The word Polyethylene was probably first pronounced in a lecture which M. P. E. Berthelot delivered on April ,27, 1863 to the Chemical Society in Paris, reporting on the "polymerization" of various simple organic compounds (1). Much later this work appeared twice in the literature before the classical ICI breakthrough in the 1930's which is so colorfully described in Ballard's lecture. Once it came up at the end of the last century when H. von Pechmann obtained "a white flocculant material" from the decomposition of diazomethane which, one year later, was termed to be "polymethylene" - (CH ) - from E. Bamberger 2 and F. Tschiemer (1). At that time the investigators were disappointed about this product because it was not what they had expected to find in their experiments. As a result any further work was discontinued. The second time that the word polyethylene appeared in the literature to describe a "white solid powder" was in 1930 when C. S. Marvel and M. E. P. Friedericks (2) attempted to prepare alkylated As compounds in which all five valencies were covalently bonded to five monovalent-aTkyl groups. They reacted Tetra-ethyl-arsenium bromide with butyllithium and expected to get tetra ethyl butyl arsenium. Instead they obtained LiBr + AsEt3 + gaseous products. Delicate and somewhat time-consuming analysis gave a surprising result: ethane and C 's were there in the 4 expected quantities but ethylene was missing - or almost missing - in the gas mixture.

This volume details cutting-edge methods and protocols for the development, characterization, and applications of multienzyme assemblies. Chapters guide readers through up-to-date techniques applied for the development and emerging applications of multi-enzymatic systems for biotransformations, biosensing, molecular-scale diagnostics and bioelectronics. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Multienzymatic Assemblies: Methods and Protocols aims to be useful for academics and industry professionals working in the field of biotechnology, biochemistry, chemical and biological engineering, nanobiotechnology, and biocatalysis.

Please note this title is suitable for any student studying: Exam Board: OCR Level: A Level Year 2 Subject: Chemistry First teaching: September 2015 First exams: June 2017 Written by curriculum and specification experts in partnership with OCR, this Student Book supports and extends students through the new course while delivering the breadth, depth, and skills needed to succeed in the new A Level and beyond. It develops true subject knowledge while also developing essential exam skills. Covers the second year worth of content required for the new OCR Chemistry A A Level specification.

This volume provides a practical guide providing step-by-step protocol to explore vaccines for farm and companion animals, as well as for fish and insects. Divided into three volumes, Volume 2: Vaccines for Veterinary Diseases guides readers through veterinary vaccines, vaccines for poultry, vaccines for farm animals, and vaccines for veterinary parasites. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and practical, Vaccine Design: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition, Volume 2: Vaccines for Veterinary Diseases aims to be a useful practical guide to researchers to help further their study in this field.

Peptidomimetics have found wide application as bioavailable, and often potent mimetics of natural peptides. They form the basis of important classes of enzyme inhibitors, they act as receptor agonists and antagonists, and they have even been used to mimic DNA structure. Recent advances in the use of solid-phase organic synthesis have paved the way for the preparation of libraries of these structures to allow the rapid optimization of theri biological properties and hence therapeutic potential. We are also beginning to gain a greater understanding of the structural features of this class of compounds that influence their ability to permeate membranes, and their rate of clearance and metabolism. This volume brings together many of these critical issues by highlighting recent advances in a number of core peptidomimetic-based research.

This book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science.Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification.In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English.

More than 15 years have passed since publication of the last monograph on anthracyclineantibiotics, theACSSymposium Series574, edited byW.Priebe. However, anthracycline antibiotics continue to be one of the most applied antitumor agents, mostly in combination therapy. In addition, a number of exciting new developments such as prodrug development or new synthetic, semi-synthetic, or biosynthetic derivatives have emerged in spite of a certain decrease in synthetic activity. With this background in mind, I accepted the invitation of Prof. J. Thiem to edit an updated collection of reviews on - thracyclineantibiotics. Infact, thistaskturnedouttobeanexciting endeavor andinsteadoftheinitiallyplannedsinglevolume, thenumerouscontributions frommany experts in this exciting ?eld had to be collected into two volumes. Thelast decadehasprovidedamuchgreater amountofnewinformationthen initially anticipated and these volumes represent a condensed review of this data derived fromjournals representing quite different ?elds. The ?rst volume is dedicated to biological occurrence and biosynthesis as well as the synthesis and chemistry of anthracyclines. Since the pioneering review of H. Brockmann on naturally occurring anthracyclines in 1963, no systematic overview has appeared and this volume will provide a review of the latest information. This topic is closely related to biosynthesis and the intriguing progress in biotechnology to produce biosynthetic anthracycline variants is presented. The part of the volume covering synthesis comprises an updated overview on asymmetric synthesis, combinatorial synthesis using the Diels-Alder reaction, synthesis of ?uorinated anthracyclines, the sugar moieties, non-natural glycosyl anthraquinones as DNA binding and pho- cleaving agents, and ?nally of anthracyclines and fredericamycin A via strong base-induced cycloadditionreact

A thorough history. Lactic acid's chemistry has posed problems that required the large-scale preparation of the acid for study; its manufacture is a complicated process involving many subdisciplines of the science of chemistry; its use encompasses many fields of industrial activity and important asp

In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. For example in milk processing, homogenization, pasteurization, chilling, and packaging are each unit operations which are connected to create the overall process. A process may have many unit operations to obtain the desired product. The book will cover many different unit operations as they apply to food processing.

The exciting new Sixth Edition expands on the visualisation pedagogy from coauthor Stacey Lowery Bretz and makes it even easier to implement in the classroom. Based on her chemistry education research on how students construct and interpret multiple representations, art in the book and media has been revised to be more pedagogically effective and to address student misconceptions. New projected visualisation questions help instructors assess students' conceptual understanding in lecture or during exams. A new Interactive Instructor's Guide provides innovative ways to incorporate research-based active learning pedagogy into the classroom.

On August 18, 1977 a special 'Soddy Session' was held at the Fifteenth International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, Scotland, with Dr. Thaddeus J. Trenn as Symposium Chairman. This session was organized to commemorate the lOOth anniversary of the birth of Fre derick Soddy (born September 2, 1877, Eastbourne, England; died September 22, 1956, Brighton, England), who was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 'for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes'. Soddy taught and/or carried out research at Oxford University (where he was Lee's Professor of Chemistry), McGill University (where he and Sir Ernest Rutherford proposed the disintegration theory of radioactivity), University College, London (where he and Sir William Ramsay demonstrated natural transmuta tion), Glasgow University (where he formulated his displacement law and concept of isotopes), llnd Aberdeen University. In addition to his contributions to radiochemistry, he proposed a number of controversial economic, social, and political theories. The present volume contains the eight lectures presented at the symposium, two additional papers written especially for this volume (Kauffman, Chapter 4 and Krivomazov, Chapter 6), a paper on Soddy's economic thought (Daly, Chapter 11), and three selections from Soddy's works. Furthermore, an introductory account of Soddy's life and work by Thaddeus J. Trenn as well as a Soddy chronology, and name and subject indexes compiled by the editor are provided."

Poverty remains one of the most urgent issues of our time. In this fully updated edition of her important and widely acclaimed intervention on the topic, Ruth Lister introduces readers to the meaning and experience of poverty in the contemporary world. The book opens with a lucid discussion of current debates around the definition and measurement of poverty in industrialized societies, before embarking on a multifaceted exploration of its varied interpretations. Drawing on thinking in the field of international development and real-life accounts, the book emphasizes key aspects of poverty such as powerlessness, lack of voice, insecurity, loss of dignity and respect. Ruth Lister embraces the relational, cultural, symbolic as well as material dimensions of poverty, and makes important links between poverty and other concepts such as capabilities, agency, human rights and citizenship. She concludes by making the case for reframing the politics of poverty as a claim for redistribution and recognition. The result is a rich and insightful analysis, which deepens and broadens our understanding of poverty today. It will be essential reading for all students in the social sciences, as well as researchers, activists and policymakers.

The matrix isolation (MI) method has now been used for nearly thirty years. During this period it has been actively developed and the range of problems tackled greatly extended. Originally it was used for studies of transient species involv ing vibrational, electronic and ESR spectroscopy. Nowadays the study of transient species forms a comparatively small part of HI work since it has been amply demonstrated that very fruitful information can be obtained of the structure and interactions of stable molecules and their aggregates. In addition to the s ectroscopic methods mentioned above the MI technique is nowadays a standard method in research based on vibrational relaxation, luminescence, Mossbauer, magnetic circular dichroism, pulsed NMR and photoelectron spectroscopy. The matrix isolation technique affords considerable advantages over more conventional methods in most applications of spectroscopy. Areas where the technique has been widely applied, or shows great potential, include: metal atom chemistry, and its relation to surface chemistry, high temperature inorganic species, transition metal complexes, interstellar species, free radicals and unstable molecules, conformational studies, molecular com plexes, and intermolecular forces."

In den zentralen Buchern IV-VI seiner Politik, deren Thema die Verfassungen bilden, verfolgt Aristoteles als Hauptinteresse, die Einseitigkeit und Radikalitat selbstsuchtiger Regierungen zu uberwinden. Politische Unruhen und Verfassungssturz und die Methoden, sie zu vermeiden, bilden den Gegenstand eines ganzen Buches. Uberall liegt der Behandlung der Verfassungen eine Analyse der Vorstellungen, Antriebe, Erwartungen und Ziele der verschiedenen Gruppierungen innerhalb der freien Bevolkerung zugrunde, die die verantwortlichen Politiker bei der Ausformung der politischen Ordnung berucksichtigen mussen. Im vorgelegten Band folgt auf eine Ubersetzung der Bucher IV-VI und eine Einleitung in die aristotelische Verfassungstheorie ein Kommentar, der den Zusammenhang der jeweiligen Diskussion mit anderen Abschnitten des Werkes herstellt und ihre Stellung in der Tradition antiker Philosophie, Historiographie und anderer relevanter Texte verdeutlicht. Da Aristoteles seine Behandlung des Verfassungslebens standig an Vorgangen in griechischen Staaten erlautert, enthalt der Kommentar eine intensive Diskussion der historischen Verweise."

This book highlights the preparation and characterization of efficient electromagnetic shielding composites containing bio-carbon derived from natural loofah with unique three-dimensional porous structures by means of entire structure design of composites according to shielding theory. The synergistic effect of multifunctional nanoparticles and bio-carbon on electromagnetic shielding mechanism, mechanical performance, and thermal stability of composites obtained has been holistically investigated. The discovery of this renewable, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive bio-carbon represents a new class of conductive materials with multi-interfaces and unravels further research and development of a wide variety of new electromagnetic shielding material systems with potential commercial applications ranging from electronic devices to energy management.

The single most important task of food scientists and the food industry as a whole is to ensure the safety of foods supplied to consumers. Recent trends in global food production, distribution and preparation call for increased emphasis on hygienic practices at all levels and for increased research in food safety in order to ensure a safer global food supply. The ISEKI-Food book series is a collection of books where various aspects of food safety and environmental issues are introduced and reviewed by scientists specializing in the field. In all of the books a special emp- sis was placed on including case studies applicable to each specific topic. The books are intended for graduate students and senior level undergraduate students as well as professionals and researchers interested in food safety and environmental issues applicable to food safety. The idea and planning of the books originates from two working groups in the European thematic network "ISEKI-Food" an acronym for "Integrating Safety and Environmental Knowledge In to Food Studies." Participants in the ISEKI-Food network come from 29 countries in Europe and most of the institutes and univer- ties involved with Food Science education at the university level are represented. Some international companies and non teaching institutions have also participated in the program. The ISEKI-Food network is coordinated by Professor Cristina Silva at The Catholic University of Portugal, College of Biotechnology (Escola) in Porto. The program has a web site at: http: //www. esb. ucp. pt/iseki/.

Originally published in 1913. PREFACE: CONSIDERING the importance of the coal tar industry at the present day, it is surprising how few practical text-books there are on this subject. I feel, therefore, that no apology is needed for offering to students, gasworks and tarworks managers and others interested in this industry, and in chemical technology, a short treatise dealing in a practical manner with the distillation of coal tar and the working up of its chief products. In order that this book could be produced at a moderate price it has been necessary to deal with the plant and processes used in the working up of the chief products obtained by the distillation of coal tar in a more or less brief manner. Special attention has been given to the plant used for, and the process of distillation of tar, as this portion of the industry is the most important, there being many works in which tar is submitted to distillation, or a partial distillation, for special purposes, and the distillates sold to other distillers for working up. As far as possible I have adhered to descriptions of plant and processes with which I have had a practical acquaintance, and I have drawn many of the illustrations in a diagrammatic form in order to render them more easily understood. With reference to the figures relating to change over points, temperatures used, amounts of distillates obtained and so on, those given have been employed in actual practice at one time or another, but theymust notbe taken as guides, as coaltar and coal tar distillates, etc., are liable to variation. My thanks are due to the firms of Messrs. Thos. Broadbent Sons, Ltd., S. H. Johnson Co., Ltd., and Robert Middleton, for their kindnessin lending me electros with which to illustrate Chapter xiv. Also to Mr.W. R. Ball for the great assistance he has given me in reading over much of the manuscript. Thanks are also due tomy wife for the assistance she has given me in the preparation of the index, and the correction of the proof sheets. Hull, 1913. vii ARTHUR R. WARNES. Contents include: CHAPTER I COALTAR ITSCOMPOSITION EFFECTOFNATURE OFRAWMATERIAL AND HEAT OF CARBONIZATION ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TAR RESULTS OF PRACTICAL DIS- TILLATIONS . CHAPTER II How TAR is RECEIVED FROM GASWORKS TAR TIPS STORAGE OF TAR CONSTRUCTION OFSTORAGETANKS PUMPS CHAPTER III PLANT USED IN THE DISTILLATION OF TAR. . . . .10 Tar stills metals used in their construction design fittings building of still safety contrivances swan-neck steam pipes charge block dipping cock -manhole and lid tail pipe and pitch cock thermometer. CHAPTER IV PLANT USED IN THE DISTILLATION OF TAR continued . . 25 Still foundations settling ashpits fireplaces curtain arch flues burners for gas firing gas sewer coal v. gas firing. CHAPTER V PLANT USED IN THE DISTILLATION OF TAR continued ., 33 Preheaters corrosion of preheater coils advantage of preheaters condensing coils corrosion of condensing coils condenser coil tanks steam coils collecting and dividing boxes foul gas mains methods of dealing with foul gases methods of running distil- lates to receivers cocks types of receivers steam valves pitch coolers French weir cooler pitch gutters pitch bays emergency pumps. DISTILLATION or COAL TAR .. . CHAPTER VI PAGE . . . . . 48 Charging preheater and still commencing the distillation crude naphtha and ammonia water stage light oil stage carbolicoil stage creosote stage anthracene oil or green oil stage- introduction of steam Wells oil method of testing used by stillmen examination of safety valves, etc...

This detailed book highlights several emerging areas in the implementation of green chemistry in medicinal chemistry drug discovery with a specific focus on their application to the expeditious discovery of new biologically active entities. Divided into three sections, the collection explores greener approaches to chemical transformations that are both prevalent and have been highlighted as challenging within the pharmaceutical industry, overall synthetic strategy, as well as the implementation and impact of a range of enabling technologies within medicinal chemistry. As a volume of the Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology series, chapters provide the kind of key insight that can guide researchers toward greater success in the lab. Authoritative and practical, Green Chemistry in Drug Discovery: From Academia to Industry provides both a fundamental insight into the progress that has been made as well as some of the challenges that still exist for these techniques to be effectively implemented in the drug discovery process in a routine manner.

The classic book that presents a unified approach to crystallography and the defects found within crystals, revised and updated This new edition of Crystallography and Crystal Defects explains the modern concepts of crystallography in a clear, succinct manner and shows how to apply these concepts in the analyses of point, line and planar defects in crystalline materials. Fully revised and updated, this book now includes: Original source references to key crystallographic terms familiar to materials scientists Expanded discussion on the elasticity of cubic materials New content on texture that contains more detail on Euler angles, orientation distribution functions and an expanded discussion on examples of textures in engineering materials Additional content on dislocations in materials of symmetry lower than cubic An expanded discussion of twinning which includes the description and classification of growth twins The inclusion and explanation of results from atomistic modelling of twin boundaries Problem sets with new questions, detailed worked solutions, supplementary lecture material and online computer programs for crystallographic calculations. Written by authors with extensive lecturing experience at undergraduate level, Crystallography and Crystal Defects, Third Edition continues to take its place as the core text on the topic and provides the essential resource for students and researchers in metallurgy, materials science, physics, chemistry, electrical, civil and mechanical engineering.

Water is a paramount determinant of quality of life. The WHO experts believe that the sickness and death rates of the world population could be reduced by 75% by maintaining good quality of drinking water. That is why thirty-one leading scientists and specialists from fifteen countries gathered in November 2003 at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Modern Tools and Methods of Water Treatment for Improving Living Standards" in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, to discuss the scientific concepts and practical means for the solution of the complex social, economic and ecological problems associated with water purification, consumption, conservation, and protection. All this is covered in this book of proceedings of the NATO ARW.

This book contains four parts. In Part 1, the readers will find recent advances in drinking water treatment in the United States, biological control in water-cooling towers, analytical control of drinking water quality, and the use of radionuclides for monitoring global contamination. In Part 2, some innovative methods and tools, such as electrochemically-stimulated sorption and sorption-membrane methods, a bubble-extraction method, fibroid sorbents, in-situ oxygen curtain technology, use of ion-exchange membranes, electrochemically-generated silver and copper ions and colloidal gold for water purification and post-purification are presented. In Part 3, recent studies into the treatment of wastewaters could be found. Among them: water reclamation and recycling in Danish industry, biocide polymers as a new opportunity in water treatment, optimization of galvanic wastewater treatment processes, efficiency of nitrification and denitrification processes inwastewater treatment plants, electrochemical processes for wastewater purification employing fluidized beds of particles, cold plasma as a new tool for purification of wastewater from chemical contaminants, bacteria and viruses. In Part 4, examples of management of water resources in the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Poland, Croatia, and Romania using a variety of case studies are presented. Also, the important issue of industry-university cooperation for postgraduate education and training in the water treatment area is discussed.

We believe that this book will be helpful to the international community of scientists, specialists and students dealing with water treatment, purification, conservation and protection.

This volume is a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of strategies, reproducible methods, and protocols for the in-depth analysis of Proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycan part, the GAGs. Chapters are divided into three parts detailing GAGs in biological specimens, protocols for the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effects of PGs/GAGs, and protocols for compounds related with the metabolic enzymes, epigenetic regulation, and PGs/GAGs-based inhibitors. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Cutting-edge and thorough, Proteoglycans: Methods and Protocols aims to provide information on the elucidated the structural and functional aspects of the complex matrix macromolecules such as the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in a wide range of biomaterials for the development of smart and advanced functional materials. It discusses the fundamentals of bio-interfacial interactions and the surface engineering of emerging biomaterials like metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composites/nanocomposites. In turn, the book addresses the latest techniques and approaches to engineering material surfaces/interfaces in, e.g., implants, tissue engineering, drug delivery, antifouling, and dentistry. Lastly, it summarizes various challenges in the design and development of novel biomaterials. Given its scope, it offers a valuable source of information for students, academics, physicians and particularly researchers from diverse disciplines such as material science and engineering, polymer engineering, biotechnology, bioengineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, and biomedical engineering for various commercial and scientific applications.