Dynasties of the Sea is the first book to examine one of the most powerful forces in global trade and economic development: world shipping and the magnates who drive the industry. Operating from Monaco to Hong Kong, London to Athens, Singapore to Oslo, shipowners and their financiers have changed the world in every way. From transporting agricultural products from Brazil to Africa and the Middle East, to delivering Australian iron ore to China, to carrying Middle East crude oil to Asia and the Americas, to carrying almost every article of clothing you are wearing and every electronic device in the world, shipowners have enabled global economic development and helped raise the global standard of living. While ocean shipping remains one of the most important businesses in the world, it is also one of the most volatile. Affected by such imponderables as weather and political upheaval, shipowning cultures have maintained their commitment to an industry that has endured for centuries - and will continue to endure for centuries to come. The candid and detailed first-person profiles that comprise Dynasties of the Sea provide critical insight into the psychology of today's generation of shipping magnates, from how they view risk - politically, economically and environmentally - to what they see transpiring in the world tomorrow.

Increasing concerns over the effects of climate change have heightened the importance of accelerating investments in green growth. The International Energy Agency, for example, estimates that to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent by 2050, global investments in the energy sector alone will need to total US$750 billion a year by 2030 and over US$1.6 trillion a year from 2030-2050. Despite global efforts to mobilize required capital flows, the investments still fall far short. Bloomberg New Energy Finance argues that by 2020 investments will be US$150 billion short from the levels required simply to stabilize CO2 emissions. For the East Asia and Pacific region alone, the World Bank study Winds of Change suggests that additional investments of US$80 billion a year over the next two decades are required. Multiple factors affect green investments, often rendering them financially not attractive. Private investment flows, therefore, depend on public sectors interventions and support. As in many countries public sector resources are scarce and spread across many competing commitments, they need to be used judiciously and strategically to leverage sufficient private flows. Many governments, however, still lack a clear comprehensive framework for assessing green investment climate and formulating an efficient mix of measures to accelerate green investments and are unfamiliar with international funding sources that can be tapped. To address this challenge, the World Bank, with support from AusAID, conducts the work on improving the financing opportunities for green infrastructure investments among its client countries. This activity attempts to identify practical ways to value and monetize environmental externalities of investments and improve the promotion and bankability of green projects. This research report, as a key step in this activity, provides a structured compendium of ongoing leading initiatives and activities designed to accelerate private investment flows in green growth. It summarizes current investment challenges of green projects as well as proposed solutions, financing schemes and instruments, and initiatives that have set the stage for promoting green growth. The results of this work are intended to benefit the international community and policymakers who are seeking to deepen their knowledge of green investment environment. In addition, it is hoped that this work will be useful to practitioners, including fund managers and investors, seeking to have a better understanding of current trends, global initiatives, and available funding sources and mechanisms for financing green projects.

What was travel like in the 1880s? Was it easy to get from place to place? Were the rides comfortable? How long did journeys take? Wet Britches and Muddy Boots describes all forms of public transport from canal boats to oceangoing vessels, passenger trains to the overland stage. Trips over long distances often involved several modes of transportation and many days, even weeks. Baggage and sometimes even children were lost en route. Travelers might start out with a walk down to the river to meet a boat for the journey to a town where they caught a stagecoach for the rail junction to catch the train for a ride to the city. John H. White Jr. discusses not only the means of travel but also the people who made the system run-riverboat pilots, locomotive engineers, stewards, stagecoach drivers, seamen. He provides a fascinating glimpse into a time when travel within the United States was a true adventure.

Since the early 1980s, the periodic debate over the reauthorization of federal surface transportation programs has been primarily about money and its distribution. In each of the five reauthorizations that took place during that period, the federal fuel taxes and other sources of revenue dedicated to the highway trust were reliably providing the various surface transportation programs with more money year after year. In 2009, this was not the case. For the first time in decades, driving declined significantly, with a concomitant decrease in fuel tax revenues. Going forward the program cannot count on new money from the familiar sources. The law authorising federal surface transportation programs expired at the end of 2009, but Congress has failed to enact a new authorisation. This book examines the surface transportation program reauthorization issues for the 112th Congress; funding and finance; the Donor-Donee State issue of funding equity and federalism issues in surface transportation policy.

This book presents and analyzes the results of a comprehensive collection of data on the extent and condition of transport infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa, identifies the reasons for poor performance, and estimates future financing needs. The transport facilities of Sub-Saharan Africa were built primarily for the colonial exploitation of mineral and agricultural resources. The chief goal of road and rail networks was to link mines, plantations, and other sites for the exploitation and transformation on natural resources to ports, rather than to provide general connectivity within the region. The road network of 1.75 million kilometers exhibits a low density with respect to population. Its average spatial density is very low by world standards. The network carries low average traffic levels. Even so, because most African countries have a low GDP, the fiscal burden of the network is the highest among world regions, maintenance is underfinanced, and road conditions are on average poor, while road accident rates are very high. Attempts to improve the financing of maintenance through second generation road funds have met with some success, but there remain serious weaknesses in implementation. Road freight transport is fragmented, but cartelized, with high rates and high profits. Railways were also built mainly as for the exportation of minerals and crops. With the exception of two or three very specialized bulk mineral lines, the traffic volumes are low, and the railways have been in financial decline since the 1960s. Concessioning of the lines to private operators has improved performance, but governments often impose unachievable requirements on the companies, and investment remains inadequate for long-term sustainability. Most of the 260 airports that provide year-round commercial service in Sub-Saharan Africa have adequate runway capacity, though some of the larger airports suffer from a shortage of terminal capacity. More than a quarter of the runways are in marginal or poor condition, and air traffic control and navigation facilities are below international standards. Though airport charges are high, few airports are truly financially sustainable. Three national carriers are quite successful, but most are small and barely sustainable. Protection persists in the domestic and intercontinental markets, but the international market in the region has been effectively liberalized. The safety record is poor. Most ports are small by international standards. Many are still publicly owned and suffer from inadequate equipment and poor productivity. Only a few highly specialized ports, including private ports integrated with the extraction companies, meet the highest international standards Costs and charges are high. But there is a trend toward concessioning of facilities to large groups specializing in international container terminals and port operations. Fortunately the shipping market is now deregulated. Urban transport suffers from some infrastructure deficiencies, particularly in the condition of urban roads. But the main problems of the sector are associated with the fragmented and poorly regulated nature of most urban bus markets. Finance for large buses is very difficult to obtain. In all modes the situation is made worse by failures of governance in both the provision and regulation of infrastructure. The overall deficit in financing for infrastructure is estimated using a model based on the application of hypothesized standards of connectivity for all modal networks and facilities. Once the amount of infrastructure needed to meet those standards was calculated, these requirements were compared with existing stocks and the costs of making the transition over a ten-year period were calculated. A base scenario used standards similar to those pertaining in developed regions, while a pragmatic scenario applied lower standards. In a separate exercise, the actual average expenditures on transport infrastructure from all sources were researched. This allowed the funding gap to be deduced by subtraction. The results showed that, excluding official development assistance, no country spent enough to meet the base standard, and that even with aid there remained substantial deficits in maintenance funding in many countries, with the worst situations found in the low-income, politically fragile group of countries."

Truckload Transportation: Economics, Pricing and Analysis covers every facet of truckload pricing including the truckload business model, one-way pricing concepts, dedicated fleet pricing and design, and bid response analysis. The book covers all the primary truckload transportation concepts such as capacity and balance, utilization, length of haul, empty miles, and revenue per mile.The book provides an in depth review of all forms of dedicated pricing including fixed-variable, utilization scales and over-under. The dedicated pricing chapters also cover special topics such as shuttle pricing, short haul pricing, and mileage band pricing. The book also includes four detailed case studies in bid response analysis, a detailed chapter on network analysis, and a special chapter of truckload transportation concepts specifically for truckload shippers.For additional information, please visitTRUCKLOADTRANSPORTATION.COM

This report is the third in a series describing the development of performance measures pertaining to the security of the maritime transportation network (port security metrics). This report focuses on issues related to the mission of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's (DTRA) Advanced Systems and Concepts Office (ASCO). This report represents a continuation of those earlier efforts and presents a contribution to the continual refinement of the Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model (MSRAM), the U.S. Coast Guard's (USCG) principal analytic decision support tool for determining port risk.

We all like travelling, and the airplanes are often our favourites. But when we get on to the plane we do not think about the mechanism which is behind our trip. Do we know why and how can we travel cheap with these so called budget airlines? How can they do this business so well, which is normally very hard and expensive even for the biggest national airlines? This book tries to give us the answer by talking about the strategy of low-cost airlines in general and through the example of easyJet. In the last decades lots of things has changed in the centralized air transport industry with the liberalisation of the European sky. This book shows us the way low-cost companies began to operate next to the big national airlines, when finally the real competition got started. One of the most remarkable budget airline in Europe is easyJet. Everything is so catching: funny advertisements, a dynamic homepage on the internet, and not to mention the amazing success of the whole easyGroup. You just can not go by this orange world.

An increasing number of agencies are taking steps to incorporate the concept of sustainability in the regional transportation planning process. Planning for sustainable transportation systems should at the very least incorporate their broader impacts on system effectiveness, environmental integrity, economic development, and the social quality of life. This book reviews definitions, performance measures, and evaluation methodologies for transportation system sustainability and demonstrates a framework for incorporating sustainability considerations in transportation planning and decision making. Through a case study using data from the Atlanta Metropolitan Region, the study evaluates competing transportation and land use plans based on a broad range of sustainability parameters using spatial/environmental analyses and multicriteria decision making methods. The analysis should help shed some light on this emerging area, and should be especially useful to professionals/decision makers in Transportation fields, or anyone else who may be interested in sustainable transportation systems.

An introduction to the life and times of the professional truck driver. This book is intended for new drivers, those interested in becoming a Professional Driver, and a good read for the thousands of drivers who keep our Country moving.

This book explores and explains the critical elements of Supply Chain Management, including Understanding the Supply Chain and Supply Chain Planning and Operations, as well as Alternative Approaches and how to Improve. The book is intended for: . Professional managers in all supply chain roles and job positions. . Academics such as lecturers or students studying business topics like procurement, logistics, distribution, and the supply chain. . Students of professional institutes such as the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport, The Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply. The style of the book is direct, with little jargon. It covers all the basics, as well as providing detailed and wider discussions to encourage thought. Practical application remains a central theme, illustrated by the extensive use of case studies, application checklists and visual and graphic illustrations.

Two Volumes In One. This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

Dealing with research in the fields of passenger and freight transportation modes, this book looks at policy analysis, formulation and evaluation, interaction with the political, socioeconomic and physical environment, and the planning, design, management and evaluation of transportation systems.

The problems treated in this book are very simple in nature: how to route n vehicles in real time in a fast varying environment to pickup and deliver m passengers when both n and m are large? These problems are very relevant to future transportation options involving large scale real-time routing of shared-ride fleet transit vehicles. But, even if the nature of these problems looks so simple, solving them is not so straight forward, specially finding fast and reliable solutions. Traditionally, dynamic routing solutions were found as static approximations for smaller-scale problems or using local heuristics for the larger-scale ones. Generally heuristics used for these types of problems do not consider global optimality. This work develops a hierarchical methodology to solve these types of problems in three stages seeking global optimality. The book first introduces the problems treated, secondly presents the main characteristics of the proposed methodology, followed by insights on each of the proposed stages. Then a general framework to use the proposed methodology for any vehicle routing problem is presented. Finally, a real application is presented. The work is addressed to professionals and researchers working on vehicle routing and network optimization issues.

As a doctoral student, author Byron Cherry researched and studied the airline industry for two years. His case study outlines his findings and how passengers' perceptions of airline safety and airline security have changed since September 11, 2001. Cherry interviews many subjects who provide such varied answers to his question about fear of another terrorist attack as 'I am more afraid of thunderstorms and microburst than I am of terrorism," to 'I fear another attack someday will occur due to human error or a daring attack not unlike 9/11." Cherry brings to the forefront the major issues that have emerged since 9/11, such as poor passenger screening methods. He also explains the implications for leaders within the airline industry and the federal government, details the limitations of the study, and makes recommendations for future research.September 11, 2001, was a day that most Americans will never forget as long they live. "Are We Safer Now? Airline Security in a Post-9/11 Society" offers an interesting glance into understanding the factors that influenced the change in passengers' perceptions of how safe they really are when traveling by air.

Transportation planning deals with the ways in which governments at various levels try to ensure the effective and efficient movement of people and goods. For this collection, the editors have selected the key previously published papers which analyse some of the major methodological issues involved in modern transportation planning and discuss the main policy questions and debates. The wide range of topics covered includes traffic assignment, developments in modelling travel behaviour, urban travel, the effect of modern telecommunications on travel, congestion and pricing policy. The book includes a new authoritative introduction which offers a comprehensive overview of the themes and ideas raised in the articles.

This report documents work performed under the Federal Transit Administration's Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) Program, a program structured to undertake research and development of innovative applications of advanced navigation, information, and communication technologies that most benefit public transportation. This report is a compilation of existing and planned deployments of APTS technologies and services.

This handbook provides an overview of an export shipment, highlighting what parties are involved and their responsibilities. It looks at the role of the freight forwarder, non-vessel operating common carrier, and customs broker. Incoterms, how to quote a price, and methods of payment are also covered as are ocean and air transportation. It explains the more common documents used in export transportation and provides samples. It also explains the different types of cargo insurance, where to obtain it, and the procedures to follow when filing a claim. It offers guidelines for the safe transport of agricultural products to the overseas buyer, including tips on cooling, grading, packing, loading, storage, and the selection of transport equipment and mode of transportation. The sections on trade assistance and publications are included to provide shippers with other sources of information when the answer cannot be found within this text.

Henry Wells (1805-78) and William Fargo (1818-81) first worked together when they broke the Post Office monopoly on mail service along the Erie Canal in the 1840s. In 1852 they incorporated Wells, Fargo & Company and went into the express business in California, carrying gold, letters, packages, and freight between the mining regions and the financial centers of the East. They registered the miners to receive deliveries, guarded the gold-dust shipments, apprehended stage robbers, recovered stolen gold and silver, and established a reliable, conservative banking house in the world's wickedest city, San Francisco. They survived the collapse of the mining industry, the great California panic of 1855, the depredations of bandits such as Rattlesnake Dick and Black Bart, the dominance of the railroads, and the San Francisco earthquake and fire. Acclaimed Western writer Ralph Moody tells the exciting story of Henry Wells and his drivers, messengers, and riders; his accountants, managers, and detectives; and how they built a lasting empire in a business most entrepreneurs thought too risky to try. Moody, author of more than a dozen books on Western subjects, gives an action-packed account that readers young and old will enjoy.

This report presents the findings of an independent evaluation of the Freight Information Real-time System for Transport (FIRST) intermodal freight ITS prototype system. FIRST is an Internet-based, real-time network that integrates numerous sources of freight location and status into a single, easily navigated Web portal to allow port users to access cargo and Port information to facilitate planning and logistics. This system was designed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, in cooperation with members of the private sector intermodal industry, to meet the operational needs of regional intermodal freight service providers and their customers. FIRST makes information from ocean carriers, terminal operators, rail lines, and trucking companies available to port users. These stakeholders envisioned the FIRST system would help to reduce the truck queues at terminal gates, reduce unnecessary trips by trucks to the port, reduce truck emissions, increase terminal operation efficiencies, and improve the freight transportation system at the Port of New York/New Jersey overall. However, due to a variety of internal and external factors, the FIRST system did not gain a significant level of usage over the course of the evaluation period. For this reason the aforementioned benefits did not occur. This evaluation presents some of the factors contributing to the low usage, compares FIRST to similar, yet successful systems, and demonstrates via simulation the benefits that might be realized should the FIRST system incorporate a truck appointment system.

This paper is part of a four-volume series of publications on rural transport promoted by the World Bank's Rural Transport Thematic Group under the aegis of its knowledge management activities. The four volumes are - 'Options for Managing and Financing Rural Transport Infrastructure' - 'Improving Rural Mobility' - 'Developing Rural Transport Policies and Strategies', and - this paper on 'Design and Appraisal of Rural Transport Infrastructure'.