The main results of this book combine pseudo differential analysis with modular form theory. The methods rely for the most part on explicit spectral theory and the extended use of special functions. The starting point is a notion of modular distribution in the plane, which will be new to most readers and relates under the Radon transformation to the classical one of modular form of the non-holomorphic type. Modular forms of the holomorphic type are addressed too in a more concise way, within a general scheme dealing with quantization theory and elementary, but novel, representation-theoretic concepts.

In this book, fundamental methods of nonlinear analysis are introduced, discussed and illustrated in straightforward examples. Each method considered is motivated and explained in its general form, but presented in an abstract framework as comprehensively as possible. A large number of methods are applied to boundary value problems for both ordinary and partial differential equations. In this edition we have made minor revisions, added new material and organized the content slightly differently. In particular, we included evolutionary equations and differential equations on manifolds. The applications to partial differential equations follow every abstract framework of the method in question. The text is structured in two levels: a self-contained basic level and an advanced level - organized in appendices - for the more experienced reader. The last chapter contains more involved material and can be skipped by those new to the field. This book serves as both a textbook for graduate-level courses and a reference book for mathematicians, engineers and applied scientists

Random Matrices are one of the major research areas in modern probability theory, due to their prominence in many different fields such as nuclear physics, statistics, telecommunication, free probability, non-commutative geometry, and dynamical systems. A great deal of recent work has focused on the study of spectra of large random matrices on the one hand and on iterated random functions, especially random difference equations, on the other. However, the methods applied in these two research areas are fairly dissimilar. Motivated by the idea that tools from one area could potentially also be helpful in the other, the volume editors have selected contributions that present results and methods from random matrix theory as well as from the theory of iterated random functions. This work resulted from a workshop that was held in Munster, Germany in 2011. The aim of the workshop was to bring together researchers from two fields of probability theory: random matrix theory and the theory of iterated random functions. Random matrices play fundamental, yet very different roles in the two fields. Accordingly, leading figures and young researchers gave talks on their field of interest that were also accessible to a broad audience.

The eigenvalue densities in various matrix models in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are ultimately unified in this book by a unified model derived from the integrable systems. Many new density models and free energy functions are consequently solved and presented. The phase transition models including critical phenomena with fractional power-law for the discontinuities of the free energies in the matrix models are systematically classified by means of a clear and rigorous mathematical demonstration. The methods here will stimulate new research directions such as the important Seiberg-Witten differential in Seiberg-Witten theory for solving the mass gap problem in quantum Yang-Mills theory. The formulations and results will benefit researchers and students in the fields of phase transitions, integrable systems, matrix models and Seiberg-Witten theory.

The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is an extremely useful tool that finds application in many different disciplines. However, its use requires caution. The aim of this book is to explain the DFT and its various artifacts and pitfalls and to show how to avoid these (whenever possible), or at least how to recognize them in order to avoid misinterpretations. This concentrated treatment of the DFT artifacts and pitfalls in a single volume is, indeed, new, and it makes this book a valuable source of information for the widest possible range of DFT users. Special attention is given to the one and two dimensional cases due to their particular importance, but the discussion covers the general multidimensional case, too. The book favours a pictorial, intuitive approach which is supported by mathematics, and the discussion is accompanied by a large number of figures and illustrative examples, some of which are visually attractive and even spectacular. Mastering the Discrete Fourier Transform in One, Two or Several Dimensions is intended for scientists, engineers, students and any readers who wish to widen their knowledge of the DFT and its practical use. This book will also be very useful for 'naive' users from various scientific or technical disciplines who have to use the DFT for their respective applications. The prerequisite mathematical background is limited to an elementary familiarity with calculus and with the continuous and discrete Fourier theory.

Kosaku Yosida, born on February 7, 1909, was brought up in Tokyo. Having majored in Mathematics at University of Tokyo, he was appointed to Assistant at Osaka University in 1933 and promoted to Associate Professor in 1934. He re ceived the title of Doctor of Science from Osaka University in 1939. In 1942 he was appointed to Professor at Nagoya University, where he worked very hard with his colleagues to promote and expand the newly established Department of Mathe matics. He was appointed to Professor at Osaka University in 1953 and then to Professor at University of Tokyo in 1955. After retiring from University of Tokyo in 1969, he was appointed to Professor at Kyoto University, where he also acted as Director of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences. He retired from Kyoto University in 1972 and worked as Professor at Gakushuin University until 1979. Yosida acted as President of the Mathematical Society of Japan, as Member of the Science Council of Japan, and as Member of the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union. In 1967 he received the Japan Academy Prize and the Imperial Prize for his famous work on the theory of semigroups and its applications. In 1971 he was elected Member of the Japan Academy. Yosida went abroad many times to give series of lectures at mathematical in stitutions and to deliver invited lectures at international mathematical symposia.

This book focuses on solving integral equations with difference kernels on finite intervals. The corresponding problem on the semiaxis was previously solved by N. Wiener-E. Hopf and by M.G. Krein. The problem on finite intervals, though significantly more difficult, may be solved using our method of operator identities. This method is also actively employed in inverse spectral problems, operator factorization and nonlinear integral equations. Applications of the obtained results to optimal synthesis, light scattering, diffraction, and hydrodynamics problems are discussed in this book, which also describes how the theory of operators with difference kernels is applied to stable processes and used to solve the famous M. Kac problems on stable processes. In this second edition these results are extensively generalized and include the case of all Levy processes. We present the convolution expression for the well-known Ito formula of the generator operator, a convolution expression that has proven to be fruitful. Furthermore we have added a new chapter on triangular representation, which is closely connected with previous results and includes a new important class of operators with non-trivial invariant subspaces. Numerous formulations and proofs have now been improved, and the bibliography has been updated to reflect more recent additions to the body of literature.

The approximation of functions by linear positive operators is an important research topic in general mathematics and it also provides powerful tools to application areas such as computer-aided geometric design, numerical analysis, and solutions of differential equations. q-Calculus is a generalization of many subjects, such as hypergeometric series, complex analysis, and particle physics. This monograph is an introduction to combining approximation theory and q-Calculus with applications, by using well- known operators. The presentation is systematic and the authors include a brief summary of the notations and basic definitions of q-calculus before delving into more advanced material. The many applications of q-calculus in the theory of approximation, especially on various operators, which includes convergence of operators to functions in real and complex domain forms the gist of the book. This book is suitable for researchers and students in mathematics, physics and engineering, and for professionals who would enjoy exploring the host of mathematical techniques and ideas that are collected and discussed in the book.

The book demonstrates the development of integral geometry on domains of homogeneous spaces since 1990. It covers a wide range of topics, including analysis on multidimensional Euclidean domains and Riemannian symmetric spaces of arbitrary ranks as well as recent work on phase space and the Heisenberg group. The book includes many significant recent results, some of them hitherto unpublished, among which can be pointed out uniqueness theorems for various classes of functions, far-reaching generalizations of the two-radii problem, the modern versions of the Pompeiu problem, and explicit reconstruction formulae in problems of integral geometry. These results are intriguing and useful in various fields of contemporary mathematics. The proofs given are "minimal" in the sense that they involve only those concepts and facts which are indispensable for the essence of the subject. Each chapter provides a historical perspective on the results presented and includes many interesting open problems. Readers will find this book relevant to harmonic analysis on homogeneous spaces, invariant spaces theory, integral transforms on symmetric spaces and the Heisenberg group, integral equations, special functions, and transmutation operators theory.

This volume contains surveys as well as research articles broadly centered on spectral analysis. Topics range from spectral continuity for magnetic and pseudodifferential operators to localization in random media, from the stability of matter to properties of Aharonov-Bohm and Quantum Hall Hamiltonians, from waveguides and resonances to supersymmetric models and dissipative fermion systems. This is the first of a series of volumes reporting every two years on recent progress in spectral theory.

This book provides readers with a concise introduction to current studies on operator-algebras and their generalizations, operator spaces and operator systems, with a special focus on their application in quantum information science. This basic framework for the mathematical formulation of quantum information can be traced back to the mathematical work of John von Neumann, one of the pioneers of operator algebras, which forms the underpinning of most current mathematical treatments of the quantum theory, besides being one of the most dynamic areas of twentieth century functional analysis. Today, von Neumann's foresight finds expression in the rapidly growing field of quantum information theory. These notes gather the content of lectures given by a very distinguished group of mathematicians and quantum information theorists, held at the IMSc in Chennai some years ago, and great care has been taken to present the material as a primer on the subject matter. Starting from the basic definitions of operator spaces and operator systems, this text proceeds to discuss several important theorems including Stinespring's dilation theorem for completely positive maps and Kirchberg's theorem on tensor products of C*-algebras. It also takes a closer look at the abstract characterization of operator systems and, motivated by the requirements of different tensor products in quantum information theory, the theory of tensor products in operator systems is discussed in detail. On the quantum information side, the book offers a rigorous treatment of quantifying entanglement in bipartite quantum systems, and moves on to review four different areas in which ideas from the theory of operator systems and operator algebras play a natural role: the issue of zero-error communication over quantum channels, the strong subadditivity property of quantum entropy, the different norms on quantum states and the corresponding induced norms on quantum channels, and, lastly, the applications of matrix-valued random variables in the quantum information setting.

In this set of lecture notes, the author includes some of the latest research on the theory of Morrey Spaces associated with Harmonic Analysis. There are three main claims concerning these spaces that are covered: determining the integrability classes of the trace of Riesz potentials of an arbitrary Morrey function; determining the dimensions of singular sets of weak solutions of PDE (e.g. The Meyers-Elcart System); and determining whether there are any "full" interpolation results for linear operators between Morrey spaces. This book will serve as a useful reference to graduate students and researchers interested in Potential Theory, Harmonic Analysis, PDE, and/or Morrey Space Theory.

This monograph records progress in approximation theory and harmonic analysis on balls and spheres, and presents contemporary material that will be useful to analysts in this area. While the first part of the book contains mainstream material on the subject, the second and the third parts deal with more specialized topics, such as analysis in weight spaces with reflection invariant weight functions, and analysis on balls and simplexes. The last part of the book features several applications, including cubature formulas, distribution of points on the sphere, and the reconstruction algorithm in computerized tomography. This book is directed at researchers and advanced graduate students in analysis. Mathematicians who are familiar with Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis will understand many of the concepts that appear in this manuscript: spherical harmonics, the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function, the Marcinkiewicz multiplier theorem, the Riesz transform, and doubling weights are all familiar tools to researchers in this area.

This book defines and develops the generalized adjoint of an input-output system. It is the result of a theoretical development and examination of the generalized adjoint concept and the conditions under which systems analysis using adjoints is valid. Results developed in this book are useful aids for the analysis and modeling of physical systems, including the development of guidance and control algorithms and in developing simulations. The generalized adjoint system is defined and is patterned similarly to adjoints of bounded linear transformations. Next the elementary properties of the generalized adjoint system are derived. For a space of input-output systems, a generalized adjoint map from this space of systems to the space of generalized adjoints is defined. Then properties of the generalized adjoint map are derived. Afterward the author demonstrates that the inverse of an input-output system may be represented in terms of the generalized adjoint. The use of generalized adjoints to determine bounds for undesired inputs such as noise and disturbance to an input-output system is presented and methods which parallel adjoints in linear systems theory are utilized. Finally, an illustrative example is presented which utilizes an integral operator representation for the system mapping.

The book is written for students of mathematics and physics who have a basic knowledge of analysis and linear algebra. It can be used as a textbook for courses and/or seminars in functional analysis. Starting from metric spaces it proceeds quickly to the central results of the field, including the theorem of Hahn Banach. The spaces (_p L_p (X,(), C(X)' and Sobolov spaces are introduced. A chapter on spectral theory contains the Riesz theory of compact operators, basic facts on Banach and C*-algebras and the spectral representation for bounded normal and unbounded self-adjoint operators in Hilbert spaces. An introduction to locally convex spaces and their duality theory provides the basis for a comprehensive treatment of Fréchet spaces and their duals. In particular recent results on sequences spaces, linear topological invariants and short exact sequences of Fréchet spaces and the splitting of such sequences are presented. These results are not contained in any other book in this field.

Special functions enable us to formulate a scientific problem by reduction such that a new, more concrete problem can be attacked within a well-structured framework, usually in the context of differential equations. A good understanding of special functions provides the capacity to recognize the causality between the abstractness of the mathematical concept and both the impact on and cross-sectional importance to the scientific reality. The special functions to be discussed in this monograph vary greatly, depending on the measurement parameters examined (gravitation, electric and magnetic fields, deformation, climate observables, fluid flow, etc.) and on the respective field characteristic (potential field, diffusion field, wave field). The differential equation under consideration determines the type of special functions that are needed in the desired reduction process. Each chapter closes with exercises that reflect significant topics, mostly in computational applications. As a result, readers are not only directly confronted with the specific contents of each chapter, but also with additional knowledge on mathematical fields of research, where special functions are essential to application. All in all, the book is an equally valuable resource for education in geomathematics and the study of applied and harmonic analysis. Students who wish to continue with further studies should consult the literature given as supplements for each topic covered in the exercises.

Limit theorems and asymptotic results form a central topic in probability theory and mathematical statistics. New and non-classical limit theorems have been discovered for processes in random environments, especially in connection with random matrix theory and free probability. These questions and the techniques for answering them combine asymptotic enumerative combinatorics, particle systems and approximation theory, and are important for new approaches in geometric and metric number theory as well. Thus, the contributions in this book include a wide range of applications with surprising connections ranging from longest common subsequences for words, permutation groups, random matrices and free probability to entropy problems and metric number theory. The book is the product of a conference that took place in August 2011 in Bielefeld, Germany to celebrate the 60th birthday of Friedrich Goetze, a noted expert in this field.

It has been widely recognized nowadays the importance of introducing mathematical models that take into account possible sudden changes in the dynamical behavior of a high-integrity systems or a safety-critical system. Such systems can be found in aircraft control, nuclear power stations, robotic manipulator systems, integrated communication networks and large-scale flexible structures for space stations, and are inherently vulnerable to abrupt changes in their structures caused by component or interconnection failures. In this regard, a particularly interesting class of models is the so-called Markov jump linear systems (MJLS), which have been used in numerous applications including robotics, economics and wireless communication. Combining probability and operator theory, the present volume provides a unified and rigorous treatment of recent results in control theory of continuous-time MJLS. This unique approach is of great interest to experts working in the field of linear systems with Markovian jump parameters or in stochastic control. The volume focuses on one of the few cases of stochastic control problems with an actual explicit solution and offers material well-suited to coursework, introducing students to an interesting and active research area. The book is addressed to researchers working in control and signal processing engineering. Prerequisites include a solid background in classical linear control theory, basic familiarity with continuous-time Markov chains and probability theory, and some elementary knowledge of operator theory.

This monograph has two main objectives. The first one is to give a self-contained exposition of the relevant facts about set operads, in the context of combinatorial species and its operations. This approach has various advantages: one of them is that the definition of combinatorial operations on species, product, sum, substitution and derivative, are simple and natural. They were designed as the set theoretical counterparts of the homonym operations on exponential generating functions, giving an immediate insight on the combinatorial meaning of them. The second objective is more ambitious. Before formulating it, authors present a brief historic account on the sources of decomposition theory. For more than forty years decompositions of discrete structures have been studied in different branches of discrete mathematics: combinatorial optimization, network and graph theory, switching design or boolean functions, simple multi-person games and clutters, etc.

This volume consists of twenty peer-reviewed papers from the special session on pseudodifferential operators and the special session on generalized functions and asymptotics at the Eighth Congress of ISAAC held at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia in Moscow on August 22-27, 2011. The category of papers on pseudo-differential operators contains such topics as elliptic operators assigned to diffeomorphisms of smooth manifolds, analysis on singular manifolds with edges, heat kernels and Green functions of sub-Laplacians on the Heisenberg group and Lie groups with more complexities than but closely related to the Heisenberg group, Lp-boundedness of pseudo-differential operators on the torus, and pseudo-differential operators related to time-frequency analysis. The second group of papers contains various classes of distributions and algebras of generalized functions with applications in linear and nonlinear differential equations, initial value problems and boundary value problems, stochastic and Malliavin-type differential equations. This second group of papers are related to the third collection of papers via the setting of Colombeau-type spaces and algebras in which microlocal analysis is developed by means of techniques in asymptotics. The volume contains the synergies of the three areas treated and is a useful complement to volumes 155, 164, 172, 189, 205 and 213 published in the same series in, respectively, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011.

Functional analysis owes much of its early impetus to problems that arise in the calculus of variations. In turn, the methods developed there have been applied to optimal control, an area that also requires new tools, such as nonsmooth analysis. This self-contained textbook gives a complete course on all these topics. It is written by a leading specialist who is also a noted expositor. This book provides a thorough introduction to functional analysis and includes many novel elements as well as the standard topics. A short course on nonsmooth analysis and geometry completes the first half of the book whilst the second half concerns the calculus of variations and optimal control. The author provides a comprehensive course on these subjects, from their inception through to the present. A notable feature is the inclusion of recent, unifying developments on regularity, multiplier rules, and the Pontryagin maximum principle, which appear here for the first time in a textbook. Other major themes include existence and Hamilton-Jacobi methods. The many substantial examples, and the more than three hundred exercises, treat such topics as viscosity solutions, nonsmooth Lagrangians, the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, periodic trajectories, and systems theory. They also touch lightly upon several fields of application: mechanics, economics, resources, finance, control engineering. Functional Analysis, Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control is intended to support several different courses at the first-year or second-year graduate level, on functional analysis, on the calculus of variations and optimal control, or on some combination. For this reason, it has been organized with customization in mind. The text also has considerable value as a reference. Besides its advanced results in the calculus of variations and optimal control, its polished presentation of certain other topics (for example convex analysis, measurable selections, metric regularity, and nonsmooth analysis) will be appreciated by researchers in these and related fields.

This volume, setting out the theory of positive maps as it stands today, reflects the rapid growth in this area of mathematics since it was recognized in the 1990s that these applications of C*-algebras are crucial to the study of entanglement in quantum theory. The author, a leading authority on the subject, sets out numerous results previously unpublished in book form. In addition to outlining the properties and structures of positive linear maps of operator algebras into the bounded operators on a Hilbert space, he guides readers through proofs of the Stinespring theorem and its applications to inequalities for positive maps. The text examines the maps' positivity properties, as well as their associated linear functionals together with their density operators. It features special sections on extremal positive maps and Choi matrices. In sum, this is a vital publication that covers a full spectrum of matters relating to positive linear maps, of which a large proportion is relevant and applicable to today's quantum information theory. The latter sections of the book present the material in finite dimensions, while the text as a whole appeals to a wider and more general readership by keeping the mathematics as elementary as possible throughout.

The study of qualitative aspects of PDE's has always attracted much attention from the early beginnings. More recently, once basic issues about PDE's, such as existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions, have been understood quite well, research on topological and/or geometric properties of their solutions has become more intense. The study of these issues is attracting the interest of an increasing number of researchers and is now a broad and well-established research area, with contributions that often come from experts from disparate areas of mathematics, such as differential and convex geometry, functional analysis, calculus of variations, mathematical physics, to name a few. This volume collects a selection of original results and informative surveys by a group of international specialists in the field, analyzes new trends and techniques and aims at promoting scientific collaboration and stimulating future developments and perspectives in this very active area of research.

This thesis is devoted to the study of the asymptotic behavior of singularly perturbed partial differential equations and some related free boundary problems arising from these two problems. We study the free boundary problems in the singulary limit and give some characterizations, and use this to study the dynamical behavior of competing species when the competition is strong. These results have many applications in physics and biology.

Since the first edition of this book was published several new developments have been made in the field of the moire theory. The most important of these concern new results that have recently been obtained on moire effects between correlated aperiodic (or random) structures, a subject that was completely absent in the first edition, and which appears now for the first time in a second, separate volume. This also explains the change in the title of the present volume, which now includes the subtitle "Volume I: Periodic Layers". This subtitle has been added to clearly distinguish the present volume from its new companion, which is subtitled "Volume II: Aperiodic Layers". It should be noted, however, that the new subtitle of the present volume may be somewhat misleading, since this book also treats (in Chapters 10 and 11) moire effects between repetitive layers, which are, in fact, geometric transformations of periodic layers, that are generally no longer periodic in themselves. The most suitable subtitle for the present volume would therefore have been "Periodic or Repetitive Layers", but in the end we have decided on the shorter version.