School improvement is one of the major issues facing schools, brought about by government pressure - schools now have to prove that they are effective learning organizations. To achieve this, management competences must evolve at the same time as staff development and training. This text provides useful tips covering all aspects of school management and individual effectiveness.

This study looks at the way British cities are changing. In recent years, increasing concern has been expressed about the vitality and viability of city economies and city centres. Increased car use and the "out-of-town" revolution have altered the way cities work; technological change continues to remove many uses traditionally found in the city. New policies and approaches to cities are being developed by city councils, local and national politicians and developers and funders. One crucial change which links them all is that of mixed use development.

Originally published in 1995. A comprehensive survey of housing policy throughout Europe, anchored in a thorough analysis of the UK, this book is a text for students of housing at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The book considers housing tenure types and looks at standards of living, housing stock, housing allowances and subsidies and European funds. There are separate chapters for France, Germany, Spain, The Netherlands and Sweden. The later chapters focus on Britain and look more in depth at population issues and economics and address regional policy.

Tenant participation has grown substantially over the last decade, following government legislation, advice from professional bodies and development agencies, and promotion by all major political parties. On few housing issues is there such concensus. Yet, in practice, it is obvious that participation can mean very different things in different contexts. This book explains why this is the case, and examines the growth of participation in the context of changes in the role of local authorities and their relationship with their electorates. These issues are examined in the first part of the book, which sets the context for exploring the roles of housing managers, councillors, tenants and tenant's associations in the second part. The book argues that the rise in arrangements for tenant participation masks considerable differences in the role played by tenants in different areas. These differences raise questions about the nature of power in the tenant-landlord relationship and more generally in the relationship between local government, citizens and consumers. These issues are examined in the final, third, part of the book.

Tenant participation has grown substantially over the last decade, following government legislation, advice from professional bodies and development agencies, and promotion by all major political parties. On few housing issues is there such concensus. Yet, in practice, it is obvious that participation can mean very different things in different contexts. This book explains why this is the case, and examines the growth of participation in the context of changes in the role of local authorities and their relationship with their electorates. These issues are examined in the first part of the book, which sets the context for exploring the roles of housing managers, councillors, tenants and tenant's associations in the second part. The book argues that the rise in arrangements for tenant participation masks considerable differences in the role played by tenants in different areas. These differences raise questions about the nature of power in the tenant-landlord relationship and more generally in the relationship between local government, citizens and consumers. These issues are examined in the final, third, part of the book.

Remaking Planning challenges the common misconception that planning under the Conservative government has been dismantled and abandoned to market forces.
This new edition of a very well received text brings the original study up to date with an analysis of how planning in the 1990s has responded to continuing economic restructuring, political fragmentation and social change, and developed a new awareness of uncertainty and risk. The book illustrates how planning remains as a never-ending attempt to reconcile the demands of economic efficiency with those of democratic legitimacy.

Acculturating the Shopping Centre examines whether the shopping centre should be qualified as a global architectural type that effortlessly moves across national and cultural borders in the slipstream of neo-liberal globalization, or should instead be understood as a geographically and temporally bound expression of negotiations between mall developers (representatives of a global logic of capitalist accumulation) on the one hand, and local actors (architects/governments/citizens) on the other. It explores how the shopping centre adapts to new cultural contexts, and questions whether this commercial type has the capacity to disrupt or even amend the conditions that it encounters. Including more than 50 illustrations, this book considers the evolving architecture of shopping centres. It would be beneficial to academics and students across a number of areas such as architecture, urban design, cultural geography and sociology.

Providing a new picture of the socio-economic map of central Europe after several years of transformation, and focusing in particular on Poland, this book gives an account of the major problems of regional restructuring. The author identifies the opportunities and problems faced by particular regions by relating the Polish experience to the experience of other central European countries. This in turn provides a general picture of spatial patterns of transformation in this specific part of Europe and will interest those concerned with the transformation of Eastern Europe.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, British trade unions have experienced a dramatic retreat, marked by rapidly falling membership and declining industrial power. The authors examine the regional dimensions of this retreat of organised labour, paying particular attention to:
The resilience of the unions' historical heartland areas. The impact of economic restructuring on local union traditions. The shrinking landscape of industrial militancy. The geographical decentralization of the new industrial relations. The link between these factors and the more general debate on regional development and regional labour markets.
An important synthesis of economic geography and industrial relations work, this book marks a major contribution towards the newly emerging field of labour geography

Since the emergence of urban systems, cities have developed in a mutually inter-dependent process of socio-economic dynamics and transportation linkages. In recent years, Airports worldwide have stepped beyond the stage of being pure infrastructure facilities while the complex dynamics that are taking place at and around international airports represent a crucial element in the post-industrial reorganisation of urban and regional systems. Airports are increasingly recognized as general urban activity centres; that is, key assets for cities and regions as economic generators and catalysts of investment in addition to being critical components of efficient city infrastructure. This book brings together contributions from renowned academic scholars and world leading practitioners to discuss insights gained from theory and practice. The first collection of papers reflects upon the general role and future of airports as well as their specific contribution to competitive advantages within a fast changing business and economic landscape. The second group of contributions ask about the role airports play within the innovation process that is inherently centred on generating and sharing knowledge. The third section of papers investigates the drivers of real estate developments on airport land and in the close vicinity of airports.

The environmental aspect of cities is nowadays well recognized as a cri- cal element of urban development, management and regeneration. There are various environmental issues related to cities, and they have been a- lyzed in an individualized manner. Many types of technologies, such as wastewater treatment, have been developed to solve particular envir- mental problems. However, many of these problems are related to each other, and social and economic aspects are also important for urban reg- eration. A holistic view combining knowledge of various urban environmental f- tors such as water, heat, energy, air, materials and waste, and a practical approach based on such understandings are essential to manage contem- rary urban environmental issues, from a local scale to a global scale. The University of Tokyo has been conducting the 21st Century COE (C- ters of Excellence) Program on Sustainable Urban Regeneration. Transd- ciplinary courses have been offered for graduate students from the depa- ments of Urban Engineering, Civil Engineering and Architecture to present a holistic view of urban regeneration. This book is based on the contents of the transdisciplinary course on en- ronmental management and technology. I hope that its content will be u- ful for undergraduate and graduate students and for experts and policy makers in developed and developing countries. Shinichiro Ohgaki Project Leader, COE Program on Sustainable Urban Regeneration The University of Tokyo Contents Preface v Part I Water Environment 1. Water Management in Sustainable Buildings ...3 Motoyasu Kamata and Masayuki Mae

A survey and analysis of major old industrial regions - the Ruhr, South Wales, the Great Lakes and Ontario - in terms of their economic regeneration and their re-emergence as centres of thriving industrial activity of the new kind.

Food has become an essential component in community development practice. Whether in reference to building a local or regional food system or addressing food insecurity, food has become a focus in community development approaches in many localities. Farmers markets, community gardens, farm-to-school programs, and other food-centered initiatives have been used to foster community development processes across a spectrum of desired outcomes. The surging interest in food for fostering community development draws attention to numerous applications, ranging from grassroots efforts to formal programs sponsored by the public or nonprofit sectors. These efforts are often in conjunction with local private businesses, helping create micro-businesses and supporting the small farm movement. Some regions are even considering economic development strategies of "food clusters" to promote speciality food businesses and supporting programs. This volume explores the relationships between food and community, and the various approaches for development through a selection of chapters illustrating a wide range of applications. This book is a compilation of articles published in the journal Community Development.

With a unique focus on middle-range theory, this book details the application of spatial analysis to demographic research as a way of integrating and better understanding the different transitional components of the overall demographic transition. This book first details key concepts and measures in modern spatial demography and shows how they can be applied to middle-range theory to better understand people, places, communities and relationships throughout the world. Next, it shows middle-range theory in practice, from using spatial data as a proxy for social science statistics to examining the effect of "fracking" in Pennsylvania on the formation of new coalitions among environmental advocacy organizations. The book also traces future developments and offers some potential solutions to promoting and facilitating instruction in spatial demography. This volume is an ideal resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in courses involving spatial analyses in the social sciences, from sociology and political science to economics and educational research. In addition, scholars and others interested in the role that geographic context plays in relation to their research will find this book a helpful guide in further developing their work.

Published in 1998, Regional Development and Planning for the 21st Century examines a number of related themes including: the traditional approach of local and regional planning initiatives developed within the context of national goals; the current decline of bi-polar political and ideological blocs; political decentralization and concurrent economic centralization including the growth of multi-national corporations; devolution of centralized planning powers to regions and localities, and the rise and acceptance of sustainable development concepts. The book is divided into five parts addressing: 1 - adjustments to political, economic and social change; 2 the problems of urban housing and housing and health; 3 - adjustments to environmental change, development policies and sustainability; 4 - the problem of rapid urban growth and mega cities; 5 - adjustments of changing urban networks. The contributors are from several countries worldwide and the chapters examine the issues at a global level.

This title was first published in 2003. Most European cities have experienced problems in certain neighbourhoods that are termed deprived or excluded . Traditionally these were found in the oldest urban areas with lowest quality housing, but since the 1980s, such areas have emerged in housing estates built around the cities' edges. These neighbourhoods are marked by visible physical and social problems that disfigure the otherwise pleasant urban landscape, and can be seen as urban sores . This engaging and thought-provoking book provides a deeper understanding of why urban decay and deprived neighbourhoods appear in certain parts of cities, as well as how they affect residents and cities in general. Drawing on in-depth empirical research from Denmark, it compares this with other studies from Europe and the United States. The author combines theories and methodologies from the fields of geography (on segregation), economics (on processes of urban decay) and social research (on social exclusion and deprived neighbourhoods) to provide original, illuminating and invaluable insights.

Instigated by technological and political change, Europe's rural areas have undergone profound and all-pervasive restructuring processes. Although the impact of these processes has often been depicted negatively, this is not always the case. Bringing together a range of comparative case studies from France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, the UK and other countries, this book provides a comprehensive and balanced picture of rural change over the past five decades. It explores which aspects of the European countryside have benefited and which have suffered as a consequence of the often contradictory forces of restructuring. The book looks into economic aspects as well as into the social impact of rural change. The final part examines regional issues and illustrates how different rural areas have responded to the transformative pressures.

Decentralization in Environmental Governance is a critical reflection on the dangers and risks of governance renewal; warning against one-sided criticism on traditional command and control approaches to planning. The book formulates the arguments that support when and how governance renewable might be pursued, but this attempt is not just meant for practitioners and scholars interested in governance renewal. It is also useful for those interested in the challenge of navigating a plural landscape of diverse planning approaches, which are each rooted in contrasting theoretical and philosophical positions. The book develops a strategy for making argued choices between alternative planning approaches, despite their theoretical and philosophical positions. It does so by revitalizing the idea that we can contingently relate alternative planning approaches to the circumstances encountered. It is an idea traced to contingency studies of the mid and late 20th century, reinterpreted here within a planning landscape dominated by notions of uncertainty, complexity and socially constructed knowledge. This approach, called 'Post-contingency', is both a theoretical investigation of arguments for navigating the theoretical plurality we face and an empirical study into renewing environmental governance. Next to its theoretical ambitions, Decentralization in Environmental Governance is practical in offering a constructive critique on current processes of governance renewal in European environmental governance.

Originally published in 1970 Social Planning Techniques for Town Planners introduces social research methods for town planners. The book places an emphasis on social research within the planning process, and addresses the problem faced by the research worker at successive stages of a research project. It outlines the major conceptual and organizational problems likely to be encountered in any social research for planning, and provides guidelines for tackling these. The book's focus is on social science research methods and the application of social and economic research to issues of urban and regional planning and administration.

This book develops the concept of marketing the city and is the first of its kind to explore the dilemmas of incorporating people as part of the product. It is aimed at city and urban policy makers, as well as real estate professionals, architects and planners. It covers: marketing strategies and the sales process for flagship developments and the areas in which they are located for urban regeneration. The management of marketing strategies and the developments through the policy formulation, project implementation and policy / project evaluation. Marketing the city: strategies to date and the conceptual scope and limits for developing the concept. The extent to which people can be integrated into the urban 'product' and the pros and cons of this. The impact of the above for policy makers, planners, developers, architects, city authorities. The focus of the book is marketing city. Exploring the concept and its applications are undertaken through an evaluation of "flagship" developments and their role in urban regeneration. "Flagship" developments have been an important part of the 'private' sector, 'property-led' policy initiatives of the 1980s and had the aim of contributing more

What is the relationship between how cities work and what cities mean? Spatial Cultures: Towards a New Social Morphology of Cities Past and Present announces an innovative research agenda for urban studies in which themes and methods from urban history, social theory and built environment research are brought into dialogue across disciplinary and chronological boundaries. The collection confronts the recurrent epistemological impasse that arises between research focussing on the description of material built environments and that which is concerned primarily with the people who inhabit, govern and write about cities past and present. A reluctance to engage substantively with this issue has been detrimental to scholarly efforts to understand the urban built environment as a meaningful agent of human social experience. Drawing on a wide range of historical and contemporary urban case studies, as well as a selection of theoretical and methodological reflections, the contributions to this volume seek to historically, geographically and architecturally contextualize diverse spatial practices including movement, encounter, play, procession and neighbourhood. The aim is to challenge their tacit treatment as universal categories in much writing on cities and to propose alternative research possibilities with implications as much for urban design thinking as for history and the social sciences.

Planning today is an increasingly complex system of specialisms, and this brand new introduction is the first textbook to offer both a broad overview of each core area in planning, alongside the skills necessary to combine each specialism in order to make sustainable and efficient planning decisions. In so doing, it gives students a unique glimpse into the realities of working in planning today. Planners need knowledge that goes beyond the history of planning decisions in order to reconcile competing demands, from corporate speculative property developers to environmental activists. This new role - aggregating specialisms - is at the forefront of this innovative approach, equipping students with the tools necessary to do planning; which today means being both expert and generalist, specialist and synthesiser. Planners must now act as professional mediators of different (often conflicting or incompatible) interests. Planners are themselves working as specialists, whether that is in heritage, transport, ecology, economic assessment, or design. And this dual role reflects the organisation of this new text, introduced with a wealth of practitioner-informed chapters to enliven and inspire passion for the crucial role of planning. This text is an ideal companion for all practitioners and students of planning and related disciplines - at undergraduate and master's level.

The introduction of iron - and later steel - construction and decoration transformed architecture in the nineteenth century. While the structural employment of iron has been a frequent subject of study, this book re-directs scholarly scrutiny on its place in the aesthetics of architecture in the long nineteenth century. Together, its eleven unique and original chapters chart - for the first time - the global reach of iron's architectural reception, from the first debates on how iron could be incorporated into architecture's traditional aesthetics to the modernist cleaving of its structural and ornamental roles. The book is divided into three sections. Formations considers the rising tension between the desire to translate traditional architectural motifs into iron and the nascent feeling that iron buildings were themselves creating an entirely new field of aesthetic expression. Exchanges charts the commercial and cultural interactions that took place between British iron foundries and clients in far-flung locations such as Argentina, Jamaica, Nigeria and Australia. Expressing colonial control as well as local agency, iron buildings struck a balance between pre-fabricated functionalism and a desire to convey beauty, value and often exoticism through ornament. Transformations looks at the place of the aesthetics of iron architecture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period in which iron ornament sought to harmonize wide social ambitions while offering the tantalizing possibility that iron architecture as a whole could transform the fundamental meanings of ornament. Taken together, these chapters call for a re-evaluation of modernism's supposedly rationalist interest in nineteenth-century iron structures, one that has potentially radical implications for the recent ornamental turn in contemporary architecture.

With its celebrated World Heritage List, UNESCO steers the global heritage agenda through the definition and redefinition of what constitutes heritage and by offering the highest-level forum for heritage professionalism. While it is the national governments that nominate sites for inclusion in the World Heritage List, and the intergovernmental World Heritage Committee that makes the final decision on inclusion or non-inclusion, it is the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) for cultural heritage that determines whether the necessary level of 'outstanding universal value' is met. Focusing on the discourses of ICOMOS and their transmission to the local context, this book is the first in-depth historical analysis of the construction of heritage value in the context of cities illustrated through a case study of Old Rauma in Finland. The book contributes to the understanding of the discursive and constructed nature of World Heritage values as opposed to intrinsic values, critically scrutinizes the role of ICOMOS in making valuations concerning urban heritage, and sheds light on the interactions and tensions of universal and local (urban) perspectives in the practice of heritage valuation. Valuing World Heritage Cities is the first in-depth historical analysis of the construction of heritage value in the context of cities in the transnational discourses of heritage. This unique and timely contribution will be of interest to scholars and students working in Heritage Studies, Cultural Geography, Urban Studies and Tourism.

Revitalizing railways as a major sustainable transport mode in modern societies faces many issues and challenges. This in-depth overview places the importance of railways in the wider context of comprehensive sustainability, which encompasses sustainable development, social and economic equity and community livability. Some scholars have described the 21st century as a period of renaissance for railways and suggest this transport mode can fulfil people's desire for high mobility with low negative environmental, social, economic and financial impacts. In light of these new expectations for railways, in both passenger and freight transport worldwide, this book offers the latest research insights on the renewed interest about railway expansions and their wide-ranging environmental, socio-economic and even political implications.