This book gathers selected science and technology papers that were presented at the 2014 Regional Conference of Sciences, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014). The bi-annual Conference is organized by Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia. The papers address a broad range of topics including architecture, life sciences, robotics, sustainable development, engineering, food science and mathematics. The book serves as a platform for disseminating research findings, as a catalyst to inspire positive innovations in the development of the region. The carefully-reviewed papers in this volume present research by academicians of local, regional and global prominence. Out of more than 200 manuscripts presented at the conference by researchers from local and foreign universities and institutions of higher learning, 64 papers were chosen for inclusion in this publication. The papers are organized in more than a dozen broad categories, spanning the range of scientific research: * Engineering* Robotics* Mathematics & Statistics* Computer & Information Technology* Forestry* Plantation & Agrotechnology* Sports Science & Recreation* Health & Medicine* Biology* Physics* Food Science* Environment Science & Management* Sustainable Development* Architecture The book provides a significant point of reference for academics, researchers and students in many fields who need deeper research.

Differential equations, especially nonlinear, present the most effective way for describing complex physical processes. Methods for constructing exact solutions of differential equations play an important role in applied mathematics and mechanics. This book aims to provide scientists, engineers and students with an easy-to-follow, but comprehensive, description of the methods for constructing exact solutions of differential equations.

This book is about digital system testing and testable design. The concepts of testing and testability are treated together with digital design practices and methodologies. The book uses Verilog models and testbenches for implementing and explaining fault simulation and test generation algorithms. Extensive use of Verilog and Verilog PLI for test applications is what distinguishes this book from other test and testability books. Verilog eliminates ambiguities in test algorithms and BIST and DFT hardware architectures, and it clearly describes the architecture of the testability hardware and its test sessions. Describing many of the on-chip decompression algorithms in Verilog helps to evaluate these algorithms in terms of hardware overhead and timing, and thus feasibility of using them for System-on-Chip designs. Extensive use of testbenches and testbench development techniques is another unique feature of this book. Using PLI in developing testbenches and virtual testers provides a powerful programming tool, interfaced with hardware described in Verilog. This mixed hardware/software environment facilitates description of complex test programs and test strategies.

The notion dealt with in this volume of proceedings is often traced back to the late 19th-century writings of a rather obscure scientist, C. V. Burton. A probable reason for this is that the painstaking de ciphering of this author's paper in the Philosophical Magazine (Vol. 33, pp. 191-204, 1891) seems to reveal a notion that was introduced in math ematical form much later, that of local structural rearrangement. This notion obviously takes place on the material manifold of modern con tinuum mechanics. It is more or less clear that seemingly different phe nomena - phase transition, local destruction of matter in the form of the loss of local ordering (such as in the appearance of structural defects or of the loss of cohesion by the appearance of damage or the exten sion of cracks), plasticity, material growth in the bulk or at the surface by accretion, wear, and the production of debris - should enter a com mon framework where, by pure logic, the material manifold has to play a prominent role. Finding the mathematical formulation for this was one of the great achievements of J. D. Eshelby. He was led to consider the apparent but true motion or displacement of embedded material inhomogeneities, and thus he began to investigate the "driving force" causing this motion or displacement, something any good mechanician would naturally introduce through the duahty inherent in mechanics since J. L. d'Alembert."

For more than forty years, the equation y (t) = Ay(t) + u(t) in Banach spaces has been used as model for optimal control processes described by partial differential equations, in particular heat and diffusion processes. Many of the outstanding open problems, however, have remained open until recently, and some have never been solved. This book is a survey of all results know to the author, with emphasis on very recent results (1999 to date).

The book is restricted to linear equations and two particular problems (the time optimal problem, the norm optimal problem) which results in a more focused and concrete treatment. As experience shows, results on linear equations are the basis for the treatment of their semilinear counterparts, and techniques for the time and norm optimal problems can often be generalized to more general cost functionals.

The main object of this book is to be a state-of-the-art monograph on the theory of the time and norm optimal controls for y (t) = Ay(t) + u(t) that ends at the very latest frontier of research, with open problems and indications for future research.

Key features:

. Applications to optimal diffusion processes.
. Applications to optimal heat propagation processes.
. Modelling of optimal processes governed by partial
differential equations.
. Complete bibliography.
. Includes the latest research on the subject.
. Does not assume anything from the reader except
basic functional analysis.
. Accessible to researchers and advanced graduate
students alike
. Applications to optimal diffusion processes.
. Applications to optimal heat propagation processes.
. Modelling of optimal processes governed by partial
differential equations.
. Complete bibliography.
. Includes the latest research on the subject.
. Does not assume anything from the reader except
basic functional analysis.
. Accessible to researchers and advanced graduate
students alike"

A pro-p group is the inverse limit of some system of finite p-groups, that is, of groups of prime-power order where the prime - conventionally denoted p - is fixed. Thus from one point of view, to study a pro-p group is the same as studying an infinite family of finite groups; but a pro-p group is also a compact topological group, and the compactness works its usual magic to bring 'infinite' problems down to manageable proportions. The p-adic integers appeared about a century ago, but the systematic study of pro-p groups in general is a fairly recent development. Although much has been dis covered, many avenues remain to be explored; the purpose of this book is to present a coherent account of the considerable achievements of the last several years, and to point the way forward. Thus our aim is both to stimulate research and to provide the comprehensive background on which that research must be based. The chapters cover a wide range. In order to ensure the most authoritative account, we have arranged for each chapter to be written by a leading contributor (or contributors) to the topic in question. Pro-p groups appear in several different, though sometimes overlapping, contexts."

MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE By THEODORE E. RAIFORD Department of Mathematics University of Michigan GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA DALLAS COLUMBUS SAN FRANCISCO TORONTO LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1945, BY GINN AND COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 440.7 ttbe fltbcnaeum rcg GINN AND COMPANY PO PUIETOHS BOSTON U. S. A. PREFACE To the student of pure mathematics the term mathematics of finance often seems somewhat of a misnomer since, in solving the problems usu ally presented in textbooks under this title, the types of mathematical operations involved are very few and very elementary. Indeed, in a first course in the mathematics of finance the development of the most impor tant formulas usually involves no greater difficulties than those encountered in the study of geometric progressions. Whether it is because of this seeming simplicity or because of a tendency to limit the problems to the very simplest kinds, the usual presentation has shown a decided lack of generality and flexibility in many of the formulas and their applications. Since no new mathematical principles are involved, a student who can develop and understand the simpler appearing formulas should be able to develop easily the more general for mulas, which are much more useful. And no student should use important formulas whose derivation and meaning, and hence possibilities and limi tations, he does not understand. There is a marked preference in many places in mathematics for presenting general definitions and formulas first, with the special cases following naturally from them. Tn trigonometry, for instance, the main importance of the trigonometric functions of an angle is emphasized by presenting first the generaldefinitions of these functions then the defi nitions of the functions of an acute angle in terms of the elements of a right triangle follow naturally as special cases. Up to the present time, textbooks in the mathematics of finance have not followed this plan of presentation. The foregoing considerations, plus years of experience in teaching the subject, sometimes with the more general formulas presented first and sometimes with the limited formulas presented first, have caused the author to feel the need of such a presentation as is attempted here. As everyone in this field of work is aware, the major problem is the thorough under standing of annuities and complete facility in their evaluation. The late Professor Glover, whose valuable and comprehensive tables for use in problems in the field of finance are well known, often remarked that few teachers of the subject realize the power and facility to be gained from a thorough appreciation of the double superscript notation in annuity formulas. The method of presentation emphasizes the point that very few funda mental formulas are necessary for handling financial problems if these formulas are thoroughly understood and appreciated. Mathematical forms are of inestimable value, as evidenced by their use in solving ordinary Tables of Applied Mathematics in Finance, Insurance, and Statistics, by James W. Glover. George Wahr, Ann Arbor, Michigan. iii PREFACE quadratic equations, in performing integration in the calculus, in classifying differential equations for solution, in handling many problems connected with infinite series, and in numerous other places familiar only to the accomplished mathematician. Moreover, these forms, if thoroughlymastered, far from reducing the subject to a mere substituting in for mulas, reduce the laborious detail that is necessary without them and bring to the subject much significance and effectiveness otherwise unap preciated. Any method of presentation is likely to involve a choice of forms, and usually it is possible to make choices which will emphasize the fundamentals. It is the authors experience that the method of presentation in this text does contribute to an understanding of these fundamentals...

Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Eleventh Edition is intended for a course whose main purpose is to enable students to do computations and write proofs. This text stresses the importance of obtaining a solid introduction to the traditional topics, while at the same time presenting abstract algebra as a contemporary and very much active subject, which is currently being used by working physicists, chemists, and computer scientists.

For nearly four decades, this classic text has been widely appreciated by instructors and students alike. The book offers an enjoyable read and conveys and develops enthusiasm for the beauty of the topics presented. It is comprehensive, lively, and engaging.

Students will learn how to do computations and write proofs. A unique feature of the book are exercises that build the skill of generalizing, a skill that students should develop, but rarely do.

Examples elucidate the definitions, theorems, and proof techniques; exercises facilitate understanding, provide insight, and develop the ability to do proofs. The hallmark features of previous editions of the book are enhanced in this edition. These include:

A good mixture of approximately 1900 computational and theoretical exercises appearing in each chapter that synthesizes concepts from multiple chapters

Back-of-the-book skeleton solutions and hints to odd-numbered exercises

Over 300 worked-out examples ranging from routine computations to the more challenging

Links to interactive True/False questions with comments

Links to computer exercises that utilize interactive software available on the author's website, stressing guessing and making conjectures

Many applications from scientific and computing fields, as well as some from everyday life

Numerous historical notes and biographies that spotlight the people and events behind the mathematics

Motivational and humorous quotations

Hundreds of figures, photographs, and tables

Changes to the eleventh edition include new exercises, examples, biographies, and quotes, and an enrichment of the discussion portions. These changes accentuate and enhance the hallmark features that have made previous editions of the book a comprehensive, lively, and engaging introduction to the subject.

While many partial solutions and sketches for the odd-numbered exercises appear in the book, an Instructor’s Solutions Manual offers solutions for all the exercises. A Student's Solution Manual has comprehensive solutions for all odd-numbered exercises, many even-numbered exercises, and numerous alternative solutions as well.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Groups

2 Groups

3 Finite Groups; Subgroups

4 Cyclic Groups

5 Permutation Groups

6 Ismorphisms

7 Cosets and Lagrange's Theorem

8 External Direct Products

9 Normal Subgroups and Factor Groups

10 Group Homomorphisms

11 Fundamental Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups

12 Introduction to Rings

13 Integral Domains

14 Ideals and Factor Rings

15 Ring Homomorphisms

16 Polynomial Rings

17 Factorization of Polynomials

18 Divisibilty in Integral Domains

19 Extension Fields

20 Algebraic Extensions

21 Finite Fields

22 Geometric Constructions

23 Sylow Theorems

24 Finite Simple Groups

25 Generators and Relations

26 Symmetry Groups

27 Symmetry and Counting

28 Cayley Digraphs of Groups

29 Introduction to Algebraic Coding Theory

30 An Introduction to Galois Theory

31 Cyclotomic Extensions

The series is aimed specifically at publishing peer reviewed reviews and contributions presented at workshops and conferences. Each volume is associated with a particular conference, symposium or workshop. These events cover various topics within pure and applied mathematics and provide up-to-date coverage of new developments, methods and applications.

Loosely speaking, adaptive systems are designed to deal with, to adapt to, chang ing environmental conditions whilst maintaining performance objectives. Over the years, the theory of adaptive systems evolved from relatively simple and intuitive concepts to a complex multifaceted theory dealing with stochastic, nonlinear and infinite dimensional systems. This book provides a first introduction to the theory of adaptive systems. The book grew out of a graduate course that the authors taught several times in Australia, Belgium, and The Netherlands for students with an engineering and/or mathemat ics background. When we taught the course for the first time, we felt that there was a need for a textbook that would introduce the reader to the main aspects of adaptation with emphasis on clarity of presentation and precision rather than on comprehensiveness. The present book tries to serve this need. We expect that the reader will have taken a basic course in linear algebra and mul tivariable calculus. Apart from the basic concepts borrowed from these areas of mathematics, the book is intended to be self contained."

* Original articles and survey articles in honor of the sixtieth birthday of Carlos A. Berenstein reflect his diverse research interests from interpolation to residue theory to deconvolution and its applications to issues ranging from optics to the study of blood flow

* Contains both theoretical papers in harmonic and complex analysis, as well as more applied work in signal processing

* Top-notch contributors in their respective fields

On average, 60% of the world's people and cargo is transported by vehicle that move on rubber tires over roadways of various construction, composition, and quality. The number of such vehicles, including automobiles and all manner of trucks, increases continually with a growing positive impact on accessibility and a growing negative impact on interactions among humans and their relationship to the surrounding environment. This multiplicity of vehicles, through their physical impact and their emissions, is responsible for, among other negative results: waste of energy, pollution through emission of harmful compounds, degradation of road surfaces, crowding of roads leading to waste of time and increase of social stress, and decrease in safety and comfort. In particular, the safety of vehicular traffic depends on a man-vehicle-road system that includes both active and passive security controls. In spite of the drawbacks mentioned above, the governments of almost every country in the world not only expect but facilitate improvements in vehicular transport performance in order to increase such parameters as load capacity and driving velocity, while decreasing such parameters as costs to passengers, energy resources investments, fuel consumption, etc. Some of the problems have clear, if not always easily attainable, solutions.

MATHEMATICS FOR THE AVIATION TRADES by JAMES NAIDICH Chairman, Department of Mafhe mati r. v, Manhattan High School of Aviation Trades MrGKAW-IIILL HOOK COMPANY, INC. N JO W Y O K K AND LONDON MATHEMATICS FOR THK AVI VTION TRADES COPYRIGHT, 19I2, BY THK BOOK TOMPVNY, INC. PRINTED IX THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AIL rights referred. Tin a book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without perm nation of the publishers. PREFACE This book has been written for students in trade and technical schools who intend to become aviation mechanics. The text has been planned to satisfy the demand on the part of instructors and employers that mechanics engaged in precision work have a thorough knowledge of the funda mentals of arithmetic applied to their trade. No mechanic can work intelligently from blueprints or use measuring tools, such as the steel rule or micrometer, without a knowl edge of these fundamentals. Each new topic is presented as a job, thus stressing the practical aspect of the text. Most jobs can be covered in one lesson. However, the interests and ability of the group will in the last analysis determine the rate of progress. Part I is entitled A Review of Fundamentals for the Airplane Mechanic. The author has found through actual experience that mechanics and trade-school students often have an inadequate knowledge of a great many of the points covered in this part of the book. This review will serve to consolidate the students information, to reteach what he may have forgotten, to review what he knows, and to provide drill in order to establish firmly the basic essentials. Fractions, decimals, perimeter, area, angles, construc tion, and graphic representation arecovered rapidly but systematically. For the work in this section two tools are needed. First, a steel rule graduated in thirty-seconds and sixty - fourths is indispensable. It is advisable to have, in addition, an ordinary ruler graduated in eighths and sixteenths. Second, measurement of angles makes a protractor necessary. vi Preface Parts II, III, and IV deal with specific aspects of the work that an aviation mechanic may encounter. The airplane and its wing, the strength of aircraft materials, and the math ematics associated with the aircraft engine are treated as separate units. All the mathematical background required for this work is covered in the first part of the book. Part V contains 100 review examples taken from airplane shop blueprints, aircraft-engine instruction booklets, air plane supply catalogues, aircraft directories, and other trade literature. The airplane and its engine are treated as a unit, and various items learned in other parts of the text are coordinated here. Related trade information is closely interwoven with the mathematics involved. Throughout the text real aircraft data are used. Wherever possible, photographs and tracings of the airplanes mentioned are shown so that the student realizes he is dealing with subject matter valuable not only as drill but worth remembering as trade information in his elected vocation. This book obviously does not present all the mathematics required by future aeronautical engineers. All mathe matical material which could not be adequately handled by elementary arithmetic was omitted. The author believes, however, that the student who masters the material included in this text will have a solid foundation of the type ofmathematics needed by the aviation mechanic. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Elliot V. Noska, principal of the Manhattan High School of Aviation Trades for his encouragement and many constructive suggestions, and to the members of the faculty for their assistance in the preparation of this text. The author is also especially indebted to Aviation magazine for permission to use numerous photographs of airplanes and airplane parts throughout the text. JAMES NAIDICH. NEW YORK. CONTENTS PAOH PREFACE v FOREWORD BY ELLIOT V...

Turbo coding principles have found widespread applications in information theory and, in part, have entered into mainstream telecommunication theory and practice. These principles are used in error control, detection, interference suppression, equalization, and other communications-related areas. Turbo Codes: Principles and Applications is intended for use by advanced level students and professional engineers involved in coding and telecommunication research. The material is organized into a coherent framework, starting with basic concepts of block and convolutional coding, and gradually increasing in a logical and progressive manner to more advanced material, including applications. All algorithms are fully described and supported by examples, and evaluations of their performance are carried out both analytically and by simulations. The book includes new and original material on a bidirectional SOVA decoding algorithm, design of turbo codes based on the distance spectrum, design of code-matched interleavers, performance on fading channels, and a turbo trellis code modulation scheme. Trellis-based and iterative decoding algorithms, along with a comparison of algorithms based on their performance and complexity, are discussed. Various practical aspects of turbo coding, such as interleaver design, turbo codes on fading channels, and turbo trellis-coded modulation, are presented. Turbo Codes: Principles and Applications will be especially useful to practicing communications engineers, researchers, and advanced level students who are designing turbo coding systems, including encoder/decoder and interleavers, and carrying out performance analysis and sensitivity studies.

The present book is the first of its kind in dealing with topological quantum field theories and their applications to topological aspects of four manifolds. It is not only unique for this reason but also because it contains sufficient introductory material that it can be read by mathematicians and theoretical physicists. On the one hand, it contains a chapter dealing with topological aspects of four manifolds, on the other hand it provides a full introduction to supersymmetry. The book constitutes an essential tool for researchers interested in the basics of topological quantum field theory, since these theories are introduced in detail from a general point of view. In addition, the book describes Donaldson theory and Seiberg-Witten theory, and provides all the details that have led to the connection between these theories using topological quantum field theory. It provides a full account of Wittena (TM)s magic formula relating Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten invariants. Furthermore, the book presents some of the recent developments that have led to important applications in the context of the topology of four manifolds.

The goal of Mathematical Vistas is to stimulate the interest of bright people in mathematics. The book consists of nine related mathematical essays which will intrigue and inform the curious reader. In order to offer a broad spectrum of exciting developments in mathematics, topics are treated at different levels of depth and thoroughness. Some chapters can be understood completely with little background, others can be thought of as appetizers for further study. A number of breaks are included in each chapter. These are problems designed to test the reader¿s understanding of the material thus far in the chapter. This book is a sequel to the authors¿ popular book Mathematical Reflections (ISBN 0-387-94770-1) and can be read independently.

This book describes Italian mathematics in the period between the two World Wars. We analyze its development by focusing on both the interior and the external influences. Italian mathematics in that period was shaped by a colorful array of strong personalities who concentrated their efforts on a select number of fields and won international recognition and respect in an incredibly short time. Consequently, Italy was considered a third "mathematical power" after France and Germany, and qualified Italian universities became indispensable stops on the "tour," organized for the improvement of young foreign mathematicians. At that time, Italy was also dominated by a fascist regime. This political situation and the social and academic structure of Italian society are included in the analysis as influences external to mathematics itself. The authors have provided a fascinating study of a most difficult time in the history of the world and of mathematics.

This series has been developed specifically for the Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics (9709) syllabus to be examined from 2020. Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3 matches the corresponding units of the syllabus. It clearly indicates materials required for P3 study only, and contains materials on topics such as logarithmic and exponential functions, trigonometry, differentiation, integration, numerical solutions of equations, vectors and complex numbers. This coursebook contains a variety of features including recap sections for students to check their prior knowledge, detailed explanations and worked examples, end-of-chapter and cross-topic review exercises and 'Explore' tasks to encourage deeper thinking around mathematical concepts. Answers to coursebook questions are at the back of the book.