Part of the Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series edited by:

Dov M. Gabbay King's College, London, UK; Paul Thagard University of Waterloo, Canada; and John Woods University of British Columbia, Canada.

"Philosophy of Economics" investigates the foundational concepts and methods of economics, the social science that analyzes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. This groundbreaking collection, the most thorough treatment of the philosophy of economics ever published, brings together philosophers, scientists and historians to map out the central topics in the field. The articles are divided into two groups. Chapters in the first group deal with various philosophical issues characteristic of economics in general, including realism and Lakatos, explanation and testing, modeling and mathematics, political ideology and feminist epistemology. Chapters in the second group discuss particular methods, theories and branches of economics, including forecasting and measurement, econometrics and experimentation, rational choice and agency issues, game theory and social choice, behavioral economics and public choice, geographical economics and evolutionary economics, and finally the economics of scientific knowledge. This volume serves as a detailed introduction for those new to the field as well as a rich source of new insights and potential research agendas for those already engaged with the philosophy of economics.
Provides a bridge between philosophy and current scientific findingsEncourages multi-disciplinary dialogueCovers theory and applications

With breathtaking detail, Maria Georgiadou sheds light on the work and life of Constantin Carathéodory, who until now has been ignored by historians. In her thought-provoking book, Georgiadou maps out the mathematician’s oeuvre, life and turbulent historical surroundings. Descending from the Greek élite of Constantinople, Carathéodory graduated from the military school of Brussels, became engineer at the Assiout dam in Egypt and finally dedicated a lifetime to mathematics and education. He significantly contributed to: calculus of variations, the theory of point set measure, the theory of functions of a real variable, pdes, and complex function theory. An exciting and well-written biography, once started, difficult to put down.

The UK's most trusted A level Mathematics resources With over 900,000 copies sold (plus 1.3 million copies sold of the previous edition), Pearson's own resources for Pearson Edexcel are the market-leading and most trusted for AS and A level Mathematics. This book covers all the content needed for the optional Edexcel AS and A level Further Pure Mathematics 2 exams Enhanced focus on problem-solving and modelling, as well as supporting the large data set and calculators Packed with worked examples with guidance, lots of exam-style questions, practice papers, and plenty of mixed and review exercises Full worked solutions to every question available free and online for quick and easy access. Plus free additional online content with GeoGebra interactives and Casio calculator tutorials Practice books also available offering the most comprehensive and flexible AS/A level Maths practice with over 2000 extra questions Includes access to an online digital edition (valid for 3 years once activated) Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics Further Pure Mathematics 2 Textbook + e-book matches the Pearson Edexcel exam structure and is fully integrated with Pearson Edexcel's interactive scheme of work. All of the books in this series focus on problem-solving and modelling, as well as supporting the large data set and calculators. They are packed with worked examples with guidance, lots of exam-style questions, practice papers, and plenty of mixed and review exercises. There are full worked solutions to every question available free and online for quick and easy access. You will also have access to lots of free additional online content with GeoGebra interactives and Casio calculator tutorials. There are separate Pure and Applied textbooks for AS and A level Maths, and a textbook per option for AS and A level Further Maths. Practice books are also available offering the most comprehensive and flexible AS/A level Maths practice with over 2000 extra questions. Pearson's revision resources are the smart choice for those revising for Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics - there is a Revision Workbook for exam practice and a Revision Guide for classroom and independent study. Practice Papers Plus+ books contain additional full length practice papers, so you can practice answering questions by writing straight into the book and perfect your responses with targeted hints, guidance and support for every question, including fully worked solutions.

THE THEORY OF LINEAR OPERATORS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF DIFFEREN TIAL EQUATIONS OF INFINITE ORDER By HAROLD T. DAVIS INDIANA UNIVERSITY AND THE COWLES COMMISSION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS THE PRINCIPIA PRESS Bloommgton, Indiana 1936 MONOGRAPH OF THE WATERMAN INSTITUTE OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY CONTRIBUTION NO. 72 THE THEORY OF LINEAR OPERATORS To Agnes, who endured so patiently the writing of it, this boo is affectionately dedicated. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I LINEAR OPERATORS 1. The Nature of Operators ------------1 2. Definition of an Operator -----.--3 3. A Classification of Operational Methods --------7 4. The Formal Theory of Operators ----------g 5. Generalized Integration and Differentiation - - 16 6. Differential and Integral Equations of Infinite Order -----23 7. The Generatrix Calculus - - 28 8. The Heaviside Operational Calculus ---------34 9. The Theory of Functionals ------------33 10. The Calculus of Forms in Infinitely Many Variables -----4 CHAPTER II PARTICULAR OPERATORS 1. Introduction ----------------51 2. Polynomial Operators --------53 3. The Fourier Definition of an Operator ---------53 4. The Operational Symbol of von Neumann and Stone -----57 5. The Operator as a Laplace Transform ---------59 6. Polar Operators ...-60 7. Branch Point Operators ------------64 8. Note on the Complementary Function ---------70 9. Riemanns Theory - .--.--72 10. Functions Permutable with Unity ----------76 11. Logarithmic Operators ------------78 12. Special Operators --------------85 13. The General Analytic Operator ----------99 14. The Differential Operator of Infinite Order -------100 15. Differential Operators as a Cauchy Integral -------103 16. The Generatrix of Differential Operators--------104 17. Five Operators of Analysis ------------105 CHAPTER III THE THEORY OF LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS 1. Preliminary Remarks -------------108 2. Types of Matrices --------------109 3. The Convergence of an Infinite Determinant -------114 4. The Upper Bound of a Determinant. Hadamards Theorem - - 116 5. Determinants which do not Vanish - - - - - - - - - 123 6. The Method of the Liouville-Neumann Series -------126 7. The Method of Segments ------------130 8. Applications of the Method of Segments. --------132 9. The Hilbert Theory of Linear Equations in an Infinite Number of Variables - - - - 137 10. Extension of the Foregoing Theory to Holder Space 149 vii Vlll THE THEORY OF LINEAR OPERATORS CHAPTER IV OPERATIONAL MULTIPLICATION AND INVERSION 1. Algebra and Operators -------.. --153 2. The Generalized Formula of Leibnitz ---------154 3. Bourlets Operational Product --. 155 4. The Algebra of Functions of Composition --------159 5. Selected Problems in the Algebra of Permutable Functions - - - - 164 G. The Calculation of a Function Permutable with a Given Function - 166 7. The Transformation of Peres -----------171 8. The Permutability of Functions Permutable with a Given Function - 173 9. Permutable Functions of Second Kind - --176 10. The Inversion of Operators Bourlets Theory ------177 It. The Method of Successive Substitutions --------181 12. Some Further Properties of the Resolvent Generatrix - 185 13. The Inversion of Operators by Infinite Differentiation - 188 14. The Permutability of Linear PilYeiential Operators -----190 15. A Class of Non-permutable Operators ---------194 16. Special Examples Illustrating the Application of Operational Processes 200 CHAPTER V GRADESDEFINED BY SPECIAL OPERATORS 1. Definition ----------------211 2. The Grade of an Unlimitedly Differentiable Function - 212 3. Functions of Finite Grade ------------215 4. Asymptotic Expansions --- 222 5. The Summability of Differential Operators with Constant Coefficients 230 6. The Summability of Operators of Laplace Type ------235 CHAPTER VI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF INFINITE ORDER WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS 1. Introduction ---------------238 2. Expansion of the Resolvent Generatrix --------239 3. The Method of Cauchy-Bromwich ----------250 4...

This volume consists of seven papers related in various matters to the research work of Kostia Beidar, a distinguished ring theorist and professor of National Ching Kung University (NCKU). Written by leading experts in these areas, the papers also emphasize important applications to other fields of mathematics. Most papers are based on talks that were presented at the memorial conference which was held in March 2005 at NCKU.

This comprehensive volume provides teachers, researchers and education professionals with cutting edge knowledge developed in the last decades by the educational, behavioural and neurosciences, integrating cognitive, developmental and socioeconomic approaches to deal with the problems children face in learning mathematics. The neurocognitive mechanisms and the cognitive processes underlying acquisition of arithmetic abilities and their significance for education have been the subject of intense research in the last few decades, but the most part of this research has been conducted in non-applied settings and there's still a deep discrepancy between the level of scientific knowledge and its implementation into actual educational settings. Now it's time to bring the results from the laboratory to the classroom. Apart from bringing the theoretical discussions to educational settings, the volume presents a wide range of methods for early detection of children with risks in mathematics learning and strategies to develop effective interventions based on innovative cognitive test instruments. It also provides insights to translate research knowledge into public policies in order to address socioeconomic issues. And it does so from an international perspective, dedicating a whole section to the cultural diversity of mathematics learning difficulties in different parts of the world. All of this makes the International Handbook of Mathematical Learning Difficulties an essential tool for those involved in the daily struggle to prepare the future generations to succeed in the global knowledge society.

This title includes a superbly written introduction to the fascinating world of mathematical symbols, their meanings, and their uses. Mention the word mathematics and most people's reaction will be one of general bewilderment. There's something about its language of symbols and equations that many find intimidating. The result is that maths and science books for the general public usually avoid the use of symbols, meaning readers never get to fully appreciate the true power and elegance of mathematics. "Math for the Frightened" takes the opposite approach, gently introducing readers to the main concepts of mathematics and painlessly demonstrating how they are expressed as symbols, why symbols are used, and what can be achieved by doing so. If you've ever been curious about mathematics but afraid of its complexity, this book will help you overcome your fears and begin to appreciate math in all its glory.

Do your students suppose that 1/3 is greater than 1/2, since 3 is greater than 2? Do they believe that having "halves" means having two, and only two, congruent "pieces" of a whole? What tasks can you offer-what questions can you ask-to determine what your students know or don't know-and move them forward in their thinking? This book focuses on the specialised pedagogical content knowledge that you need to teach fractions effectively in grades 3-5. The authors demonstrate how to use this multifaceted knowledge to address the big ideas and essential understandings that students must develop for success with fractions-not only in their current work, but also in higher-level mathematics and a myriad of real-world contexts. Explore rich, research-based strategies and tasks that show how students are reasoning about and making sense of fractions. Use the opportunities that these and similar tasks provide to build on their understanding while identifying and correcting misunderstandings that may be keeping them from taking the next steps in learning.

The first book of its kind, "New Foundations in Mathematics: The Geometric Concept of Number" uses geometric algebra to present an innovative approach to elementary and advanced mathematics. Geometric algebra offers a simple and robust means of expressing a wide range of ideas in mathematics, physics, and engineering. In particular, geometric algebra extends the real number system to include the concept of direction, which underpins much of modern mathematics and physics. Much of the material presented has been developed from undergraduate courses taught by the author over the years in linear algebra, theory of numbers, advanced calculus and vector calculus, numerical analysis, modern abstract algebra, and differential geometry. The principal aim of this book is to present these ideas in a freshly coherent and accessible manner.

"New Foundations in Mathematics" will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students of mathematics and physics who are looking for a unified treatment of many important geometric ideas arising in these subjects at all levels. The material can also serve as a supplemental textbook in some or all of the areas mentioned above and as a reference book for professionals who apply mathematics to engineering and computational areas of mathematics and physics.

The third edition of this popular and effective textbook provides in one volume a unified treatment of topics essential for first year university students studying for degrees in mathematics. Students of computer science, physics and statistics will also find this book a helpful guide to all the basic mathematics they require. It clearly and comprehensively covers much of the material that other textbooks tend to assume, assisting students in the transition to university-level mathematics.
Expertly revised and updated, the chapters cover topics such as number systems, set and functions, differential calculus, matrices and integral calculus. Worked examples are provided and chapters conclude with exercises to which answers are given. For students seeking further challenges, problems intersperse the text, for which complete solutions are provided. Modifications in this third edition include a more informal approach to sequence limits and an increase in the number of worked examples, exercises and problems.
The third edition of Fundamentals of university mathematics is an essential reference for first year university students in mathematics and related disciplines. It will also be of interest to professionals seeking a useful guide to mathematics at this level and capable pre-university students.
One volume, unified treatment of essential topicsClearly and comprehensively covers material beyond standard textbooksWorked examples, challenges and exercises throughout

Vietnam has actively organized the National Competition in Mathematics and since 1962, the Vietnamese Mathematical Olympiad (VMO). On the global stage, Vietnam has also competed in the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) since 1974 and constantly emerged as one of the top ten.

To inspire and further challenge readers, we have gathered in this book selected problems of the VMO from 1962 to 2008. A number of Selection Test problems are also included to aid in the formation and training of a national team for IMO.

The book is highly useful for high school students and teachers, coaches and instructors preparing for mathematical olympiads, as well as non-experts simply interested in having the edge over their opponents in mathematical competitions.

'A WITTY BOOK THAT PROVOKES THE IMAGINATION' The Times How many socks make a pair? The answer is not always two. And behind this question lies a world of maths that can be surprising, amusing and even beautiful. Using playing cards, a newspaper, the back of an envelope, a Sudoku, some pennies and of course a pair of socks, Rob Eastaway shows how maths can demonstrate its secret beauties in even the most mundane of everyday objects. If you already like maths you'll discover plenty of new surprises. And if you've never picked up a maths book in your life, this one will change your view of the subject forever.

The Pythagorean theorem may be the best-known equation in mathematics. Its origins reach back to the beginnings of civilization, and today every student continues to study it. What most nonmathematicians don't understand or appreciate is why this simply stated theorem has fascinated countless generations. In this entertaining and informative book, a veteran math educator makes the importance of the Pythagorean theorem delightfully clear.
He begins with a brief history of Pythagoras and the early use of his theorem by the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians, and Chinese, who used it intuitively long before Pythagoras's name was attached to it. He then shows the many ingenious ways in which the theorem has been proved visually using highly imaginative diagrams. Some of these go back to ancient mathematicians; others are comparatively recent proofs, including one by the twentieth president of the United States, James A. Garfield.
After demonstrating some curious applications of the theorem, the author then explores the Pythagorean triples, pointing out the many hidden surprises of the three numbers that can represent the sides of the right triangle (e.g, 3, 4, 5 and 5, 12, 13). And many will truly amaze the reader. He then turns to the "Pythagorean means" (the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means). By comparing their magnitudes in a variety of ways, he gives the reader a true appreciation for these mathematical concepts.
The final two chapters view the Pythagorean theorem from an artistic point of view - namely, how Pythagoras's work manifests itself in music and how the Pythagorean theorem can influence fractals.
The author's lucid presentation and gift for conveying the significance of this key equation to those with little math background will inform, entertain, and inspire the reader, once again demonstrating the power and beauty of mathematics