior undergraduates and beginning graduate students in mathematics. It offers a sound grounding in analysis; in particular, it gives a solid base in complex analysis from which progress to more advanced topics may be made.

This book presents a geometric theory of complex analytic integrals representing hypergeometric functions of several variables. Starting from an integrand which is a product of powers of polynomials, integrals are explained, in an open affine space, as a pair of twisted de Rham cohomology and its dual over the coefficients of local system. It is shown that hypergeometric integrals generally satisfy a holonomic system of linear differential equations with respect to the coefficients of polynomials and also satisfy a holonomic system of linear difference equations with respect to the exponents. These are deduced from Grothendieck-Deligne's rational de Rham cohomology on the one hand, and by multidimensional extension of Birkhoff's classical theory on analytic difference equations on the other.

Real Analysis: Measures, Integrals and Applications is devoted to the basics of integration theory and its related topics. The main emphasis is made on the properties of the Lebesgue integral and various applications both classical and those rarely covered in literature. This book provides a detailed introduction to Lebesgue measure and integration as well as the classical results concerning integrals of multivariable functions. It examines the concept of the Hausdorff measure, the properties of the area on smooth and Lipschitz surfaces, the divergence formula, and Laplace's method for finding the asymptotic behavior of integrals. The general theory is then applied to harmonic analysis, geometry, and topology. Preliminaries are provided on probability theory, including the study of the Rademacher functions as a sequence of independent random variables. The book contains more than 600 examples and exercises. The reader who has mastered the first third of the book will be able to study other areas of mathematics that use integration, such as probability theory, statistics, functional analysis, partial probability theory, statistics, functional analysis, partial differential equations and others. Real Analysis: Measures, Integrals and Applications is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics and physics. It assumes that the reader is familiar with basic linear algebra and differential calculus of functions of several variables.

This book is devoted to conservative realizations of various classes of Stieltjes, inverse Stieltjes, and general Herglotz-Nevanlinna functions as impedance functions of linear systems. The main feature of the monograph is a new approach to the realization theory profoundly involving developed extension theory in triplets of rigged Hilbert spaces and unbounded operators as state-space operators of linear systems. The connections of the realization theory to systems with accretive, sectorial, and contractive state-space operators as well as to the Phillips-Kato sectorial extension problem, the Krein-von Neumann and Friedrichs extremal extensions are provided. Among other results the book contains applications to the inverse problems for linear systems with non-self-adjoint Schroedinger operators, Jacobi matrices, and to the Nevanlinna-Pick system interpolation.

Integral Transforms and Their Applications, Third Edition covers advanced mathematical methods for many applications in science and engineering. The book is suitable as a textbook for senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students and as a reference for professionals in mathematics, engineering, and applied sciences. It presents a systematic development of the underlying theory as well as a modern approach to Fourier, Laplace, Hankel, Mellin, Radon, Gabor, wavelet, and Z transforms and their applications. New to the Third Edition New material on the historical development of classical and modern integral transforms New sections on Fourier transforms of generalized functions, the Poisson summation formula, the Gibbs phenomenon, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Revised material on Laplace transforms and double Laplace transforms and their applications New examples of applications in mechanical vibrations, electrical networks, quantum mechanics, integral and functional equations, fluid mechanics, mathematical statistics, special functions, and more New figures that facilitate a clear understanding of physical explanations Updated exercises with solutions, tables of integral transforms, and bibliography Through numerous examples and end-of-chapter exercises, this book develops readers' analytical and computational skills in the theory and applications of transform methods. It provides accessible working knowledge of the analytical methods and proofs required in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and engineering, preparing readers for subsequent advanced courses and research in these areas.

Methods of signal analysis represent a broad research topic with applications in many disciplines, including engineering, technology, biomedicine, seismography, eco nometrics, and many others based upon the processing of observed variables. Even though these applications are widely different, the mathematical background be hind them is similar and includes the use of the discrete Fourier transform and z-transform for signal analysis, and both linear and non-linear methods for signal identification, modelling, prediction, segmentation, and classification. These meth ods are in many cases closely related to optimization problems, statistical methods, and artificial neural networks. This book incorporates a collection of research papers based upon selected contri butions presented at the First European Conference on Signal Analysis and Predic tion (ECSAP-97) in Prague, Czech Republic, held June 24-27, 1997 at the Strahov Monastery. Even though the Conference was intended as a European Conference, at first initiated by the European Association for Signal Processing (EURASIP), it was very gratifying that it also drew significant support from other important scientific societies, including the lEE, Signal Processing Society of IEEE, and the Acoustical Society of America. The organizing committee was pleased that the re sponse from the academic community to participate at this Conference was very large; 128 summaries written by 242 authors from 36 countries were received. In addition, the Conference qualified under the Continuing Professional Development Scheme to provide PD units for participants and contributors.

A condensing (or densifying) operator is a mapping under which the image of any set is in a certain sense more compact than the set itself. The degree of noncompactness of a set is measured by means of functions called measures of noncompactness. The contractive maps and the compact maps [i.e., in this Introduction, the maps that send any bounded set into a relatively compact one; in the main text the term "compact" will be reserved for the operators that, in addition to having this property, are continuous, i.e., in the authors' terminology, for the completely continuous operators] are condensing. For contractive maps one can take as measure of noncompactness the diameter of a set, while for compact maps can take the indicator function of a family of non-relatively com pact sets. The operators of the form F( x) = G( x, x), where G is contractive in the first argument and compact in the second, are also condensing with respect to some natural measures of noncompactness. The linear condensing operators are characterized by the fact that almost all of their spectrum is included in a disc of radius smaller than one. The examples given above show that condensing operators are a sufficiently typical phenomenon in various applications of functional analysis, for example, in the theory of differential and integral equations. As is turns out, the condensing operators have properties similar to the compact ones.

Fractals are curves or surfaces generated by some repeated process involving successive subdivision, and notions concerning fractal geometry and examples of fractal behaviour are well-known. The present book deals with certain types of fractal geometry which are rather different from typical ones. Recent works have shown that these kinds of fractal spaces are more plentiful than one might have expected. This book will be of interest to graduate students, lecturers, and researchers working in various aspects of geometry and analysis.

The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is an extremely useful tool that finds application in many different disciplines. However, its use requires caution. The aim of this book is to explain the DFT and its various artifacts and pitfalls and to show how to avoid these (whenever possible), or at least how to recognize them in order to avoid misinterpretations. This concentrated treatment of the DFT artifacts and pitfalls in a single volume is, indeed, new, and it makes this book a valuable source of information for the widest possible range of DFT users. Special attention is given to the one and two dimensional cases due to their particular importance, but the discussion covers the general multidimensional case, too. The book favours a pictorial, intuitive approach which is supported by mathematics, and the discussion is accompanied by a large number of figures and illustrative examples, some of which are visually attractive and even spectacular. Mastering the Discrete Fourier Transform in One, Two or Several Dimensions is intended for scientists, engineers, students and any readers who wish to widen their knowledge of the DFT and its practical use. This book will also be very useful for 'naive' users from various scientific or technical disciplines who have to use the DFT for their respective applications. The prerequisite mathematical background is limited to an elementary familiarity with calculus and with the continuous and discrete Fourier theory.

The idea of optimization runs through most parts of control theory. The simplest optimal controls are preplanned (programmed) ones. The problem of constructing optimal preplanned controls has been extensively worked out in literature (see, e. g., the Pontrjagin maximum principle giving necessary conditions of preplanned control optimality). However, the concept of op timality itself has a restrictive character: it is limited by what one means under optimality in each separate case. The internal contradictoriness of the preplanned control optimality ("the better is the enemy of the good") yields that the practical significance of optimal preplanned controls proves to be not great: such controls are usually sensitive to unregistered disturbances (includ ing the round-off errors which are inevitable when computer devices are used for forming controls), as there is the effect of disturbance accumulation in the control process which makes controls to be of little use on large time inter vals. This gap is mainly provoked by oversimplified settings of optimization problems. The outstanding result of control theory established in the end of the first half of our century is that controls in feedback form ensure the weak sensitivity of closed loop systems with respect to "small" unregistered internal and external disturbances acting in them (here we do not need to discuss performance indexes, since the considered phenomenon is of general nature). But by far not all optimal preplanned controls can be represented in a feedback form."