Themodernbillion-dollardrug-discoveryprocessstronglyreliesonbothhi- throughput synthesis and screening methods. Whereas the latter is based on molecular biological methods, the ef?cient and reliable generation of c- pound collections often makes use of combinatorial chemistry. Discovered in the 1980s, this methodology was explored extensively in the 1990s by groups in academia and in industry. Without any doubt, combinatorial chemistry changed the whole drug-discovery process and found many applications in cropscience and the material sciences. However, since its implementation, solution- and solid-phase techniques have been competing with each other, and although many companies started theircombinatorialchemistryprogramwithsolid-phasetechniques,soluti- phase combinatorial methods have taken over and now account for appro- mately 25% of all combinatorial efforts. The syntheses of complex, non-polymeric structures, discovered in the 1960s by the late Bruce Merri?eld, was largely ignored in the context of solid supports, mainly due to the fact that appropriate synthesis techniques were not available. Since solid-phase chemical methodology strongly differs from traditional solution-phase chemistry, two chapters deal with this topic. The Brase group (Jung, Wiehn, Brase) gives an overview of multifunctional linkers, which can beusedforthegenerationofdiversity-orientedcollections,simplybycleavage fromresins. Still in its infancy, solid-phase reactions employ "simple" amide chemistry in most cases due to their high-yielding, reliable protocols. Ljungdahl, Br- ?eld, and Kann address solid-phase organometallic chemistry, which is now one ofthe great challenges in reliable solid-phase organicsynthesis.

This volume is a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of strategies, reproducible methods, and protocols for the in-depth analysis of Proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycan part, the GAGs. Chapters are divided into three parts detailing GAGs in biological specimens, protocols for the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effects of PGs/GAGs, and protocols for compounds related with the metabolic enzymes, epigenetic regulation, and PGs/GAGs-based inhibitors. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Cutting-edge and thorough, Proteoglycans: Methods and Protocols aims to provide information on the elucidated the structural and functional aspects of the complex matrix macromolecules such as the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

PREFACE: The preparation of this book was undertaken because it was felt that there was need of a work dealing primarily with the chemical aspects of the pulp and paper industry and embodying under one cover the results of recent investigations along this line. The endeavor has been to include all details which the chemist should have to enable him to grasp the methods of manufacture, but it is not intended to be a treatise on paper making in all its mechanical phases, and in fact the mechanical features of the industry are discussed only in so far as they are necessary for a satisfactory understanding of the chemistry involved. It has been written chiefly with the idea of helping the young technical man, whether chemist or chemical engineer, and it has therefore been assumed that the reader has a fair knowledge of the elements of chemistry. At the same time it has been attempted to write as simply and plainly as possible and it is believed that any one connected with the pulp and paper industry will find it helpful and suggestive. The subject matter has been collected from personal notes and experiences during the authors twenty years service as chemist in the industry, as well as from a careful review of the literature relating to the subject. The latter is often contra- dictory in the extreme and in certain cases it has proved almost impossible to reconcile conflicting statements. In such cases both sides of the argument have been presented as fairly as possible. It is peculiar to the industry that there are usually a large number of variable factors which influence any one operation, and since it is practically impossible to control all of these variables it necessarily follows thatresults in different mills will not be in harmony. For this reason it is expected that the observant reader will find statements to which he will take exceptions, but such differences of opinion are often desirable since they indicate lines of investigation which will lead to a better understanding of many things present obscure. which are at Regarding the methods of analysis and testing which are given it may be said that the attempt has been made to include all which are necessary for routine work in controlling opera- tions. There are many occasional analyses which it is necessary to make during special investigations, but it is impractical to include all of these and for such methods reference must be made to the numerous standard text-books of analytical procedure. L. Merrill Acknowledgment is made of the assistance of Mr. J. on the subject of Straw and also of that of my associates at the mills of S. D. Warren Company, whose encouragement has helped to overcome many difficulties. I am also indebted to the publishers ofVan Nostrands Chem- ical Annual for a number of the tables which will be found in the appendix. Contents include: CHAPTER I PAGE CELLULOSE Physiological and Physical. Composition and Constitution. Cellulose and Water. Solvents. Cellulose and Salts. Decomposition by Acids, Alkalis, Oxidants, Ferments and Heat. Compounds, Nitrates, Gun- Cotton, Nitrites, Acetates, Sulphuric Esters. Mixed Esters, Benzoates, Formates, Alkali-Cellulose. Sulpho-Carbonates. Groups of Celluloses. Compound Celluloses. Methods of Determination. CHAPTER II FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS t . . . 34 The Vegetable Cell. Seed Hairs. Bast Fibres. Fibres from Whole Stems. Woods. Length of Fibres. Densitiesand Composition of Woods. Bark and Knots. Decay. Woods used in Pulp Making. Bulk of Raw Materials. CHAPTER III RAGS, ESPARTO, STRAW, BAMBOO 68 Grades of Rags. Dusting. Boiling. Boilers. Losses. Esparto. Cleaning. Boilers. Cooking. Bleaching. Alkali Recovery. Straw. Com- position. Cooking with Lime. Soda Cooks. Bamboo. Sources. Analyses. Cooking...

The book presents a sequential approach for the treatment of dye wastewater, presenting state-of-the-art techniques based on recent findings. The release of these dyes into the environment is a major threat due to their toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and their biotransformation products. It has been at least two decades since researchers have been trying to find interactions between dye molecules and water media, and find new purification methods. This book plays an important role in this field by highlighting the cutting edge results in dye removal and remediation, and discusses in detail the application of various physical, chemical, and biological techniques for the removal of pollutants from water.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with updated research and techniques to help laboratory workers design and implement a successful purification strategy, emphasize critical aspects on practical problems, and answers questions encountered at the lab bench. The chapters in this book are divided into five parts: Part One discusses an overview of screening and design of purification strategies and covers initial aspects on high-throughput screening, methods development, and media selection; Parts Two and Three explore low- and high-resolution methods, with emphasis on affinity chromatography; Part Four describes analytical techniques of purified proteins; and Part Five presents selected examples and case studies to discuss the aforementioned. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and comprehensive, Protein Downstream Processing: Design, Development, and Application of High and Low-Resolution Methods, Second Edition is an ideal source of information to advanced students, junior researchers, and scientists involved in health sciences, cellular and molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, and other related areas in both academia and industry.

This book presents the theoretical and experimental investigations on antiferromagnetically coupled ferrimagnets and reveals new aspects of ferrimagnetic dynamics in terms of the role of angular momentum. The purpose of this book is to show readers that antiferromagnets/ferrimagnets are useful in spintronic devices in that (1) The non adiabatic spin transfer torque in antiferromagnets acts as a staggered magnetic field, which can drive the magnetic domain walls, and (2) The Gilbert damping parameter , the energy dissipation rate associated with the magnetic dynamics of ferrimagnets, is insensitive to temperature in contrast to the conventional understanding that the effective of ferrimagnets diverges at the angular momentum compensation temperature. This book provides readers with a scientific platform of ferrimagnetic dynamics, which serves as a useful basis for realizing the next generation of spintronic devices.

This book describes fresh approaches to compression technology. The authors describe in detail where, why, and how these can be of value to process plants. As such plants have become ever larger and more complex, more technology-intensive solutions have had to be developed for process machinery. The best practices that have emerged to address these requirements are assembled in this book.

This book reviews new promising drug targets for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), with a special focus on antiprotozoal drugs against trpyanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent studied targets, and it outlines classical and new treatments and delivery strategies. Expert contributors describe new methods of analysis and bio-prospecting for new compounds, and provide a critical perspective of the translational process used in the research and development of new drug candidates. The book will appeal not only to researchers, students and professionals interested in drug development to protozoan diseases, but also to medicinal chemists in general.

Unique new approaches for making chemistry accessible to diverse students

Students' interest and achievement in academics improve dramatically when they make connections between what they are learning and the potential uses of that knowledge i n the workplace and/or in the world at large. "Making Chemistry Relevant" presents a unique collection of strategies that have been used successfully in chemistry classrooms to create a learner-sensitive environment that enhances academic achievement and social competence of students.

Rejecting rote memorization, the book proposes a cognitive constructivist philosophy that casts the teacher as a facilitator helping students to construct solutions to problems. Written by chemistry professors and research groups from a wide variety of colleges and universities, the book offers a number of creative ways to make chemistry relevant to the student, including:

Teaching science in the context of major life issues and STEM professions

Relating chemistry to current events such as global warming, pollution, and terrorism

Integrating science research into the undergraduate laboratory curriculum

Enriching the learning experience for students with a variety of learning styles as well as accommodating the visually challenged students

Using media, hypermedia, games, and puzzles in the teaching of chemistry

Both novice and experienced faculty alike will find valuable ideas ready to be applied and adapted to enhance the learning experience of "all" their students.

Phyto-pathogens are one of the dominating components which badly affect crop production. In light of the global food demand, sustainable agricultural plans utilizing agrochemicals became necessary. The role of beneficial microbes in the defense priming of host plants has been well documented. This book details new aspects of microbial-assisted plant protection and their role in agricultural production, economy, and environmental sustainability.

This book provides an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in the field of carbon composite catalysts, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbons, graphitic carbon nitrides, and related composites. Special focus is placed on their controllable preparation and applications in the gas phase, liquid phase, electrochemical, and photocatalytic reactions, as well as defect and surface chemistry-related catalytic activities of carbon materials. Some perspectives are highlighted on the development of more efficient carbonaceous catalysts featuring high stability, low cost, optimized structures, and enhanced performance, which are the key factors to accelerate the designed preparation and commercialization of carbon composite catalysts. The book will also present the latest studies of carbon-based composite catalysts for clean energy change and storage, nature protection, and essential industrial production and storage and include the key challenges and future opportunities in this exciting field.

This book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This second volume in the set is devoted to the study of liquid phases.

This book provides basic and practical techniques of parallel computing and related methods of numerical analysis for researchers who conduct numerical calculation and simulation. Although the techniques provided in this book are field-independent, these methods can be used in fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, earth sciences, space science, meteorology, disaster prevention, and manufacturing. In particular, those who develop software code in these areas will find this book useful. The contents are suitable for graduate students and researchers in computational science rather than novices at programming or informed experts in computer science.Starting with an introduction to the recent trends in computer architecture and parallel processing, Chapter 1 explains the basic knowledge of speedup programs with simple examples of numerical computing. Chapters 2 - 4 detail the basics of parallel programming, the message passing interface (MPI), and OpenMP and discuss hybrid parallelization techniques. Showing an actual example of adaptation, Chapter 5 gives an overview of performance tuning and communication optimizations. To deal with dense matrix calculations, Chapter 6 details the basics and practice of linear algebra calculation libraries BLAS and LAPACK, including some examples that can be easily reproduced by readers using free software. Focusing on sparse matrix calculations, Chapter 7 explains high performance algorithms for numerical linear algebra. Chapter 8 introduces the fast Fourier transform in large-scale systems from the basics. Chapter 9 explains optimization and related topics such as debug methods and version control systems. Chapter 10 discusses techniques for increasing computation accuracy as an essential topic in numerical calculation. This is the first of the two volumes that grew out of a series of lectures in the K computer project in Japan. The second volume will focus on advanced techniques and examples of applications in materials science.

This second edition provides updated and new chapters that detail comprehensive overview of all the existing methods on analyzing protein arginylation. Chapters guide readers through the early methods utilizing crude protein preparations and whole-cell assays to the latest advanced methods involving recombinant protein techniques, antibodies, high precision mass spectrometry, and chemical probes. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Cutting-edge and thorough, Protein Arginylation: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition  aims to be of interest to novice researchers involved in posttranslational arginylation research and researchers working on a broad range of posttranslational modifications.

This booklet presents learning material based on the manufacture and uses of sodium carbonate made by the Solvay process.
The photocopiable worksheets are suitable for pre- and post-16 students. Their aim is to encourage the students to apply chemical principles in an unfamiliar context. Teachers' notes are also included.

This book introduces advanced or emerging technologies for conversion of wastes into a variety of high-value chemicals and materials. Energy and resources can be recovered from various residential, industrial and commercial wastes, such as municipal wastewater and sludge, e-waste, waste plastics and resins, crop residues, forestry residues and lignin. Advanced waste-to-resource and energy technologies like pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, fractionation, de-polymerization, gasification and carbonization are also introduced. The book serves as an essential guide to dealing with various types of wastes and the methods of disposal, recovery, recycling and re-use. As such it is a valuable resource for a wide readership, including graduate students, academic researchers, industrial researchers and practitioners in chemical engineering, waste management, waste to energy and resources conversion and biorefinery.

This is an agenda-setting and high-profile book that presents an authoritative and cutting-edge analysis of nanoscience and technology. The Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the major achievements in different aspects of this field.
The Handbook comprises 3 volumes, structured thematically, with 25 chapters each. Volume I presents fundamental issues of basic physics, chemistry, biochemistry, tribology etc. of nanomaterials. Volume II focuses on the progress made with host of nanomaterials including DNA and protein based nanostructures. Volume III highlights engineering and related developments, with a focus on frontal application areas. All chapters are written by noted international experts in the field. The book should be useful for final year undergraduates specializing in the field. It should prove indispensable to graduate students, and serious researchers from academic and industrial sectors working in the field of Nanoscience and Technology from different disciplines including Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Medicine, Materials Science, Metallurgy, Ceramics, Information Technology as well as Electrical, Electronic and Computational Engineering.

This book presents a broad range of technologies for sustainable agrochemistry, e.g. semiochemicals for pest management, nanotechnology for release of eco-friendly agrochemicals, and green chemistry principles for agriculture. It provides a concise introduction to sustainable agrochemistry for a professional audience, and highlights the main scientific and technological approaches that can be applied to modern agrochemistry. It also discusses various available technologies for reducing the negative impacts of agrochemicals on the environment and human health.

Metacognition is a critical part of the learning process for any content area, any academic subject. It is an inseparable part of the cognitive tapestry that is our learning. Further spreading the word about metacognition - how it benefits learning and how it can be fostered in classroom environments - especially in chemistry education, is a primary goal of this book. This book offers new and sharper insights into how metacognition and its tasks can be stitched into the fabric of classroom instruction and curricula.

This volume details protocols emphasizing systems-level approaches that can be applied to genomic analyses. Chapters detail techniques for optimized application in in vivo systems, spatial, physiological, environmental contexts, imaging-based techniques, single-molecule approaches, CRISPR systems, new genomic approaches, and measurements of kinetics governing. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, DNA-Protein Interactions: Methods and Protocols aims to present genome-wide techniques that will complement the biochemistry-based protocols to aid researchers in their studies.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the relationship between drug metabolism enzymes and transporters on drug toxicity, along with methods to investigate their role on adverse drug reactions. Unites both the metabolism and transporter components of drug toxicity two aspects not normally connected and the latter often neglected Familiarizes readers with the mechanism and species differences in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters Discusses promising approaches to accurately predict human drug toxicity via the incorporation of human drug metabolism in toxicity evaluation

The textile waste water is well known to contain many detrimental impacts in terms of its pollutants and the issues pertaining to its discharged without being untreated, or even discharged without meeting all stipulated parameters. There is an ample amount of advancements in treating textile waste water in a sustainable way and this book comprehends the same with eight insightful chapters. The aim of this book is to deal with the advances in sustainable waste water treatments with topics Conjugated Polymer Coated Novel Bio-adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment , Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) - Effective innovative treatment methods to degrade textile dye effluent, etc.

This edition of the Proceedings of the 9th European Symposium on Structure-Activity Relationships: QSAR and Molecular Modelling held from September 7-11, 1992 in Strasbourg, France deals with various areas of structure-activity relationships and their applications in the design of new drugs. The approximately 175 contributions in the book highlight the interdisciplinary approach between QSAR, molecular modelling and databank-based research in the design and development process of new drug candidates, and demonstrates the efficacy of these techniques by introducing rationalization at a very early stage in the discovery of bioactive compounds. Internationally renowned specialists review methodologies in the field of SAR concepts and computer-assisted drug design, covering such topics as: De novo design X-ray and NMR-based drug design Parameters and interactions. Molecular modelling Molecular similarity 3D QSAR.

Acoustic microscopy enables the elastic properties of materials to be imaged and measured with the resolution of a good microscope. By using frequencies in the microwave regime, it is possible to make the acoustic wavelength comparable with the wavelength of light, and hence to achieve a resolution comparable with an optical microscope. Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. At surfaces a unique combination of the two known as Raleigh waves can propagate, and in many circumstances these dominate the contrast in acoustic microscopy. Following the invention of scanning probe microscopes, it is now possible to use an atomic force microscope to detect the acoustic vibration of a surface with resolution in the nanometre range, thus beating the diffraction limit by operating in the extreme near-field. This second edition of Acoustic Microscopy has a major new chapter on the technique and applications of acoustically excited probe microscopy.