""Doing Fieldwork" warrants our attention because its message, bolstered by the editor's new introduction, is that the 1930's heralded a paradigm shift in anthropology, and further that this shift in fact addressed the same contenious issues raised in today's so-called crisis of representation." -- Hispanic American Historical Review "A candid, detailed window into the fieldwork and analytical thinking of two of our most influential anthropologists. A gem for students of method and theory in ethnography."-Susan C. M. Scrimshaw, University of Illinois at Chicago
"This lively exchange of letters reveals how, by batting hunches and hypotheses back and forth, often agreeing, sometimes disagreeing, Redfield and Tax developed and sharpened theories (always grounded in ethnographic data) relating to such themes as worldview, race relations, caste vs. class, and acculturation. The book provides fascinating insights into the differences between the fieldwork experience in pre- and post-World War II years. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of social science." -George M. Foster, University of California, Berkeley
Prior to the 1930s the highlands of Guatemala were largely undescribed, except in travelogues. Just two decades later, the highlands had become one of the most anthropologically well-investigated areas of the world. This is largely due to the research that Robert Redfield and Sol Tax carried out between 1934 and 1941. Separately and together, Redfield and Tax anticipated and guided anthropological investigations of people living in peasant and urban communities in other areas of the world. Their work helped to define the major outlines of research in the 1970s, and since then much writing about the region has been formulated in critical response to the Redfield-Tax program.
Not coincidentally, since the mid-1970s anthropology has been caught up in a wave of self-doubt about the status of fieldwork and the authority of ethnographic description. This critical stance has often cast ethnography as a creative, literary enterprise. This volume presents a timely view of the process of ethnography as carried out by two of its early practitioners. Containing a wealth of ethnographic detail, the book reveals how Redfield and Tax developed and tested ethnological hypotheses, and it allows us to follow the development of their major theoretical statements. The result is an exceptionally clear picture of the process of ethnography. Redfield and Tax emerge as rigorous and sensitive observers of social life whose observations bear importantly on contemporary understandings of the ethnology of Guatemala and the enterprise of anthropology. This book will be of interest to students of method and theory in ethnography, Latin Americanists, and other professionals interested in the history of idea.
Robert A. Rubinstein has conducted fieldwork in Yucatan, Mexico, in Belize, in rural Egypt, and in the United States. He is editor, with Mary LeCron Foster, of Peace and War: Cross-Cultural Perspectives (also available from Transaction).

Civilizations fail when they become trapped in a way of looking at the world that no longer works. For many, globalization is pushing us to the edge of disaster - an onward march of blinkered vision, encouraging passivity, moral blindness and a culture of dependency.A Community Manifesto is an elegantly written polemic offering a new way of looking at our social, cultural and economic realities. Tackling the crucial dimensions of personal responsibility, consensus and community, it shows how we can find a new language through which we can reinvigorate our individual and social lives, developing the resourcefulness we need but which proves so difficult to cultivate. The vision it presents is persuasive and very timely - only by building community can human society evolve and progress.

This collection deals with the transformation of urban movements in these new social, economic and political environments.

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Contents:
Preface. 1. Introduction 2. Philippine Community Theatre in the Nineties, Case Study: Teatro Balangaw, Marinduque 3. Community Theatre in the Netherlands, Case Study: Stut's Tears in the Rain 4. Community Theatre in Los Angeles, USA, Case Study: Teatro de la Realidad's Saquen la sopa ya 5. Collective Creation in Costa Rica Community Theatre, Case Study: Aguamarina, Puntarenas 6. Community Theatre in Kenya, Case Study: Kawuonda Women's Group, Sigoti, Kisumu District 7. Community Theatre in Australia, Case Study: Urban Theatre Project's Trackwork 8.Conclusions. Index.

This distinctive volume combines synthetic theoretical essays and reports of original research to address the interrelations of communication and community in a wide variety of settings. Chapters address interpersonal conversation and communal relationships; journalism organizations and political reporting; media use and community participation; communication styles and alternative organizations; and computer networks and community building; among other topics. The contents offer synthetic literature reviews, philosophical essays, reports of original research, theory development, and criticism. While varying in theoretical perspective and research focus, each of the chapters also provides its own approach to the practice of communication and community. In this way, the book provides a recurrent thematic emphasis on the pragmatic consequences of theory and research for the activities of communication and living together in communities.
Taken as a whole, this collection illustrates that communication and community cannot be adequately analyzed in any context without considering other contexts, other levels of analysis, and other media and modes of communication. As such, it provides important insights for scholars, students, educators, and researchers concerned with communication across the full range of contexts, media, and modes.

Series Information:
Transnational Business and Corporate Culture: Problems and Opportunities

Moving beyond traditional cultural and disciplinary boundaries, social scientists, humanists, natural scientists, and public servants examine the different ways in which people understand and inhabit their environments in communities across the Pacific Northwest, the Pacific Rim, and throughout Asia. Utilizing ethnographic and historical case studies; textual, cartographic, and narrative analysis; and critical examinations of discourse and methods, these essays broaden our understanding of human/environmental interactions, and prompt more realistic assessments and effective action.

Among development assistance agencies, the World Bank has led the way in policies to mitigate the impact of large-scale engineering projects on local populations, particularly in the building of dams. Since the 1980s the Bank has implemented guidelines for policies with respect to displacement, social infrastructure and services, environmental effects, resettlement, compensation, and the restoration of income for those affected. Having learned from the failures of past resettlement programs, the Bank has endeavored to function as a responsible and caring agency. This volume builds upon earlier studies and field work to offer a broad look at dam-building projects in six countries and to review the outcomes of Bank policy, learn from experience, and assess outside criticism.
The book covers representative dam projects in India, Thailand, Togo, China, Indonesia, and Brazil. Each project was undertaken after Bank resettlement guidelines had been implemented. The widely ranging results in each country are assessed. In the areas of compensation for acquired land, relocation, infrastructure and services, the contributors note satisfactory levels of improvement or positive trends. Governments are moving towards acceptance of the idea that displaced families should be paid the real value of their lost assets. Relocation processes are now keeping pace with water movement caused by dam building, and health, education, utilities, and roads are better than before the resettlement.
Other results have been less positive. The impact on incomes of those involuntarily resettled has been harsh in some locations. Resettler dissatisfaction has been intense, notably in those countries where the national economies are not experiencing strong growth. The Bank's performance itself has been uneven. There have been lapses in appraisal and monitoring during the projects and insufficient follow-through support for resettlement operations after the completion of loan and credit disbursements.
In addition to its case by case analysis of countries and projects, the book includes detailed lessons and recommendations to strengthen resettlement policy and practice. Involuntary Resettlement will be of interest to economists, sociologists, and professionals working in regional development policy.
Robert Picciotto is director general of Operations Evaluation at the World Bank. Warren van Wicklin is task manager and evaluator at the Operations Evaluation department of the World Bank.

This book explores strategies for building up a repertoire of ideas, approaches and techniques that allow teachers to develop effective explanatory skills. It covers issues such as the use of an appropriate language register and analogies for handling topics with which teachers might be unfamiliar.

In antiquity, it was not only Aristotle who assumed the people are more to be understood in relation to one another than as individual or solitary constructs. Friendship was vital to figures wuch as Aristotle, Plato and Socrates, because it supplied the tpe of bonding or fellowship without which they supposed no society could survive - a person ufil for communal life, for Aristotle, must be either a beast or a god.

Over the past century, psychologists have made considerable advances in identifying the causes and consequences of fundamental biases such as racism, but have been less successful in developing theories and interventions to reduce these biases. This important new book focuses on how intergroup biases, including subtle, contemporary forms of racism, can be combated. Specifically, the book begins by tracing how the challenges of addressing aversive racism, an indirect and typically unconscious type of racial bias, led to the development of the Common Ingroup Identity Model. This model outlines strategies for reducing biases that are rooted, in part, in fundamental, normal psychological processes, such as the categorization of people into in-groups, "we's who are favored," and out-groups, "they's who are not." Thus, changing the nature of categorization from in-groups and out-groups (e.g., on the basis of race) to one more common, inclusive identity (e.g., university affiliation or nationality) can harness the cognitive and motivational forces of ingroup favoritism and redirect them to reduce bias. This process, described by the Common Ingroup Identity Model, not only produces more positive intergroup attitudes and more inclusive and generous standards of justice and fairness but also increases positive and trusting intergroup behaviors, such as helping and personal disclosure.
Reducing Intergroup Bias considers situations and interventions that can foster more inclusive representations and ways, both theoretically and practically, and that a common ingroup identity can facilitate more harmonius intergroup relations. It will be important reading not only for those in the field of intergroup relations for anyone interested in prejudice reduction.

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Full Contributors:
Mary Lee Bartlett, Museum of Texas Tech University, USA, Marcello A. Canuto, University of Pennsylvania, USA, Paul S. Goldstein, Dartmouth College, USA, Timothy S. Hare, University at Albany, USA, Julia A. Hendon, Gettysburg College, USA, Audrey J. Horning, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, USA, William H. Isbell, State University of New York at Binghampton, USA, Rosemary A. Joyce, University of California, USA, Patricia A. McAnany, Boston University, USA, Joyce Marcus, University of Michigan, USA, Mark W. Mehrer, Northern Illinois University, USA, Timothy R. Pauketat, University of Illinois, USA, Robert W. Preucel, University of Pennsylvania, USA, Jason Yaeger, University of Pennsylvania, James A. Zeidler, Colorado State University, USA

The Archaeology of Communities develops a critical evaluation of community and shows that it represents more than a mere aggregation of households. This collection bridges the gap between studies of ancient societies and ancient households. The community is taken to represent more than a mere aggregation of households, it exists in part through shared identities, as well as frequent interaction and inter-household integration.
Drawing on case studies which range in location from the Mississippi Valley to New Mexico, from the Southern Andes to the Blue Ridge Mountains of Madison County, Virginia, the book explores and discusses communities from a whole range of periods, from Pre-Columbian to the late Classic. Discussions of actual communities are reinforced by strong debate on, for example, the distinction between 'Imagined Community' and 'Natural Community.'

Issues in Geography Teaching examines a wide range of issues which are of interest to those teaching geography from the early years through to higher education.
The issues discussed include:
*the role of research and the use of ICT in teacher training;
*the significance of developing critical thinking skills;
*broader educational issues such as citizenship and development;
*the importance of environmental education;
*the position and role of assessment;
*the present state and status of geographical education and issues that are likely to be of concern in the future.
At a time of great change in geographical education, it is vital that practitioners should develop their own awareness and perspective on a variety of curriculum concerns and developments and evaluate how these might impact their work. Issues in Geography Teaching details the contexts, presents the facts and raises thought-provoking questions which should stimulate further interest and discussion.

Sambach brings together an ethnograhic study of a school and community in East Africa. Stambach focuses on the role school plays in the development of the children's identity and relationships to their parents and community, as well as in the development of the region. At issue here are the competing influences of Western modernity and the cultural traditions of East Africa-ideas about gender roles, sexuality, identity, and family and communal obligations are all at stake. Stambach looks at the controversial practice of female circumcision in the context of school and community teachings about girls' bodies and examines cultural signifiers like music, clothing and food to discuss the tensions in the region.

An ethnographic study of a school and community in East Africa focusing on the role school plays in the development of the children's identity and relationships to their parents and community, as well as in the development of the region.

Contents:
Part I. Introduction to Cooperation
1. Perspectives on cooperation in modern society: helping the self, the community and society Mark Van Vugt, Mark Snyder, Tom Tyler and Anders Biel
2. Factors promoting cooperation in the laboratory, in common-pool resource dilemmas, and in large-scale dilemmas: similarities and differences Anders Biel
Part II. Individual and Collective Restraint in Common Resources
3. Choosing between personal comfort and our environment: solutions to the transportation dilemma Paul Van Lange, Mark Van Vugt and David De Cremer
4. Why do people cooperate in groups? Support for structural solutions to social dilemma problems Tom R. Tyler
5. An economic analysis of compliance with fishery regulations Aaron Hatcher, Olivier Thebaud and Shabbar Jaffry
6. Collective cooperation in common-pool resources Edella Schlager
Part III. Individual and Collective Action in Common Goods
7. Doing good for self and society: volunteerism and the psychology of citizen participation Mark Snyder and Allen M. Omoto
8. Workplace justice and the dilemma of organizational citizenship Russell Cropanzano and Zinta S. Byrne
9. Identity and protest: how group identification helps to overcome collective action dilemmas Bert Klandermans
10. But taxpayers do cooperate! Henk Elffers
11. Willingness to contribute to the finance of public social services Daniel Eek, Anders Biel and Tommy Gärling
12. The universal welfare state as a social dilemma Bo Rothstein
Part IV. Commentary
13. Context, norms and cooperation in modern society: a post-script David M. Messick

Which factors have been influential in developing science teaching and learning for the three to thirteen age group in the last twenty years? How might these factors have an impact on the future direction of science teaching and learning for this age range into the 21st century? How can teachers cope with the changes? Science 3-13 explores some of the historical antecedents of the current position of science in the lives of younger children. It covers the various influences, both from within and outside the teaching profession, that have shaped the current science curriculum. Current practice is examined and, on this basis, speculations are made about the future position and direction of this important subject. The contributors each cover a particular aspect of science for the 3-13 age range but common themes emerge such as the influence of government intentions, particularly through the development of the National Curriculum. The role of research groups and the impact of ICT on the teaching profession as to what is important to teach and how science and science teaching should be viewed within society are shown to be important factors in the mix that contributes to change. This book forms part of a series of key texts which focus on a range of topics related to primary education and schooling. Each book in the Primary Directions Series will review the past, analyse current issues, suggest coping strategies for practitioners and speculate on the future.

Moving beyond traditional cultural and disciplinary boundaries, social scientists, humanists, natural scientists, and public servants examine the different ways in which people understand and inhabit their environments in communities across the Pacific Northwest, the Pacific Rim, and throughout Asia. Utilizing ethnographic and historical case studies; textual, cartographic, and narrative analysis; and critical examinations of discourse and methods, these essays broaden our understanding of human/environmental interactions, and prompt more realistic assessments and effective action.

The problem of Japanese identity has been the core object of study in the discourse of Japanese culture. This work investigates changes in the Japanese ethnonational identity, as an outcome of the interplay among different processes in the transnational cultural flow, through a case study of the "kikokushijo" or "returnees," children of expatriate parents who grew up abroad. While previous studies have seen "returnees" as disrupted from Japanese society and culture, which is characterized as homogeneous and monolithic, this study reflects recent developments in the field, in which a more relational view of Japanese culture is emerging, in which difference is acknowledged and juxtaposed with uniformity and homogeneity as paradigmatic alternatives. The study describes how returnees live, think, express themselves and construct their identity in the context of the tension between Japanese ethnonational identity and the overseas sojourn. Different discourses, including the historial dimension of Japanese ethnonoational identity, culture as flow and postmodernism, carried out on the macro, median, and micro levels, have been analyzed in order to gain a greater understanding of chaning Japanese ethnonational identity in general, and the identity of returnees in particular, in the face of increasing mobility in a globalized world.

Crime and Social Change in Middle England offers a new way of looking at contemporary debates on the fear of crime. Using observation, interviews and documentary analysis it traces the reactions of citizens of one very ordinary town to events, conflicts and controversies around such topical subjects of criminological investigation as youth, public order, drugs, policing and home security in their community. In doing so it moves in place from comfortable suburbs to hard pressed inner city estates, from the affluent to the impoverished, from old people watching the town where they grew up change around them to young in-comers who are part of that change. This is a book which will give all students of crime a rare and fascinating insight into how issues at the heart of contemporary law and order politics both nationally and internationally actually play out on the ground.

At the turn of the millennium, the British Army finds its position in relation to British society paradoxical. One one level it enjoys public support; it is seen as a highly professional organization in which the civil population has great trust. On another, its values are portrayed as out of touch with society; its policies or its behaviour in relationship to gender, sex and race are attacked in the press; society is seen to have changed, but the Army has not. The Army's response is that at least some of the differences betwen Army and society are necessary given that particular nature of its task: ultimately the soldier's profession is one unlike any other, because it requires him (or her) to be ready to die in the course of duty.

It has been noted by researchers from a variety of backgrounds that the dominant social research paradigms have frequently failed to represent the viewpoints of many marginalized groups. The authors of this collection confront this imbalance by looking at how issues such as ethnicity, sexual orientation and identity, disability, gender and ethnicity, and health and old age can be addressed in research conducted among groups who may often be the objects of research, but who seldom have control over what is said about them.

Containing sections written by contributors from a variety of backgrounds, cultures and nationalities, the chapters explore ways in which issues of social diversity and division within the research process might be addressed. While considering whether this might be done through an emancipatory research paradigm, the book also examines the philosophical tenets and methodological implications of such an approach.

Author Biography:
Anthony Cohen is Professor of Social Anthropology, and Provost of Law and Social Sciences at the University of Edinburgh.

This collection of extended papers examines the ways in which relations between national, ethnic, religious and gender groups are underpinned by each group's perceptions of their distinctive identities and of the nature of the boundaries which divide them. Questions of frontier and identity are theorised with reference to the Maori, Australian aborigines and Celtic groups.
The theoretical arguments and ethnographic perspectives of this book place it at the cutting edge of contemporary anthropological scholarship on identity, with respect to the study of ethnicity, nationalism, localism, gender and indigenous peoples. It will be of value to scholars and students of social and cultural anthropology, human geography and social psychology.