The essays collected in this volume include studies of the history of the word scientist and the origin of the terms of electrochemistry as developed by Faraday, with the aid of the scholars Whewell and Whitlock Nicholl. In this bicentennial year of the birth of Faraday, the topic of his discovery of electromagnetic induction is timely, as described here in the story of the ten-year search that preceded it. Faraday enters also as the major proponent of the chemical theory of the voltaic cell, in opposition to Volta's contact theory. There is also an essay on Sir John Herschel's discovery of hypo and its application to photography. The book covers the formative period of science as a profession in England and introduces some figures of the transition to professionalism, as exemplified by Davy, Herschel, Faraday, Talbot, Whewell, and others, in terms of their work and their attitude toward it.

Scientists have long been looking for alternative methods for the cleaning of historical and cultural museum objects as conventional methods often fail to completely remove surface films, leaving contamination and surface residues behind. Low-temperature plasmas have recently been found to provide a new, efficient and durable approach that maintains the safety of both the materials and personnel. This book is the first to introduce the emerging use of low-temperature plasmas in the cleaning and decontamination of cultural heritage items. It provides a comprehensive exploration of the new possibilities of cleaning objects with plasma, before providing a practice guide to the individual cleaning methods and an overview of the technologies and conditions used in the different cleaning regimes. It is an ideal reference for researchers in plasma physics, in addition to professionals working in the field of historical and cultural conservation. Features: Provides a thorough overview of the cleaning potential of emerging plasma technologies in accessible language for professional restorers and conservators without a scientific background Includes the latest case studies from the field, which have not been published elsewhere yet Authored by a team of experts in the field About the Authors: Dr. Radko Tino is an Associate Professor at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dr. Katarina Vizarova is an Associate Professor at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dr. Frantisek Krcma is an Associate Professor at Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. Dr. Milena Rehakova is an Associate Professor at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dr. Viera Jancovicova is an Associate Professor at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dr. Zdenka Kozakova is an Associate Professor at Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.

The global lubricants market exceeds $110 billion, with strong future-estimated annual growth projections. While much has been written about the technical aspects of lubricant development, Lubricant Marketing, Selling, and Key Account Management fills a need for a comprehensive guide on the important commercial aspects of the business, offering unique and valuable insights from a veteran of the industry. It answers questions and offers insights on how to effectively market and sell all types of lubricants, including automotive, industrial, mining, marine, agricultural and aerospace, among others. Covers how and why people and companies buy lubricants. Instructs readers how to research and analyze markets and use the results to plan marketing and sales campaigns and activities. Details how to identify specific target market segments and sell to key lubricant accounts. Discusses how to forecast future demand for lubricants in all types of global markets. This practical book is written for technical and non-technical readers involved in the sale and management of lubricant products and offers hands-on guidance for how to successfully navigate and grow your profitability in this vitally important product sector.

It has been recognised for many years that power ultrasound has great potential for uses in a wide variety of processes in the chemical and allied industries. Reported applications include cleaning, sterilisation, flotation, drying, degassing, defoaming, soldering, plastic welding, drilling, filtration, homogenisation, emulsification, dissolution, deaggregation of powder, biological cell disruption, extraction, crystallisation and, more recently, as a stimulus for chemical reactions. With the increasing use of power ultrasound in chemistry comes the need for specialist text books covering this emerging discipline. This book is suitable for chemists and chemical engineers at all levels who wish to gain a rapid insight into what is becoming a standard method in the chemical laboratory. It is designed to answer the following questions: What is sonochemistry? Why is it important? What systems are affected by sonochemistry? What are the major applications of this technique? What types of ultrasonic equipment are available? How do the different types of equipment compare? How is the equipment best configured for chemical applications? What parameters can be changed to optimise sonochemical results? What equipment is available for the scale-up of sonochemistry?

This book outlines the methodologies, approaches and tools for modelling chemicals in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective, and also covers the main advantages and drawbacks of applying LCA to chemical processes. In the first part of this book, authors pay close attention to the limitations of modelling the environmental and social impacts of chemical processes, providing valuable insights to the problems of the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis for chemical processes. In the second part of this book, readers will learn about the LCA application to chemical processes in the laboratory and industrial scale. In each chapter of this book, readers will also find specific case studies on the modelling and application of LCA in the chemical industry.

Die Frage nach dem Menschen ist in der philosophischen Tradition als Frage nach dem menschlichen Geist formuliert worden. Oswald Schwemmer nimmt diese Frage auf und ruckt sie in eine kulturphilosophische Perspektive. Der Geist verbleit dann nicht mehr in einem idealen Reich reiner Gedanken, sondern wird zu einer historisch-kulturellen Realitat, die sich in den vielfaltogen Gestaltungen symbolischer Reprasentationen "materialisiert.""

Environmental Chemistry in the Lab presents a comprehensive approach to modern environmental chemistry laboratory instruction, together with a complete experimental experience. The laboratory experiments have an introduction for the students to read, a pre-lab for them to complete before coming to the lab, a data sheet to complete during the lab, and a post-lab which would give them an opportunity to reinforce their understanding of the experiment completed. Instructor resources include a list of all equipment and supplies needed for 24 students, a lab preparation guide, an answer key to all pre-lab and post-lab questions, sample data for remote learners, and a suggested rubric for grading the labs. Additional features include: * Tested laboratory exercises with instructor resources for environmental science students * Environmental calculations, industrial regulation, and environmental stewardship * Classroom and remote exercises * An excellent, user-friendly, and thought-provoking presentation which will appeal to students with little or no science background * A qualitative approach to the chemistry behind many of our environmental issues today

Presenting a collection of papers resulting from the conference on "Applied Chemistry and Industrial Catalysis (ACIC 2021), Qingdao, China, 24-26 December 2021". The theme of the conference was: "Clean Production and High Value Utilization", discussing how to reduce the environmental footprint at the source and produce high value-added end products in chemical manufacturing. The conference brought together scholars from the Chinese government, top universities, business associations, research centers and high-tech enterprises, and was committed to building and enabling a platform for the cooperation among the Chinese government, Chemical industry, and scholars. The goal was to build a bridge between R&D results and the Chemical industry. The conference conducted in-depth exchanges and discussions on relevant topics such as applied chemistry and industrial catalysis aiming to provide an academic and technical communication platform for scholars and engineers engaged in scientific research and engineering practice in the field of chemistry, catalysis and function material. By sharing the research status of scientific research achievements and cutting-edge technologies, it helps scholars and engineers all over the world comprehend the academic development trend and broaden research ideas. So as to strengthen international academic research, academic topics exchange and discussion, and promote the industrialization cooperation of academic achievements.

Environmental Chemistry in the Lab presents a comprehensive approach to modern environmental chemistry laboratory instruction, together with a complete experimental experience. The laboratory experiments have an introduction for the students to read, a pre-lab for them to complete before coming to the lab, a data sheet to complete during the lab, and a post-lab which would give them an opportunity to reinforce their understanding of the experiment completed. Instructor resources include a list of all equipment and supplies needed for 24 students, a lab preparation guide, an answer key to all pre-lab and post-lab questions, sample data for remote learners, and a suggested rubric for grading the labs. Additional features include: * Tested laboratory exercises with instructor resources for environmental science students * Environmental calculations, industrial regulation, and environmental stewardship * Classroom and remote exercises * An excellent, user-friendly, and thought-provoking presentation which will appeal to students with little or no science background * A qualitative approach to the chemistry behind many of our environmental issues today

This book characterizes how to design and synthesize nanomaterials of an organic and mineral nature. The book also discusses the visualization of developed nanomaterials and their bio-applications, as well as describes the biomedical effects and environmental impact of nanomaterials. This is an ideal book for students studying biomedicine or the life sciences, as well as researchers and professionals in medicine, environmental protection, biotechnology, agriculture, and the food industry. More specifically, this book addresses the important nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies that are used in those fields in biomedicine and life sciences.

The chemistry, physics, and applications of liquid crystals "beyond" LCDs

Liquid Crystals (LCs) combine order and mobility on a molecular and supramolecular level. But while these remarkable states of matter are most commonly associated with visual display technologies, they have important applications for a variety of other fields as well. "Liquid Crystals Beyond Displays: Chemistry, Physics, and Applications" considers these, bringing together cutting-edge research from some of the most promising areas of LC science.

Featuring contributions from respected researchers from around the globe, this edited volume emphasizes the chemistry, physics, and applications of LCs in areas such as photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, filed-effect transistors, lasers, molecular motors, nanophotonics and biosensors. Specific chapters look at magnetic LCs, lyotropic chromonic LCs, LC-based chemical sensors, LCs in metamaterials, and much more.

Introducing readers to the fundamentals of LC science through the use of illustrative examples, "Liquid Crystals Beyond Displays" covers not only the most recent research in the myriad areas in which LCs are being utilized, but also looks ahead, addressing potential future developments. Designed for physicists, chemists, engineers, and biologists working in academia or industry, as well as graduate students specializing in LC technology, this is the first book to consider LC applications across a wide range of fields.

Dieses einzigartige Buch lasst Chemie und Physik im festen Zustand und auf Oberflachen 'zusammentreffen'. In einer lebhaften und anschaulichen Weise bringt es Chemikern die Sprache bei, mit der sie die Elektronenstruktur ausgedehnter Systeme verstehen lernen koennen. Gleichzeitig zeigt es, wie auch von Seiten der Chemie Modelle uber den festen Zustand sowie uber Bindungen und Reaktivitat von Oberflachen erstellt werden koennen. Das Buch bedient sich zunachst der Sprache von Kristallorbitalen, Bandstrukturen und Zustandsdichten. Danach stellt es die Werkzeuge bereit, mit denen der Leser weg von den stark delokalisierten Orbitalen des Festkoerpers gelangt, darunter der Zerfall von Zustandsdichten und die Population von Kristallorbital-Overlaps. Mit diesen Werkzeugen schafft es der Autor, detaillierte quantenmechanische Berechnungen mit der chemischen Betrachtungsweise mit Grenzorbitalen zu verknupfen. Die beschriebenen Anwendungen umfassen eine allgemeine Vorstellung der Chemisorption, Bindungsbildung und -zerfall im festen Zustand, Bindungen im Metall, die Elektronenstruktur ausgewahlter leitender und supraleitender Verbindungen sowie die fur die Deformation ausgedehnter Systeme verantwortlichen Krafte.

Cambridge Low Price Editions are reprints of internationally respected books from Cambridge University Press. Advanced Chemistry covers the syllabuses of all the main examining boards offering A-level chemistry, and contains material suitable for students beginning undergraduate study. The author places the subject in context by discussing the nature and the wider implications and applications of chemistry. The material is divided into four parts: physical, industrial, inorganic and organic chemistry. Each part is divided into short self-contained units, each of which develops a set of well-defined themes or concepts. Students may work through the units in order, or individual units may be used separately.

Introduction to nanofluids--their properties, synthesis, characterization, and applications
Nanofluids are attracting a great deal of interest with their enormous potential to provide enhanced performance properties, particularly with respect to heat transfer. In response, this text takes you on a complete journey into the science and technology of nanofluids. The authors cover both the chemical and physical methods for synthesizing nanofluids, explaining the techniques for creating a stable suspension of nanoparticles. You get an overview of the existing models and experimental techniques used in studying nanofluids, alongside discussions of the challenges and problems associated with some of these models.
Next, the authors set forth and explain the heat transfer applications of nanofluids, including microelectronics, fuel cells, and hybrid-powered engines. You also get an introduction to possible future applications in large-scale cooling and biomedicine.
This book is the work of leading pioneers in the field, one of whom holds the first U.S. patent for nanofluids. They have combined their own first-hand knowledge with a thorough review of theliterature. Among the key topics are:
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Synthesis of nanofluids, including dispersion techniques and characterization methods
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Thermal conductivity and thermo-physical properties
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Theoretical models and experimental techniques
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Heat transfer applications in microelectronics, fuel cells, and vehicle engines

This text is written for researchers in any branch of science and technology, without any prerequisite.It therefore includes some basic information describing conduction, convection, and boiling of nanofluids for those readers who may not have adequate background in these areas. Regardless of your background, you'll learn to develop nanofluids not only as coolants, but also for a host ofnew applications on the horizon.

Natural Products Chemistry: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Phytochemistry focuses on the development of biochemical, biomedical and their applications. It highlights the importance of accomplishing an integration of engineering with biology and medicine to understand and manage the scientific, industrial, and clinical aspects. It also explains both the basic science and the applications of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals, with special emphasis on their clinical use. The biological background provided enables readers to comprehend the major problems in biochemical engineering and formulate effective solutions. This title also expands upon current concepts with the latest research and applications, providing both the breadth and depth researchers need. The book also introduces the topic of natural products chemistry with an overview of key concepts. This book is aimed at professionals from industry, academicians engaged in chemical science or natural product chemistry research, and graduate-level students.

PREFACE IN the present volume, dealing with the Chemical Technology of the Textile Fibres except as concerns the dye-stuffs, which will be treated in a separate work, the author has been obliged to con- dense the available matter as much as possible, in order to preserve the form of a text-book. Nevertheless, it seemed necessary, in certain cases, in the interests of the book, to give definite data and an exact description of individual processes. In such instances the details have been gathered exclusively either from the authors personal experience or from reliable sources. The most important part of the book is the chapter treating of dyeing, whilst, on the other hand, the subject of printing had to be dealt with in a more general fashion, the materials being less suitable for treatment in text-book style. The author thinks it desirable to point out that in the present work an attempt has been made to completely separate the chemical and mechanical technology of the subject, a standpoint he considers justified by the extensive area occupied by each of these branches. Hence only a few sketches of apparatus have been given and the methods of dressing the finished goods have been described very briefly, since they almost entirely belong to the domain of mechanical technology. The author is indebted to Prof. J. Zipser for the whole of the sketches given, and to Mr. C. Schimke, teacher of dyeing at the Koyal State Trade School, Bielitz, for much assistance in the production of the book. GEOEG VON GEOEGIEVICS Artificial Fibres . Mineral, , . Vegetable Cellulose..... Cotton . . . . Bombax Cotton .... Vegetable Silk .... ..... Flax .- . . ..... Hemp Jute Ramie, Rhea, China Grass, NettleFibre . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER L THE TEXTILE FIBRES Distinguishing Tests for the Various Fibres Animal Fibres .... Silk . . Animal Hairs . Sheeps Wool . Goat Wool and Camel Wool Artificial Wool Wool Substitutes Conditioning CHAPTER II. WASHING, BLEACHING, CARBONISING Washing and ..... Bleaching Definition Bleaching Agents ... Cotton-Bleaching . . ...... . . . PAGE iii 1 2 2 3 8 12 12 12 16 17 19 20 2-2 23 34 35 45 46 19 50 53 viii CONTENTS Linen-Bleaching . . . Ramie-Bleaching... Hemp-Bleaching... Jute-Bleaching . 76 Scouring and Bleaching Silk 77 Washing and Bleaching Wool ... 80 Blueing or White 86 Dyeing... Carbonising .... 87 CHAPTER III. MORDANTS AND MORDANTING Mordants..... 95 Mordanting Wool . ... 96 Mordanting Silk . . . . . . .98 Mordanting Cotton ....... 99 Alumina Mordants . . . . . . .102 Mordants........ Iron Mordants . . . . . . .,106 ........ Chrome 108 Tin Mordants 112 Copper and other Mordants . . . . . ...... .114 The Fixing Agents Acid Mordants 115 Tannic Acids ... . Oleic Acids . . . PAGE . . . . .116 - . . . . .122 CHAPTER IV. DYEING 1. Theory of Colour Combination of Colours Dyeing to Pattern . . 125 2. Theory of Dyeing . . . . . . 130 3. Classification of Dye-Stuffs Methods of Dyeing . . . ., 138 Application of Acid Dye-Stuffs . . . . Application of Basic v . Dye-Stuffs ., . . .- 143 Application of Direct or Substantive Cotton Dyes...... . Dyes . . 146 Application of the Mordant 154 Dyeing with Cochineal . . . . . .160 Dyeing with Catechu....... 178 Black and Blue Dyeings with Logwood on Wool . . . 163 Turkey-Red Dyeing . .. . -. . .172 Black-Dyeing Cotton with Logwood..... 180 ...

This book provides an interdisciplinary guide to quasicrystals, the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning topic, by presenting an up-to-date and detailed introduction to the many fundamental aspects and applications of quasicrystals science. It reviews the most characteristic features of the peculiar geometric order underlying their structure and their reported intrinsic physical properties, along with their potential for specific applications. The role of quasiperiodic order in science and technology is also examined by focusing on the new design capabilities provided by this novel ordering of matter. This book is specifically devoted to promoting the very notion of quasiperiodic order, and to spur its physical implications and technological capabilities. It, therefore, explores the fundamental aspects of intermetallic, photonic, and phononic quasicrystals, as well as soft-matter quasicrystals, including their intrinsic physical and structural properties. In addition, it thoroughly discusses experimental data and related theoretical approaches to explain them, extending the standard treatment given in most current solid state physics literature. It also explores exciting applications in new technological devices of quasiperiodically ordered systems, including multilayered quasiperiodic systems, along with 2D and 3D designs, whilst outlining new frontiers in quasicrystals research. This book can be used as a reader-friendly introductory text for graduate students, in addition to senior scientists and researchers coming from the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Key features: * Provides an updated and detailed introduction to the interdisciplinary field of quasicrystals in a tutorial style, considering both fundamental aspects and additional freedom degrees provided by designs based on quasiperiodically ordered materials. * Includes 50 fully worked out exercises with detailed solutions, motivating, and illustrating the different concepts and notions to provide readers with further learning opportunities. * Presents a complete compendium of the current state of the art knowledge of quasicrystalline matter, and outlines future next generation materials based on quasiperiodically ordered designs for their potential use in useful technological devices. Dr. Enrique Macia-Barber is Professor of condensed matter physics at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. His research interests include the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystals and DNA biophysics. In 2010 he received the RSEF- BBVA Foundation Excellence Physics Teaching Award. His book Aperiodic Structures in Condensed Matter: Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boca-Raton, 2009) is one of the Top Selling Physics Books according to YBP Library Services.

This detailed book explores techniques used in research efforts to adopt and combine the best capabilities from natural and artificial vector systems to assemble improved delivery technologies aimed for specific applications. The collection discusses vectors other than the traditional viral and non-viral systems and explores ideas for blending the best features of bacteria, nanoparticles, peptides, and hybrid systems for the delivery of biomaterials into cells, as well as a chapter on the application of shotgun proteomics and mass spectrometry as a tool to analyze the proteomic profile changes in cells that result from these interventions. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Bio-Carrier Vectors: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers working toward harnessing the power of multiple vectors in gene and drug delivery.

This thorough volume explores protocols of proteome- and metabolome-wide strategies for the identification of protein-small molecule complexes in different organisms, in order to shed light on these important regulatory interactions. Experimental and computational strategies to characterize protein-metabolite interactions are discussed, and recent advances in enabling technologies are featured as well. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice to ensure success in future research. Authoritative and practical, Cell-Wide Identification of Metabolite-Protein Interactions will aid researchers seeking a better understanding of the mechanisms of signal transduction occurring in the cell and assessing the effect of complex formation on cell physiology.

Real-world evidence (RWE) has been at the forefront of pharmaceutical innovations. It plays an important role in transforming drug development from a process aimed at meeting regulatory expectations to an operating model that leverages data from disparate sources to aid business, regulatory, and healthcare decision making. Despite its many benefits, there is no single book systematically covering the latest development in the field. Written specifically for pharmaceutical practitioners, Real-World Evidence in Drug Development and Evaluation, presents a wide range of RWE applications throughout the lifecycle of drug product development. With contributions from experienced researchers in the pharmaceutical industry, the book discusses at length RWE opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Features Provides the first book and a single source of information on RWE in drug development Covers a broad array of topics on outcomes- and value-based RWE assessments Demonstrates proper Bayesian application and causal inference for real-world data (RWD) Presents real-world use cases to illustrate the use of advanced analytics and statistical methods to generate insights Offers a balanced discussion of practical RWE issues at hand and technical solutions suitable for practitioners with limited data science expertise

This volume is divided in six section covering the most experimental approaches involved in the study of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Chapters detail determination of unfolded protein levels, methods to study UPR signal transmission, analysing the outcomes of the UPR pathway activation, UPR studies in mammalian models, UPR in alternative models, and UPR and disease. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, The Unfolded Protein Response: Methods and Protocols aims to describe key methods and approaches used in the study of the UPR pathway and its complex cellular implications. Chapter 6 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book continues the legacy of a well-established reference within the pharmaceutical industry - providing perspective, covering recent developments in technologies that have enabled the expanded use of biomarkers, and discussing biomarker characterization and validation and applications throughout drug discovery and development. Explains where proper use of biomarkers can substantively impact drug development timelines and costs, enable selection of better compounds and reduce late stage attrition, and facilitate personalized medicine Helps readers get a better understanding of biomarkers and how to use them, for example which are accepted by regulators and which still non-validated and exploratory Updates developments in genomic sequencing, and application of large data sets into pre-clinical and clinical testing; and adds new material on data mining, economics, and decision making, personal genetic tools, and wearable monitoring Includes case studies of biomarkers that have helped and hindered decision making Reviews of the first edition: "If you are interested in biomarkers, and it is difficult to imagine anyone reading this who wouldn't be, then this book is for you." (ISSX) and "...provides a good introduction for those new to the area, and yet it can also serve as a detailed reference manual for those practically involved in biomarker implementation." (ChemMedChem)

Include advance knowledge and detailed developments in natural product science Discusses about the most important phytopharmaceuticals used in pharmaceutical industries Explores the analysis and classification of novel plant-based medicinal compounds Includes standardization, quality control, global trade of natural products Gives a deep understanding related to recent advances in the herbal medicines to treat various ailments Discusses about national and WHO regulations and policies related to herbal medicine Covers the complete profile of some important traditional medicinal plants especially their historical background, biology and chemistry