Containing case studies and examples, the book aims to cover extensive research particularly on surface stress and topics related to the variational approach to the subject, and non-standard topics such as the rigorous treatment of constraints and a full discussion of algebraic inequalities associated with realistic material behaviour, and their implications. Serving as an introduction to the basic elements of Finite Elasticity, this textbook is the cornerstone for any graduate-level on the topic, while also providing a template for a host of theories in Solid Mechanics.

The study of ecological systems is often impeded by components that escape perfect observation, such as the trajectories of moving animals or the status of plant seed banks. These hidden components can be efficiently handled with statistical modeling by using hidden variables, which are often called latent variables. Notably, the hidden variables framework enables us to model an underlying interaction structure between variables (including random effects in regression models) and perform data clustering, which are useful tools in the analysis of ecological data. This book provides an introduction to hidden variables in ecology, through recent works on statistical modeling as well as on estimation in models with latent variables. All models are illustrated with ecological examples involving different types of latent variables at different scales of organization, from individuals to ecosystems. Readers have access to the data and R codes to facilitate understanding of the model and to adapt inference tools to their own data.

This book introduces sonar system and acoustic channel model, average energy channel, coherent multipath channel, the theoretical basis for the stochastic time-varying space-variant channel, slowly time-varying coherent multipath channel, and reverberation channel. Based on the basic theory of underwater acoustic channels and the various characteristics of the marine acoustic environment factor, this textbook aims to help students understand the impact of the marine acoustic channel on the sonar system. It helps students to grasp underwater acoustic signal processing principles and obtain the ability to solve practical problems in underwater acoustic channel engineering. Finally, it aims at laying a foundation for the further sonar system design. This textbook is recommended for graduate or undergraduate students in the field of sonar signal processing, underwater acoustic engineering, as well as some related subjects of marine technology.

Collins Cambridge IGCSE (TM) Maths Student's Book - Fourth Edition provides in-depth coverage of every aspect of the revised Cambridge IGCSE and IGCSE (9-1) Mathematics syllabuses (0580/0980) for examination from 2025. The resource covers the Core and Extended syllabus. Exam Board: Cambridge Assessment International Education For examination from: 2025 Support and challenge students with both the Core and Extended syllabus content clearly labelled in one book. Cover the syllabus with confidence with clear references to what students will learn at the start of every chapter and content fully updated for the revised syllabus and assessment. Grow confidence working without a calculator with clearly labelled questions and exercises. Familiarise students with a mix of structured and unstructured questions throughout. Develop problem solving with questions that require students to apply their skills, often in real life, international contexts. Help students to prepare for examination with past paper questions. Emphasise the relevance of maths with 'Why this chapter matters' showing maths in everyday life or historical development. Consolidate understanding with tried and tested questions in extensive practice exercises and detailed worked examples. Deliver a fully international course with international examples, contexts, names, currency and locations. Assist English as Second Language learners understand complex mathematical terminology with clear key term definitions, gathered in a glossary. Encourage students to check their work with answers to all exercise questions at the back of the book. We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this title.