Fluoropolymers continue to enable new materials and technologies as a result of their remarkable properties. This book reviews fluoropolymer platforms of established commercial interest, as well as recently discovered methods for the preparation and processing of new fluorinated materials. It covers the research and development of fluoropolymer synthesis, characterization, and processing. Emphasis is placed on emerging technologies in optics, space exploration, fuel cells, microelectronics, gas separation membranes, biomedical instrumentation, and much more. In addition, the book covers the current environmental concerns associated with fluoropolymers, as well as relevant regulations and potential growth opportunities. Concepts, studies, and new discoveries are taken from leading international laboratories, including academia, government, and industrial institutions.

The cutting edges on engineering tools must lie at precise angles to ensure effective cutting, and sharpening must recreate the original geometry of each tool. This book provides an understanding of what is involved in sharpening typical lathe, milling, drilling and threading tools. With over 550 photographs and illustrations this new book covers sharpening techniques for the most commonly used engineering tools, screwdrivers and gravers, lathe, milling, reaming, drilling and threading cutters. It identifies the two principal types of workhead, and discusses the ways in which their geometry affects typical sharpening setups. It teaches how to use the three basic movements of swing, tilt and rotate to position a tool against a grinding wheel to ensure correct tool angles and sharp cutting edges. Contains useful tables for setting cutting and clearance angles and provides general advice on tool and cutter grinders, and includes examples of the use of workholders to suit a range of tools. Includes information on abrasive materials and the types and shapes of grinding wheel suitable for use on a tool and cutter grinder. Finally, it shows photos of accessories that can be made to simplify setups, including workheads, toolholders and fixtures used to hold circular saws, parting tools and dies, as well as an angle gauge to quickly set clearance angles on reamers and milling cutters.

Momentum Press is proud to bring to you Chemical Sensors: Simulation and Modeling Volume 5: Electrochemical Sensors, edited by Ghenadii Korotcenkov. This is the fifth of a five-volume comprehensive reference work that provides computer simulation and modeling techniques in various fields of chemical sensing. The important applications for chemical sensing include such topics as bulk and surface diffusion, adsorption, surface reactions, sintering, conductivity, mass transport, and interphase interactions.In this fifth volume, you will find background and guidance on: Modeling and simulation of electrochemical processes in both solid and liquid electrolytes, including charge separation and transport (gas diffusion, ion diffusion) in membranes, proton-electron transfers, electrode reactions, etc. Various models used to describe electrochemical sensors such as potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, impedimetric, and ionsensitive FET sensors Chemical sensors are integral to the automation of myriad industrial processes and everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and many more. This five-volume reference work serves as the perfect complement to Momentum Press's 6-volume reference work, Chemical Sensors: Fundamentals of Sensing Materials and Chemical Sensors: Comprehensive Sensor Technologies, which present detailed information related to materials, technologies, construction, and application of various devices for chemical sensing.

* Provides a holistic approach to multiphase catalytic reactors from their modeling and design to their applications in industrial manufacturing of chemicals * Covers theoretical aspects and examples of fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, trickle-bed, slurry, monolith and microchannel reactors * Includes chapters covering experimental techniques and practical guidelines for lab-scale testing of multiphase reactors * Includes mathematical content focused on design equations and empirical relationships characterizing different multiphase reactor types together with an assortment of computational tools * Involves detailed coverage of multiphase reactor applications such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, fuel processing for fuel cells, hydrotreating of oil fractions and biofuels processing

Nanocomposites are one of the major advances in the field of materials. They have applications in sectors as varied as aeronautics, energy and the environment. However, the effective use of nanocomposites requires new knowledge and tools in order to overcome the difficulties and benefit from the advantages. Nanocomposites presents recent academic and industrial progress in this field, as well as the latest research on the effective use of nanoscale fillers and reinforcements to improve the performance of advanced nanocomposites. It also describes the techniques and tools used to prepare nanocomposites, including the latest techniques for synthesis and surface treatment of nanofillers for different applications. Finally, it details the role of nanoscience in the design, characterization and multi-scale modeling of these materials, with a focus on nanoscale phenomena.

Composites have been studied for more than 150 years, and interest in their properties has been growing. This classic volume provides the foundations for understanding a broad range of composite properties, including electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, elastic and viscoelastic, piezoelectric, thermal, fluid flow through porous materials, thermoelectric, pyroelectric, magnetoelectric, and conduction in the presence of a magnetic field (Hall effect). Exact solutions of the PDEs in model geometries provide one avenue of understanding composites; other avenues include microstructure-independent exact relations satisfied by effective moduli, for which the general theory is reviewed; approximation formulae for effective moduli; and series expansions for the fields and effective moduli that are the basis of numerical methods for computing these fields and moduli. The range of properties that composites can exhibit can be explored either through the model geometries or through microstructure-independent bounds on the properties. These bounds are obtained through variational principles, analytic methods, and Hilbert space approaches. Most interesting is when the properties of the composite are unlike those of the constituent materials, and there has been an explosion of interest in such composites, now known as metamaterials. The Theory of Composites surveys these aspects, among others, and complements the new body of literature that has emerged since the book was written. It remains relevant today by providing historical background, a compendium of numerous results, and through elucidating many of the tools still used today in the analysis of composite properties. This book is intended for applied mathematicians, physicists, and electrical and mechanical engineers. It will also be of interest to graduate students.

Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics An introduction to one of the fundamental tools in chemical research--spectroscopy and photophysics in condensed-phase and extended systems Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics comprehensively covers radiation-matter interactions for molecules in condensed phases along with metallic and semiconductor nanostructures, examining optical processes in extended systems such as metals, semiconductors, and conducting polymers and addressing the unique optical properties of nanoscale systems. The text differs from others through its emphasis on the molecule-environment interactions that strongly influence spectra in condensed phases, including spectroscopy and photophysics of molecular aggregates, molecular solids, and metals and semiconductors, as well as more modern topics such as two-dimensional and single-molecule spectroscopy. To aid in reader comprehension, the text includes case studies and illustrated examples. An online manual with solutions to the problems in the book is available to all readers on a companion website. Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics begins with an introduction to quantum mechanics that sets a solid foundation for understanding the text's subsequent topics, including: Electromagnetic radiation and radiation-matter interactions, molecular vibrations and infrared spectroscopy, and electronic spectroscopy Photophysical processes and light scattering, nonlinear and pump-probe spectroscopies, and electron transfer processes Basic rotational spectroscopy and statistical mechanics, Raman scattering, 2D and single-molecule spectroscopies, and time-domain pictures of steady-state spectroscopies Time-independent quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, group theory, radiation-matter interactions, and system-bath interactions Atomic spectroscopy, photophysical processes, light scattering, nonlinear and pump-probe spectroscopies, two-dimensional spectroscopies, and metals and plasmons Written for researchers and upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in physical and materials chemistry, Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics is a valuable learning resource that is uniquely designed to equip readers to solve a broad array of current problems and challenges in the vast field of chemistry.

This Encyclopedia comes in 3 sets. To check out Set 1 and Set 3, please visit Set 1: Thermal Packaging Techniques and Set 3: Thermal Packaging Applications /remove Thermal and mechanical packaging - the enabling technologies for the physical implementation of electronic systems - are responsible for much of the progress in miniaturization, reliability, and functional density achieved by electronic, microelectronic, and nanoelectronic products during the past 50 years. The inherent inefficiency of electronic devices and their sensitivity to heat have placed thermal packaging on the critical path of nearly every product development effort in traditional, as well as emerging, electronic product categories.Successful thermal packaging is the key differentiator in electronic products, as diverse as supercomputers and cell phones, and continues to be of pivotal importance in the refinement of traditional products and in the development of products for new applications. The Encyclopedia of Thermal Packaging, compiled in four multi-volume sets (Set 1: Thermal Packaging Techniques, Set 2: Thermal Packaging Tools, Set 3: Thermal Packaging Applications, and Set 4: Thermal Packaging Configurations) will provide a comprehensive, one-stop treatment of the techniques, tools, applications, and configurations of electronic thermal packaging. Each of the author-written sets presents the accumulated wisdom and shared perspectives of a few luminaries in the thermal management of electronics.Set 2: Thermal Packaging ToolsThe second set in the encyclopedia, Thermal Packaging Tools, includes volumes dedicated to thermal design of data centers, techniques and models for the design and optimization of heat sinks, the development and use of reduced-order "compact" thermal models of electronic components, a database of critical material thermal properties, and a comprehensive exploration of thermally-informed electronic design. The numerical and analytical techniques described in these volumes are among the primary tools used by thermal packaging practitioners and researchers to accelerate product and system development and achieve "correct by design" thermal packaging solutions.The four sets in the Encyclopedia of Thermal Packaging will provide the novice and student with a complete reference for a quick ascent on the thermal packaging ';learning curve,'; the practitioner with a validated set of techniques and tools to face every challenge, and researchers with a clear definition of the state-of-the-art and emerging needs to guide their future efforts. This encyclopedia will, thus, be of great interest to packaging engineers, electronic product development engineers, and product managers, as well as to researchers in thermal management of electronic and photonic components and systems, and most beneficial to undergraduate and graduate students studying mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering.

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering provides a comprehensive coverage of the three primary types of materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers) and composites. Adopting an integrated approach to the sequence of topics, the book focuses on the relationships that exist between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This presentation permits the early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer's role in choosing materials based upon their characteristics. Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, the book presents material at an appropriate level for student comprehension. This International Adaptation has been thoroughly updated to use SI units. This edition enhances the coverage of failure mechanism by adding new sections on Griffith theory of brittle fracture, Goodman diagram, and fatigue crack propagation rate. It further strengthens the coverage by including new sections on peritectoid and monotectic reactions, spinodal decomposition, and various hardening processes such as surface, and vacuum and plasma hardening. In addition, all homework problems requiring computations have been refreshed.

This Encyclopedia comes in 3 sets. To check out Set 1 and Set 3, please visit Set 1: Thermal Packaging Techniques and Set 3: Thermal Packaging Applications /remove Thermal and mechanical packaging - the enabling technologies for the physical implementation of electronic systems - are responsible for much of the progress in miniaturization, reliability, and functional density achieved by electronic, microelectronic, and nanoelectronic products during the past 50 years. The inherent inefficiency of electronic devices and their sensitivity to heat have placed thermal packaging on the critical path of nearly every product development effort in traditional, as well as emerging, electronic product categories.Successful thermal packaging is the key differentiator in electronic products, as diverse as supercomputers and cell phones, and continues to be of pivotal importance in the refinement of traditional products and in the development of products for new applications. The Encyclopedia of Thermal Packaging, compiled in four multi-volume sets (Set 1: Thermal Packaging Techniques, Set 2: Thermal Packaging Tools, Set 3: Thermal Packaging Applications, and Set 4: Thermal Packaging Configurations) will provide a comprehensive, one-stop treatment of the techniques, tools, applications, and configurations of electronic thermal packaging. Each of the author-written sets presents the accumulated wisdom and shared perspectives of a few luminaries in the thermal management of electronics.Set 2: Thermal Packaging ToolsThe second set in the encyclopedia, Thermal Packaging Tools, includes volumes dedicated to thermal design of data centers, techniques and models for the design and optimization of heat sinks, the development and use of reduced-order "compact" thermal models of electronic components, a database of critical material thermal properties, and a comprehensive exploration of thermally-informed electronic design. The numerical and analytical techniques described in these volumes are among the primary tools used by thermal packaging practitioners and researchers to accelerate product and system development and achieve "correct by design" thermal packaging solutions.The four sets in the Encyclopedia of Thermal Packaging will provide the novice and student with a complete reference for a quick ascent on the thermal packaging ';learning curve,'; the practitioner with a validated set of techniques and tools to face every challenge, and researchers with a clear definition of the state-of-the-art and emerging needs to guide their future efforts. This encyclopedia will, thus, be of great interest to packaging engineers, electronic product development engineers, and product managers, as well as to researchers in thermal management of electronic and photonic components and systems, and most beneficial to undergraduate and graduate students studying mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering.

Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate either the flow or the pressure of the fluid. They are used extensively in the process industries, especially petrochemical. Though there are only four basic types of valves, there is an enormous number of different kinds of valves within each category, each one used for a specific purpose. No other book on the market analyzes the use, construction, and selection of valves in such a comprehensive manner.
-Covers new environmentally-conscious equipment and practices, the most important hot-button issue in the petrochemical industry today
-Details new generations of valves for offshore projects, the oil industry's fastest-growing segment
-Includes numerous new products that have never before been written about in the mainstream literature

Microporomechanics encapsulates the study of the micromechanics of porous media. Porosity is the most prominent heterogeneous property of all natural and most engineered composite materials, and is key to the understanding and prediction of macroscopic materials behaviour. As new experimental techniques such as nanoindentation now provide unprecedented access to micromechanical properties and morphologies of materials, it becomes possible to trace these features from the nanoscale to the macroscale of day-to-day engineering applications, and predict transport properties, stiffness, strength and deformation behaviours within a consistent framework of microporomechanics. Authored by recognised leading experts in the field of microporomechanics Introduces high quality landmark research that proposes a new framework for the description of the behaviour of porous materials Composed of a logical and didactic build-up from fundamental concepts to state-of-the-art theory Synergises the disparate subject areas of poromechanics and micromechanics Includes a variety of original problem sets that provide a hands-on application of the homogenization theories to specific materials configuration

"Microporomechanics" provides a first introduction to the micromechanics of porous media, and offers an invaluable resource for academic and industrial research scientists and engineers. It will also appeal to graduate students in biomechanics and bioengineering, civil and environmental engineering, geophysics and geomechanics, materials science, and engineering related to petroleum and gas exploration.

Unfortunately, dust explosions are common and costly in a wide array of industries such as petrochemical, food, paper and pharmaceutical. It is imperative that practical and theoretical knowledge of the origin, development, prevention and mitigation of dust explosions is imparted to the responsible safety manager. The material in this book offers an up to date evaluation of prevalent activities, testing methods, design measures and safe operating techniques. Also provided is a detailed and comprehensive critique of all the significant phases relating to the hazard and control of a dust explosion. An invaluable reference work for industry, safety consultants and students.
* A completely new chapter on design of electrical equipment to be used in areas containing combustible/explosible dust
* A substantially extended and re-organized final review chapter, containing nearly 400 new literature references from the years 1997-2002
* Extensive cross-referencing from the original chapters 1-7 to the corresponding sections of the expanded review chapter

The book helps to answer the following questions: How far have the understanding and mesoscale modeling advanced in recent decades, what are the key open questions that require further research and what are the mathematical and physical requirements for a mesoscale model intended to provide either insight or a predictive engineering tool? It is addressed to young researchers including doctoral students, postdocs and early career faculty,

A stable usage of rubber compounds in the production of components for almost every industry has created the need for this handbook and formulary. Convenience is the primary reason for such a book. With the variety of uses for rubber being as broad as the imagination, a formulary which includes an overview of the history of rubber, as well as sections on ingredients, processing methods, and testing, is a welcome addition to any manufacturer's library. Rubber products include seals and gaskets for windows, pressure and vacuum hoses for automotive and aerospace applications, bottle stoppers for medical and pharmaceutical products, center cores for all types of balls, belts for tools and machinery, shock and vibration absorbers for everything from motor mounts to sky scrapers, insulation for blankets, and even large film coatings for roofing applications. Additional industrial and consumer products are being designed out of rubber compounds every day.Whether you are involved with selling raw materials, producing rubber compounds, or designing rubber components and products, Rubber Formulary is the right sourcebook of data for your needs. This first-ever collection of 500 suggested formulas has been provided by raw materials suppliers around the world. Written for both technical and managerial personnel, this collection of formulas and basic texts will also benefit students and other individuals just entering the field.

This collection of 232 water-based trade and industrial formulations will be of value to technical and managerial personnel in paint manufacturing companies and firms which supply raw materials or services to these companies, and to those interested in less hazardous, environmentally safer formulations. The book will be useful to both those with extensive experience as well as those new to the field. This book includes new and different formulations than those included in the previous volumes. The data consist of selections of manufacturers' suggested formulations made at no cost to, nor influence from, the makers or distributors of these materials. The information given is presented as supplied; the manufacturer should be contacted if there are any questions. Only the most recent data supplied us has been included. Any solvent contained is minimal.The table of contents is organized in such a way as to serve as a subject index. The formulations described are divided into sections which cover exterior, interior, and exterior and/or interior water-based paints, enamels, and coatings, as indicated below. Included in the descriptive information for each formulations, where available, the following properties may be listed: viscosity, solids, content, % nonvolatiles, pigment volume concentration, density, pH, spatter, leveling, sag resistance, scrub stability, freeze-thaw stability, ease of application, gloss foaming, cratering, brightness, opacity, water spotting, adhesion to chalk, brush cleanup, reflectance, and sheen.

This book is an original and timeless description of the elasticity of solids, and more particularly of crystals, covering all aspects from theory and elastic constants to experimental moduli. The first part is dedicated to a phenomenological and dimensionless representation of macroscopic crystal elasticity, which allows us to compare all crystals of the same symmetry with the concept of anisotropy and to establish new relations between elastic constants. Multi-scale approaches are then put forward to describe the elasticity at an atomic scale or for polycrystals. The relationship between elasticity and structural or physical properties is illustrated by many experimental data. The second part is entirely devoted to a Lagrangian theory of vibrations and its application to the characterization of elasticity by means of the dynamic resonant method. This unique approach applied to tension-compression, flexural and torsional tests allows for an accurate determination of elastic moduli of structural and functional crystals, varying from bulk to multi-coated materials.

Aerospace craft operate in three dimensional space, and thus must control for complex motions and dynamics. They also have challenging communication, navigation, and automation requirements. For these reason, sensors are absolutely critical to proper aerospace fight and function. This authoritative survey of all major classes of sensors used in aerospace vehicles and support systems will quickly bring the reader up to date on the most recent advances in types of sensors, their uses, and how they can be integrated with one another for total system controls. "Aerospace Sensors" offers invaluable guidance to both practicing aerospace engineers as well as engineering students in aerospace, mechanical electronics, and systems engineering. The reader will find valuable guidance on: Principles of operation, design and performance for major classes of aerospace sensors - from gyroscopic inertial navigational systems to accelerometers, to electronic compasses Coverage on radio-altimeters and other autonomous radio sensors for motional parameters An introduction satellite navigation systems and their aerospace applications, including GPS, GLONASS and GALILEO Designing for sensor integration, including important facets of sensor system choice, integrated measuring system optimization and the simulation of sensor integration by appropriate algorithms

This book is a review of the science and technology of the element carbon and its allotropes: graphite, diamond and the fullerenes. This field has expanded greatly in the last three decades stimulated by many major discoveries such as carbon fibers, low-pressure diamond, and the fullerenes. The need for such a book has been felt for some time. These carbon materials are very different in structure and properties. Some are very old (charcoal), others brand new (the fullerenes). They have different applications and markets and are produced by different segments of the industry.Few studies are available that attempt to review the entire field of carbon as a whole discipline. Moreover these studies were written several decades ago and a generally outdated since the development of the technology is moving very rapidly and scope of applications is constantly expanding and reaching into new fields such as aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, optics, and electronics. In this book the author provides a valuable, up-to-date account of both the newer and traditional forms of carbon, both naturally occurring and man-made. This volume will be a valuable resource for both specialists in, and occasional users of carbon materials.

This collection of 463 up-to-date water-based trade and industrial formulations will be of value to technical and managerial personnel in paint manufacturing companies and firms which supply raw materials or services to these companies, and to those interested in less hazardous, environmentally safer formulations. The data consists of selections of manufacturers' suggested formulations made at no cost to, nor influence from, the makers and distributors of these materials. Only the most recent data is included. Any solvent containment is minimal.

This book consists of chapters that focus specifically on single figures that worked on Descriptive Geometry and also in Mechanisms Sciences and contain biographical notes, a survey of their work and their achievements, together with a modern interpretation of their legacy. Since Vitruvius in ancient times, and with Brunelleschi in the Renaissance, the two disciplines began to share a common direction which, over the centuries, took shape through less well-known figures until the more recent times in which Gaspard Monge worked. Over the years, a gap has been created between Descriptive Geometry and Mechanism Science, which now appear to belong to different worlds. In reality, however, there is a very close relationship between the two disciplines, with a link based on extremely solid foundations. Without the theoretical foundations of Geometry it would not be possible to draw and design mechanical parts such as gears, while in Kinematics it would be less easy to design and predict the reciprocal movements of parts in a complex mechanical assembly.

Including papers from the 9th edition of the International Conference on Computational Methods and Experiments in Material and Contact Characterisation this volume presents the work of selected researchers on the subject. Material and contact characterisation is a rapidly advancing field and this volume contains the latest research. Of particular interest to industry and society is the knowledge of surface treatment and contact mechanics of these materials to determine the in-service behaviour of components subject to contact conditions. Modern society requires systems that operate at conditions that use resources effectively. In terms of components durability, the understanding of surface engineering wear frictional and lubrication dynamics has never been so important. Current research is focussed on modification technologies that can increase the surface durability of materials. The characteristics of the system reveal which surface engineering methods should be chosen and as a consequence it is essential to study the combination of surface treatment and contact mechanics. The accurate characterisation of the physical and chemical properties of materials requires the application of both experimental techniques and computer simulation methods in order to gain a correct analysis. A very wide range of materials, starting with metals through polymers and semiconductors to composites, necessitates a whole spectrum of characteristic experimental techniques and research methods. The papers in the book cover a number of topics, including: Experimental approaches; Recycled materials; Metallic materials; Mechanical properties; Mechanical and thermal properties; Composite materials; Materials for bioengineering applications; Performance based design materials and Numerical models.

Advances in Superalloys and High Temperature Intermetallics (J.K. Tien et al.). Influence of the Superplastic Metals on the Future of the Metal Forming Industry (G. Torres-Villasenor). Advanced Aerospace Materials (F.H. Froes et al.). Microalloyed Steels (L. Martinez). Future Ferrous Technologies (H.W. Paxton). Advanced High Temperature Corrosion Sciences (N. Birks et al.). Engineering Materials (V.M. Castano et al.). Advanced Textile Structural Composites (F.K. Ko). Cracking and Fatigue in FiberReinforced Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites (A.G. Evans, F.W. Zok). Metallurgy of Permanent Magnet Alloys (L. Rabenberg). Electron Tunneling in Superconductors Ba-K-Bi-O (R. Escudero). Vapor Deposition Processing (S. Purushothaman et al.). Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications (R. Asomoza et al.). Optical Properties of New Materials (R.G. Barrera). 6 additional articles. Index.