This book, is the result of my studies, which use the dynamic Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP, GDyn) simulations for exploring impacts of international trade on logistics services. As the demand for logistics depends mostly on the volume of trade and trade patterns, international trade affects the transport and logistics, as it might generate a higher or lower demand for transport and logistics services in long-term. This book consists of two parts and five chapters. First part of the book shortly introduces you to the general concepts of the computable general equilibrium models (CGE) and presents you fundamentals of a dynamic general equilibrium models. In each chapter of the last part, two short articles that simulate various scenarios are presented. Each chapter of this book is independent of each other. I hope you will find this book informative, beneficial and appropriate for your needs.

This latest biennial Review sets out transport developments in the ESCAP region, focusing on trade trends and forecasts, and their effect on transport, while also taking into account the external factors affecting transport systems and infrastructure provision, in the context of transport's contribution the UN global agenda on sustainable development. The Review acts as a mechanism for reporting on the achievements made in the provision of transport infrastructure and services; the challenges remaining in regional, urban and rural connectivity; and on public health issues such as road safety and fossil fuel emissions.

This book is the result of my studies, which use the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) simulations for exploring impacts of international trade on logistics services. Because, demand for logistics depends mostly on the volume of trade and trade patterns, international trade affects the transport and logistics, as it might generate a higher or lower demand for transport and logistics services. This book consists of two parts and seven chapters. First part of the book shortly introduces you to the general concepts of the computable general equilibrium models (CGE) and presents you fundamentals of a CGE model. In each chapter of the last part, short articles that include various simulations based on various scenarios are presented. Each chapter of this book is independent of each other. I hope you will find this book informative, beneficial and appropriate for your needs.

A mileage-based road user charge would involve assessing owners of individual vehicles on a per-mile basis for the distance the vehicle is driven. Currently, federal highway and public transportation programs are funded mainly by motor fuel tax receipts that flow into the Highway Trust Fund (HTF). The tax rates, set on a per-gallon basis, have not been raised since 1993, and receipts have been insufficient to support the transportation programs authorised by Congress since FY2008. The long-term viability of motor fuels taxes is also questionable because of increasing vehicle fuel efficiency and the wider use of electric vehicles. Economists have favored the use of mileage-based user charges as an alternative to motor fuels taxes to support highway funding. This book examines considerations and viability of road user charges based on mileage.

This paper presents a retrospective case study of merger efficiencies in the context of the merger of the Union Pacific Railroad Co. and the Southern Pacific Transportation Co., as approved by the Surface Transportation Board in 1996. There is sufficient information on the public record to permit some evaluation of merging parties' pre-merger efficiency claims, and to weigh these claims against regulatory and antitrust standards. The author also had access to public and certain normally non-public sources of information sufficient to permit at least a preliminary assessment of the extent to which claimed efficiencies were actually realized post-merger. Contrary to skepticism expressed about merger efficiency claims, both generally and with respect to this particular rail merger, a variety of available evidence suggests that a number of the claimed efficiencies were plausibly merger-specific and were actually realized post-merger.

The natural endowment of the Democrat Republic of Congo is unparalleled. However, lack of transport infrastructure is a significant constraint to growth. This report presents new data and techniques that can be used to identify areas where new or improve transport infrastructure can have the largest impact on local economies.

This report describes six State DOTs' business models for implementing geospatial technologies. It provides a comparison of the organizational factors influencing how Arizona DOT, Delaware DOT, Georgia DOT, Montana DOT, North Carolina DOT, and Oklahoma DOT invest in and use geospatial information to support their respective business needs. Critical success factors identified by each DOT are also documented, along with suggestions for how the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) might better support State DOTs in implementing geospatial programs.

Urban transport systems are essential for economic development and improving citizens' quality of life. To establish high-quality and affordable transport systems, cities must ensure their financial sustainability to fund new investments in infrastructure while also funding maintenance and operation of existing facilities and services. However, many cities in developing countries are stuck in an "underfunding trap" for urban transport, in which large up-front investments are needed for new transport infrastructure that will improve the still small-scale, and perhaps, poor-quality systems, but revenue is insufficient to cover maintenance and operation expenses, let alone new investment projects. The urban transport financing gap in these cities is further widened by the implicit subsidies for the use of private cars, which represent a minority of trips but contribute huge costs in terms of congestion, sprawl, accidents, and pollution. Using an analytical framework based on the concept of "Who Benefits Pays," 24 types of financing instruments are assessed in terms of their social, economic and environmental impacts and their ability to fund urban transport capital investments, operational expenses, and maintenance. Urban transport financing needs to be based on an appropriate mix of complementary financing instruments. In particular for capital investments, a combination of grants - from multiple levels of government - and loans together with investments through public private partnerships could finance large projects that benefit society. Moreover, the property tax emerges as a key financing instrument for capital, operation, and maintenance expenses. By choosing the most appropriate mix of financing instruments and focusing on wise investments, cities can design comprehensive financing for all types of urban transport projects, using multi-level innovative revenue sources that promote efficient pricing schemes, increase overall revenue, strengthen sustainable transport, and cover capital investments, operation, and maintenance for all parts of a public transport system, "from the sidewalk to the subway."

The "Top 25 Airlines KPIs of 2011-2012" report provides insights into the state of airlines performance measurement today by listing and analyzing the most visited KPIs for this industry on smartKPIs.com in 2011. In addition to KPI names, it contains a detailed description of each KPI, in the standard smartKPIs.com KPI documentation format, that includes fields such as: definition, purpose, calculation, limitation, overall notes and additional resources. This product is part of the "Top KPIs of 2011-2012" series of reports and a result of the research program conducted by the analysts of smartKPIs.com in the area of integrated performance management and measurement. SmartKPIs.com hosts the largest catalogue of thoroughly documented KPI examples, representing an excellent platform for research and dissemination of insights on KPIs and related topics. The hundreds of thousands of visits to smartKPIs.com and the thousands of KPIs visited, bookmarked and rated by members of this online community in 2011 provided a rich data set, which combined with further analysis from the editorial team, formed the basis of these research reports.

This publication is part of WP.29. 'How it works and how to join it' series. It examines issues, progress and challenges in efforts to improve the safety and wellbeing of motorcycle riders through the use of approved motorcycle helmets. The growth in motorcycles is accompanied by an increase in serious and fatal accidents. Evidence shows that once internationally harmonized helmet regulations, such as the UN Regulation No. 22 type-approval system for helmets, are in place and laws on helmet wearing are enforced, these trends tend to reverse. In examining the relationship of income growth and national motorcycle fleet expansion, this study argues the socio-economic case for introduction of helmet regulations and their enforcement by delivering a benefit-cost analysis of taking such legislative actions.

This book is the collection of my own studies in logistics, targeted to a broad readership. The book consists of 4 parts and 5 chapters. The first part deals with the logistics services in developed and developing countries, while the second part covers global competitiveness and logistics performance. The third part is about the relationship between the logistics performance and education and, finally, the fourth part examines the relationship between the choices of transport mode and fuel type. All the chapters in this book are independent of each other, with each one reflecting my own experience, analyses and results. I hope you will find this book useful, informative and appropriate for your needs.

The airline industry is one of the most fascinating in the world, with roots going back to the earliest years of the 20th century. Not long after the Wright brothers flew successfully for the first time in 1903, interest in aviation for military and commercial purposes began. In the late teens, the United States government began offering potentially lucrative airmail contracts to start-up air carriers and, despite some rough patches along the way, by the 1930s, the industry was beginning to look like the companies we see today; The industry, both in the United States and abroad, continued to grow during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. By the mid-1970s, Congress decided that economic regulation was no longer necessary and began the process of deregulation by freeing the all-cargo carriers from most CAB oversight in 1977. In 1978, for better or worse, the passenger airlines were deregulated as well. Deregulation transformed the U.S. airline industry forever. New carriers entered the marketplace, while old ones failed and the industry experience such trends as consolidation, globalization and, more recently cost-cutting and downsizing. This book will provide the reader with insight into the nature of the airlines and why companies promulgate the strategies they do. First, the history of commercial air services will be examined, with an initial focus on the United States. After that background, airline operations around the world will be compared and the different types of carriers that comprise the industry will be discussed. Next, the reader will learn about important uncontrollable outside forces (fuel costs, terrorism, economic conditions, etc.) that can have dramatic and potentially devastating impacts on an airline. A discussion of the impact of both economic regulation and deregulation will follow. Finally future opportunities and challenges facing the airline industry will be presented in light of increased global demand and dwindling natural resources.

The "Top 25 Land Transport KPIs of 2011-2012" report provides insights into the state of land transport performance measurement today by listing and analyzing the most visited KPIs for this functional area on smartKPIs.com in 2011. In addition to KPI names, it contains a detailed description of each KPI, in the standard smartKPIs.com KPI documentation format, that includes fields such as: definition, purpose, calculation, limitation, overall notes and additional resources. While dominated by KPIs reflecting cost performance and material handling, other popular KPIs come from categories such as transportation, time performance, delivery quality and warehousing. This product is part of the "Top KPIs of 2011-2012" series of reports and a result of the research program conducted by the analysts of smartKPIs.com in the area of integrated performance management and measurement. SmartKPIs.com hosts the largest catalogue of thoroughly documented KPI examples, representing an excellent platform for research and dissemination of insights on KPIs and related topics. The hundreds of thousands of visits to smartKPIs.com and the thousands of KPIs visited, bookmarked and rated by members of this online community in 2011 provided a rich data set, which combined with further analysis from the editorial team, formed the basis of these research reports.