This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. It covers metals essential for critical modern technologies including electronics, electric motors, generators, energy storage systems, and specialty alloys. Rare metals are the main building blocks of many emerging critical technologies and have been receiving significant attention in recent years. Much research in academia and industry is devoted to finding novel techniques to extract critical and rare metals from primary and secondary sources. The technologies that rely on critical metals are dominating the world, and finding a way to extract and supply them effectively is highly desirable and beneficial. Rapid development of these technologies entails fast advancement of the resource and processing industry for their building materials. Authors from academia and industry exchange knowledge on developing, operating, and advancing extractive and processing technologies. Contributions cover rare-earth elements (magnets, catalysts, phosphors, and others), energy storage materials (lithium, cobalt, vanadium, graphite), alloy elements (scandium, niobium, titanium), and materials for electronics (gallium, germanium, indium, gold, silver). The contributions also cover various processing techniques in mineral beneficiation, hydrometallurgy, separation and purification, pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy, supercritical fluid extraction, and recycling (batteries, magnets, electrical and electronic equipment).

Numerous solvents used in chemical processes have poisonous and unsafe properties that pose significant ecological concerns ranging from atmospheric emissions to the contamination of water effluents. To combat these ecological threats, over the course of the past two decades, the field of green chemistry has grown to develop more natural reaction processes and techniques involving the use of nonconventional solvents to diminish waste solvent production and thus decrease negative impact on the environment. Ionic liquids in particular are more environmentally friendly substitutes to conventional solvents, and as such, have seen more widespread use in the past decade. They have been used in such processes as extraction, separation, purification of organic, inorganic, and bioinorganic compounds, reaction media in biochemical and chemical catalysis, green organic and drug synthesis, among other industrial applications. Thus, in proving themselves a suitable greener media for economic viability in chemical processes, ionic liquids are leading to more sustainable development. This edition explores the application of ionic liquids as a green solvent. It contains a state-of-the-art overview on ionic liquids as green solvents for chemical processes and techniques, as well as some of their useful industrial applications.

Ever since the oil crisis of 1973, researchers in various fields of chemistry have proposed various schemes to conserve energy, as well to convert the sun's abundant and limitless supply of energy to produce chemical fuels (e. g. , hydrogen from water, . *. ). The enthusiasm had no previous parallel in the mid-1970's. Unfortunately, despite the several good proposals, the results have proven - in retrospect - somewhat disappointing from an economic viable point of view. The reasons for the meagre results are manyfold not the least of which are the experimental difficulties encountered in storage systems. Moreover, the lack of a concerted, well orchestrated interdisciplinary approach has been significant. By contrast, the chemical advances made in the understanding of the processes involved in such schemes have been phenomenal. A recent book on this issue ( M. Gratzel, Energy Resources through Photochemistry and Catalysis, 1983) is witness to the various efforts and approaches taken by researchers. In the recent years, many more groups have joined in these efforts, and the number of papers in the lit~rature is staggering ! One of the motives for organizing this NATO Advanced Research Workshop stemmed from our view that it was time to take stock of the accomplishments and rather than propose new schemes, it was time to consider seriously avenues that are most promising.

This book examines the manufacturing, supply chain and product-level sustainability of leather and footwear products. This book deals with the environmental and chemical sustainability aspects pertaining to the tanning supply chain and the related mitigation measures. The book also explores interesting areas of leather and footwear sustainability, such as waste & the 3R's and their certification for sustainability. At the product level, the book covers advanced topics like the circular economy and blockchain technology for leather and footwear products and addresses innovation development and eco-material use in footwear by investigating environmental sustainability and the use of bacterial cellulose, a potential sustainable alternative for footwear and leather products.

X-ray diffraction is a useful and powerful analysis technique for characterizing crystalline materials commonly employed in MSE, physics, and chemistry. This informative new book describes the principles of X-ray diffraction and its applications to materials characterization. It consists of three parts. The first deals with elementary crystallography and optics, which is essential for understanding the theory of X-ray diffraction discussed in the second section of the book. Part 2 describes how the X-ray diffraction can be applied for characterizing such various forms of materials as thin films, single crystals, and powders. The third section of the book covers applications of X-ray diffraction. The book presents a number of examples to help readers better comprehend the subject. X-Ray Diffraction for Materials Research: From Fundamentals to Applications also * provides background knowledge of diffraction to enable nonspecialists to become familiar with the topics * covers the practical applications as well as the underlying principle of X-ray diffraction * presents appropriate examples with answers to help readers understand the contents more easily * includes thin film characterization by X-ray diffraction with relevant experimental techniques * presents a huge number of elaborately drawn graphics to help illustrate the content The book will help readers (students and researchers in materials science, physics, and chemistry) understand crystallography and crystal structures, interference and diffraction, structural analysis of bulk materials, characterization of thin films, and nondestructive measurement of internal stress and phase transition. Diffraction is an optical phenomenon and thus can be better understood when it is explained with an optical approach, which has been neglected in other books. This book helps to fill that gap, providing information to convey the concept of X-ray diffraction and how it can be applied to the materials analysis. This book will be a valuable reference book for researchers in the field and will work well as a good introductory book of X-ray diffraction for students in materials science, physics, and chemistry.

This book looks at advanced nanocomposites, introducing long-awaited concepts towards bridging the gap between nanostructured optical materials and next-generation imaging systems. It investigates nanocomposites as bulk optical materials and highlights the immense potential they hold for real-world optical elements and systems, such as smartphone cameras. It covers the full spectrum of nanocomposite optical materials from their fundamental properties to analytical modeling and detailed application examples. This book also provides an in-depth discussion of the role these new materials play in the development of broadband flat optics - diffractive optical elements used for enhancing high-end broadband imaging systems. Written by an industry expert, this book seamlessly connects fundamental research and real-world applications. It is the ideal guide both for optical engineers working towards integrating new technologies, and researchers involved with fundamental research on optical materials.

This volume emphasizes the role of chemical education for development and, in particular, for sustainable development in Africa, by sharing experiences among specialists across the African continent and with specialists from other continents. It considers all areas and levels of chemistry education, gives specific attention to known major challenges and encourages explorations of novel approaches. The chapters in this book describe new teaching approaches, approach-explorations and in-class activities, analyse educational challenges and possible ways of addressing them and explore cross-discipline possibilities and their potential benefits for chemistry education. This makes the volume an up to date compendium for chemistry educators and educational researchers worldwide.

Chemistry is a conceptual subject and, in order to explain many of the concepts, teachers use models to describe the microscopic world and relate it to the macroscopic properties of matter. This can lead to problems, as a student's every-day experiences of the world and use of language can contradict the ideas put forward in chemical science. These titles have been designed to help tackle this issue of misconceptions. Part 1 deals with the theory, by including information on some of the key alternative conceptions that have been uncovered by research; ideas about a variety of teaching approaches that may prevent students acquiring some common alternative conceptions; and general ideas for assisting students with the development of appropriate scientific conceptions. Part 2 provides strategies for dealing with some of the misconceptions that students have, by including ready to use classroom resources including copies of probes that can be used to identify ideas held by students; some specific exercises aimed at challenging some of the alternative ideas; and classroom activities that will help students to construct the chemical concepts required by the curriculum. Used together, these two books will provide a good theoretical underpinning of the fundamentals of chemistry. Trialled in schools throughout the UK, they are suitable for teaching ages 11-18.

This updated edition emphasizes the benefits of structural genomics to the wider structural research community with a diverse range of applicable methods. The book opens with an extensive section on protein production, including new methodologies for membrane and metal-binding proteins, as well as high-throughput protein production and screening. It continues with sections on structural analyses and data management, as well as modeling, simulation, and visualization. Overall, the spectrum of topics reflects the trend towards tackling more diverse challenges of studying macromolecular machineries and complexes. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the type of detail and key implementation advice to ensure successful results. Authoritative and up-to-date, Structural Genomics: General Applications, Second Edition serves as a vital guide to structural biologists in small to medium-sized laboratories seeking to better utilize this powerful area of study. Chapter 11 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. For further details see license information in the chapter.

This volume details novel and popular approaches to decipher the Ubiquitin Code. Chapters guide readers through ubiquitin chain complexity, methods to generate non-hydrolysable ubiquitin-NEDD8, a fully synthetic method for the linear synthesis of fluorescently labelled rhodamine LC3A and LC3B, a HECT ligase-mediated ubiquitylation in vitro, a RNAi-based screening to identify DUBs, a Yuh1 activity assay, a pull-down to isolate K48 and K63 chains using specific nanobodies, identification of NeDDylated protein based in a NEDD8R74K mutant, in vivo identification of NEDDylated proteins from liver diseases, UbL-ID method to identify ubiquitin-like modified proteins, a LC3/GABARAP capturing system, and methods to isolate peptides that are closely associated with proteasomes or trapped inside the core particle of proteasomes in eukaryotic cells, among others. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, The Ubiquitin Code aims to to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in a wide range of biomaterials for the development of smart and advanced functional materials. It discusses the fundamentals of bio-interfacial interactions and the surface engineering of emerging biomaterials like metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composites/nanocomposites. In turn, the book addresses the latest techniques and approaches to engineering material surfaces/interfaces in, e.g., implants, tissue engineering, drug delivery, antifouling, and dentistry. Lastly, it summarizes various challenges in the design and development of novel biomaterials. Given its scope, it offers a valuable source of information for students, academics, physicians and particularly researchers from diverse disciplines such as material science and engineering, polymer engineering, biotechnology, bioengineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, and biomedical engineering for various commercial and scientific applications.

The ultimate guide to the smells of the universe - the ambrosial to the malodorous, and everything in between - from the author of the acclaimed culinary guides On Food and Cooking and Keys to Good Cooking From Harold McGee, James Beard Award-winning author and leading expert on the science of food and cooking, comes an extensive exploration of the long-overlooked world of smell. In Nose Dive, McGee takes us on a sensory adventure, from the sulfurous nascent earth more than four billion years ago, to the fruit-filled Tian Shan mountain range north of the Himalayas, to the keyboard of your laptop, where trace notes of phenol and formaldehyde escape between the keys. We'll sniff the ordinary (wet pavement and cut grass) and the extraordinary (ambergris and truffles), the delightful (roses and vanilla) and the challenging (swamplands and durians). We'll smell one another. We'll smell ourselves. Through it all, McGee familiarizes us with the actual bits of matter that we breathe in-the molecules that trigger our perceptions, that prompt the citrusy smells of coriander and beer and the medicinal smells of daffodils and sea urchins. And like everything in the physical world, molecules have histories. Many of the molecules that we smell every day existed long before any creature was around to smell them-before there was even a planet for those creatures to live on. Beginning with the origins of those molecules in interstellar space, McGee moves onward through the smells of our planet, the air and the oceans, the forest and the meadows and the city, all the way to the smells of incense, perfume, wine, and food. Here is a story of the world, of every smell under our collective nose. A work of astounding scholarship and originality, Nose Dive distills the science behind the smells and translates it, as only McGee can, into an accessible and entertaining guide. Incorporating the latest insights of biology and chemistry, and interweaving them with personal observations, he reveals how our sense of smell has the power to expose invisible, intangible details of our material world and trigger in us feelings that are the very essence of being alive.

This book outlines various synthetic approaches, tuneable physical properties, and device applications of core/shell quantum dots (QDs). Core/shell QDs have exhibited enhanced quantum yield (QY), suppressed photobleaching/blinking, and significantly improved photochemical/physical stability as compared to conventional bare QDs. The core-shell structure also promotes the easy tuning of QDs' band structure, leading to their employment as attractive building blocks in various optoelectronic devices. The main objective of this book is to create a platform for knowledge sharing and dissemination of the latest advances in novel areas of core/shell QDs and relevant devices, and to provide a comprehensive introduction and directions for further research in this growing area of nanomaterials research.

This book covers the technology of the recovery of secondary fibre for its use in paper and board manufacture. The editor, who has had substantial practical experience of designing and commissioning paper recycling plants all over the world, leads a team of experts who discuss subjects including sourcing, characterisation, mechanical handling and preparation and de-inking.

This detailed volume explores fibrous proteins widely present in different biological tissues or biological structural materials. The book begins by introducing the structure of representative fibrous proteins, including animal silks, collagen, elastin, resilin, and keratin, and it then continues by providing detailed experimental protocols for the synthesis, assembly, and characterization of natural, regenerated, and recombinant fibrous proteins. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Fibrous Proteins: Design, Synthesis, and Assembly is an ideal guide for researchers aiming to master fibrous protein preparations with the aid of this broad and interdisciplinary perspective on understanding the structure-property-function relationships of natural and reconstituted fibrous proteins.

Das Buch beginnt mit einer EinfA1/4hrung in die Physik der Nanotechnologie und der Nanostrukturen sowie deren Herstellung und Charakterisierung. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit dem faszinierenden Element Kohlenstoff, das den Ausgangspunkt fA1/4r alle weiteren Betrachtungen darstellt: Dank der besonderen Eigenschaften des Kohlenstoffs kann dieser in verschiedenen Formen auftreten, etwa in Form von transparentem Diamant oder opakem Graphit. Der dritte Teil des Buches widmet sich ungewAhnlicheren Kohlenstoffnanostrukturen wie den KohlenstoffnanorAhrchen, Fullerenen, Kohlenstoff-"Zwiebeln" und dem Super-Material Graphen, einem heiA en Kandidaten fA1/4r bessere, schnellere und zuverlAssigere Elektronik. Das Buch schlieA t mit einem Ausblick auf strukturell den Kohlenstoffnanostrukturen verwandte Materialien.

Roger C. Dahlman Environmental Sciences Division U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. The potential for humans to alter Earth's atmosphere has been recognized since the end of the 19th century when Arrhenius estimated that a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide could alter the atmospheric radiation balance and raise average global temperature. Today, atmospheric CO concentrations play an important part in the 2 climate-change debate. Sources and sinks of CO associated with land use can be 2 significant determinants of the rate and magnitude of atmospheric CO change. 2 Combustion of fossil fuels and the deforestation associated with land-use change both contribute CO to the atmosphere; in contrast, biological processes on land create 2 potential sinks for the excess CO . Thus, land-use change and associated biological 2 processes become important elements in assessments of future atmospheric CO 2 increase; land-cover properties also affect the Earth's albedo, which is a climate feedback.

This book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Functional Materials and Devices (AFMD 2021). It highlights the advancements in area of functional materials which includes electronic, magnetic, optical, adaptive and dielectric materials that are required to develop new functionalities with better performance in this new era of technology. The topics covered include materials for energy harvesting, biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, photonics and optoelectronic devices, strategic applications and high energy physics. This book will be a useful reference for beginners, researchers, academicians and professionals working in the area of material science and its allied fields.

The Advanced Dairy Chemistry series was first published in four volumes in the 1980s (under the title Developments in Dairy Chemistry) and revised in three volumes in the 1990s and 2000s. The series is the leading reference on dairy chemistry, providing in-depth coverage of milk proteins, lipids, lactose, water and minor constituents. Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 2: Lipids, Fourth Edition, is unique in the literature on milk lipids, a broad field that encompasses a diverse range of topics, including synthesis of fatty acids and acylglycerols, compounds associated with the milk fat fraction, analytical aspects, behavior of lipids during processing and their effect on product characteristics, product defects arising from lipolysis and oxidation of lipids, as well as nutritional significance of milk lipids. In the years since the publication of the third edition there have been significant developments in milk lipids and these are reflected in changes to this volume. Most topics included in the third edition are retained in the current edition, which has been updated; in some cases, new authors have given their perspective on certain topics. Chapters on nutritional significance of dairy lipids have been considerably revised.This authoritative work summarizes current knowledge on milk lipids and suggests areas for further work. It will be very valuable to dairy scientists, chemists and others working in dairy research or in the dairy industry.

Chemical data analysis, with aspects of metrology in chemistry and chemometrics, is an evolving discipline where new and better ways of doing things are constantly being developed. This book makes data analysis simple by demystifying the language and whenever possible giving unambiguous ways of doing things.
Based on author D. Brynn Hibberts lectures on data analysis to undergraduates and graduate students, Data Analysis for Chemistry
covers topics including measurements, means and confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, and calibration models. The end result is a compromise between recipes of how to perform different aspects of data analysis, and basic information on the background principles behind the recipes to be performed. An entry level book targeted at learning and teaching undergraduate data analysis, Data Analysis for Chemistry makes it easy for readers to find the information they are seeking to perform the data analysis they think they need.

Chemistry has a human face and the aim of this resource is to present chemists as real people and not stereotypical 'mad scientists' whose lives are completely dominated by science. It includes carefully chosen examples of chemists through the ages and reflects on the difficulties they overcame. Today we live in a world where scientists are accepted regardless of race or gender, however some examples show that this has not always been the case. Chemists in a Social and Historical Context focuses on strategies for teaching about people in chemistry and is an introduction to some chemists who played a role in the development of major ideas in the subject. This resource includes a range of activities designed to look at different aspects of teaching about people in chemistry and the chemical sciences to 11-19 year old students. It contains teachers' notes, background information, photocopiable student worksheets and answers.

The budding field of nanotechnology offers enormous potential for advances in medical science, engineering, transportation, computers, and many other industries. As this growing field solidifies, these technological advances may soon become a reality. Nanoscience and Advancing Computational Methods in Chemistry: Research Progress provides innovative chapters covering the growth of educational, scientific, and industrial research activities among chemical engineers and provides a medium for mutual communication between international academia and the industry. This book publishes significant research reporting new methodologies and important applications in the fields of chemical informatics and discusses latest coverage of chemical databases and the development of new experimental methods.

A practical, complete, and easy-to-use guide for understanding major chemistry concepts and terms Master the fundamentals of chemistry with this fast and easy guide. Chemistry is a fundamental science that touches all other sciences, including biology, physics, electronics, environmental studies, astronomy, and more. Thousands of students have successfully used the previous editions of Chemistry: Concepts and Problems, A Self-Teaching Guide to learn chemistry, either independently, as a refresher, or in parallel with a college chemistry course. This newly revised edition includes updates and additions to improve your success in learning chemistry. This book uses an interactive, self-teaching method including frequent questions and study problems, increasing both the speed of learning and retention. Monitor your progress with self-tests, and master chemistry quickly. This revised Third Edition provides a fresh, step-by-step approach to learning that requires no prerequisites, lets you work at your own pace, and reinforces what you learn, ensuring lifelong mastery. Master the science of basic chemistry with this innovative, self-paced study guide Teach yourself chemistry, refresh your knowledge in preparation for medical studies or other coursework, or enhance your college chemistry course Use self-study features including review questions and quizzes to ensure that you're really learning the material Prepare for a career in the sciences, medicine, or engineering with the core content in this user-friendly guide Authored by expert postsecondary educators, this unique book gently leads students to deeper levels and concepts with practice, critical thinking, problem solving, and self-assessment at every stage.

Nuclear energy is the one energy source that could meet the world's growing energy needs and provide a smooth transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the coming decades and centuries. It is becoming abundantly clear that an increase in nuclear energy capacity will, and probably must, take place.

However, nuclear energy and the use of radionuclides for civilian and military purposes lead to extremely long-lived waste that is costly and highly problematic to deal with. Therefore, it is critically important ot understand the environmental implications of radionuclides for ecosystems and human health if nuclear energy is to be used to avoid the impending global energy crisis. The present volume of the EIC Books series addresses this critical need by providing fundamental information on environmentally significant radionuclides.

The content of this book was developed in collaboration with many of the authors of the chapters. Given the enormity of the subject the Editor and the Authors had to be judicious in selecting the chapters that would appropriately encompass and describe the primary topics, particularly those that are of importance to the health of ecosystems and humans. The resulting chapters were chosen to provide this information in a book of useful and appropriate length. Each chapter provides fundamental information on the chemistry of the radionuclides, their occurrence and movement in the enivornment, separation and analyses, and the technologies needed for their remediation and mitigation. The chapters are structured with a common, systematic format in order to facilitate comparions between elements and groups of elements.

About EIC Books

The Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry (EIC) has proved to be one of the defining standards in inorganic chemistry, and most chemistry libraries around the world have access either to the first of second print editon, or to the online version. Many readers, however, prefer to have more concise thematic volumes, targeted to their specific area of interest. This feedback from EIC readers has encouraged the Editors to plan a series of EIC Books, focusing on topics of current interest. They will appear on a regular basis, and will feature leading scholars in their fields. Like the Encyclopedia, EIC Books aims to provide both the starting research student and the confirmed research worker with a critical distillation of the leading concepts in inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry, and provide a structured entry into the fields covered.

This volume is also available as part of "Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 5 Volume Set."

This set combines all volumes published as EIC Books from 2007 to 2010, representing areas of key developments in the field of inorganic chemistry published in the "Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry." Find out more.

Phytoantioxidants and Nanotherapeutics Discover the medicinal importance of antioxidant herbal medicines, phytochemicals, and nanodelivery systems for a wide range of diseases Phytomedicine has been--and continues to be--central to many cultures and societies due to its low toxicity, low cost, accessibility, and efficacy in treating difficult diseases. In fact, many plant-derived bioactive natural products serve as potential sources of drug leads or therapeutic agents in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. When combined with nanotechnology, phytomedicine has the potential to affect and impact a tissue-specific site, which can reduce drug dosage and side effects while improving activity. Phytoantioxidants and Nanotherapeutics offers a comprehensive look at the significant role that phytomedicine-derived antioxidants play on the field of medicine, particularly when combined with the nanotechnology-derived drug delivery systems. The book thoroughly covers the herbs, plant extracts, and other dietary elements that may be used as sources of natural antioxidants and similarly highlights the use of phytomedicine- derived bioactive compounds including plant polyphenols and flavonoids to reducing the impact of oxidative stress induced human diseases. The text also demonstrates the biochemical and therapeutic targets of nanodrugs and discusses nanostructure toxicity, while emphasizing the challenges and regulatory issues involved with nanophytotherapeutics. Phytoantioxidants and Nanotherapeutics readers will also find: A helpful bridge between the cutting-edge field of nanotechnology delivery and phytotherapeutics The potential role of bioactive phytochemicals, particularly polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids, in oxidative stress-induced diseases Description of the latest developments on nanotherapeutics of phytoantioxidants for the treatment of certain chronic human diseases, such as cancer, inflammations, diabetes, viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological diseases. Phytoantioxidants and Nanotherapeutics is a useful reference for drug manufacturers and drug developers, formulation scientists, biomedical scientists, medicinal chemists, phytochemists, healthcare providers, and academics and researchers.