From a certain perspective, the biggest political story of 2016 was how the candidate who bought three-quarters of the political ads lost to the one whose every provocative Tweet set the agenda for the day's news coverage. With the arrival of bot farms, microtargeted Facebook ads, and Cambridge Analytica, isn't the age of political ads on local TV coming to a close? You might think. But you'd be wrong to the tune of $4.4 billion just in 2016. In U.S. elections, there's a lot more at stake than the presidency. TV spending has gone up dramatically since 2006, for both presidential and down-ballot races for congressional seats, governorships, and state legislatures-and the 2020 campaign shows no signs of bucking this trend. When candidates don't enjoy the name recognition and celebrity of the presidential contenders, it's very much business as usual. They rely on the local TV newscasts, watched by 30 million people every day-not Tweets-to convey their messages to an audience more fragmented than ever. At the same time, the nationalization of news and consolidation of local stations under juggernauts like Nexstar Media and Sinclair Broadcasting mean a decreasing share of time devoted to down-ballot politics-almost 90 percent of 2016's local political stories focused on the presidential race. Without coverage of local issues and races, ad buys are the only chance most candidates have to get their messages in front of a broadcast audience. On local TV news, political ads create the reality of local races-a reality that is not meant to inform voters but to persuade them. Voters are left to their own devices to fill in the space between what the ads say-the bought reality-and what political stories used to cover.

Media and Globalization shows why the state matters to media and telecommunications industries in a globalizing world: governments control and regulate these industries in important ways and states remain central arenas for policymaking and international agreements. Using case studies drawn from around the world, this book sheds light on the extent of state power in the face of transnational pressures and explores policy, economics, and culture as they factor into media globalization. Visit our website for sample chapters

This book shows how journalism and the news media have covered the story of Indigenous people during a turbulent period of historical, political and cultural change. It surveys the stories themselves, the response to them by leading Indigenous figures, and the research and policy context that helps to shape public attitudes. The authors argue that the problem is not racism in the media but the unresolved national status of Indigenous people.

This book brings together an impressive collection of essays that explore the growing complexity, range, and reach of media commercialism in today's world. From the corporate conglomeration of today's media giants to the effects of advertising on politics, society, and the individual, this collection provides a comprehensive and insightful critique of both the impact and the limits of media commercialism.

Die Berichterstattung durch Medien ist Anknupfungspunkt zahlreicher Beitrage in Rechtsprechung und Literatur. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Kollision der Pressefreiheit mit dem Persoenlichkeitsrecht des durch die Berichterstattung Betroffenen. Die Betroffenheit in der eigenen Person kann aber auch schon fruher erfolgen: zum Zeitpunkt der journalistischen Recherche. Diese Tatigkeit des Journalisten ist bisher kaum Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Eroerterung gewesen. Diese Untersuchung soll daher zeigen, welche Grenzen der Freiheit der Recherche gesetzt sind. Um die effektive Reichweite von Rechten zu ermitteln, wird zunachst ihr Inhalt definiert. Was Gegenstand der Recherchefreiheit ist, wird in dem ersten Teil der Arbeit dargelegt. Danach wird aufgezeigt, welchen allgemeinen Grenzen die Recherchefreiheit im Verfassungsrecht und Presserecht unterliegt. Sodann werden die Schranken fur die journalistische Recherche im Strafgesetzbuch untersucht. Schliesslich werden die Begrenzungen dargestellt, die das Strafverfahrensrecht fur die journalistische Recherche enthalt.

Computer Media and Communication: A Reader is a collection of key texts selected for their significance to thought about computers as media. The book is divided into two parts. The chapters in the first part offer a chronological overview of how thinking about computers as a means of communication developed, while the second part offers far-reaching analyses of the implications of computer media for culture and society, while highlighting significant directions of current research. The book not only provides an insight into how thinking about computers as media has developed but also is an excellent guide for students and others interested in the field of media and communication studies. (This book is the first in the Oxford Readers in Media and Communication series under the General Editorship of Professors Brian Winston and Everette Dennis which will be an authoritative wide-ranging series of readings for media students. There are more than eighty institutions in the UK offering courses in the field at present and in the USA this number is ten times as great.)

This is an edited volume of chapters on the telecommunications of Africa. Each contributor addresses the complicated economic and policy issues of their country's telecommunications. Special attention is paid to telecommunications as a link in the chain of the regional development process.

In the1996 presidential election, voters stayed away from the polls in record numbers. This volume of original essays by leading political scientists and media scholars examines the nature of political disengagement among the public and offers concrete solutions for how the government and media can stimulate public engagement in the political process. Among recommendations are more public deliberation, media responsibility, and campaign finance reform. Candidates with integrity, issues that matter, and information that is both reliable and meaningful will motivate the disaffected more surely than special-interest appeals to minorities, lower-income voters, students, and others. Further recommendations include using the Internet, structural change in registration and voting, and 'reverse socialization'.

At no other point in human history has technology played so vital and all pervasive a role in every day private and public life as now. Though the limitations imposed by nature were overcome right from the time when the project of modernity got introduced, yet the birth of new technologies have busted even the limits of industrial' technologies. The industrial age technologies suffered from the basic defect of 'producer-bias'. Consequently, they were cast in the top-down mould with little regard for individual customer preferences. The new information and communication technologies broke the reliance on mass-based production systems and resurrected the model of individualized production. This marked a paradigm shift in the production, distribution and consumption patterns of products being delivered by the 'smart' technologies. In the world of media, it meant the end of mass media monopolization of the global and local public spheres. The alternative voices became more strident and eye-catching with the arrival of the new media. A large number of media users migrated from the older mass mediated public sphere to the cyberspace, the new public sphere created by the new media. This migration was accompanied by the drift of the advertisers and the marketers to the new public sphere, granting it the legitimacy that it required in the attention economy of the new millennium. Regulatory regimes followed which raised their own controversies.

How is labour changing in the age of computers, the Internet, and "social media" such as Facebook, Google, YouTube and Twitter? In Digital Labour and Karl Marx, Christian Fuchs attempts to answer that question, crafting a systematic critical theorisation of labour as performed in the capitalist ICT industry. Relying on a range of global case studies--from Chinese workers at Foxconn Shenzhen to miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo--Fuchs sheds light on the labour costs of digital media, examining the way ICT corporations exploit human labour and the impact of this exploitation on the lives, bodies, and minds of workers.

Diploma Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Communications - Research, Studies, Enquiries, grade: 1, University of Weimar, language: English, abstract: Reconstruction of real-world scenes from a set of multiple images is a topic in Computer Vision and 3D Computer Graphics with many interesting applications. There exists a powerful algorithm for shape reconstruction from arbitrary viewpoints, called Space Carving. However, it is computationally expensive and hence can not be used with applications in the field of 3D video or CSCW as well as interactive 3D model creation. Attempts have been made to achieve real-time framerates using PC cluster systems. While these provide enough performance they are also expensive and less flexible. Approaches that use GPU hardware acceleration on single workstations achieve interactive framerates for novel-view synthesis, but do not provide an explicit volumetric representation of the whole scene. The proposed approach shows the efforts in developing a GPU hardware-accelerated framework for obtaining the volumetric photo hull of a dynamic 3D scene as seen from multiple calibrated cameras. High performance is achieved by employing a shape from silhouette technique in advance to obtain a tight initial volume for Space Carving. Also several speed-up techniques are presented to increase efficiency. Since the entire processing is done on a single PC the framework can be applied to mobile setups, enabling a wide range of further applications. The approach is explained using programmable vertex and fragment processors with current hardware and compared to highly optimized CPU implementations. It is shown that the new approach can outperform the latter by more than one magnitude. The downloadable introduction has been written specifically for this offer. Its contents are only a subset of the real introductory chapter of the thesis.

The study sets out (a) to give an in-depth account of the discursive implications of the complex terms 'Judaism', 'modern' and feuilleton (arts pages) against the background of present-day theories of modernity, alterity and the history of aesthetics, and (b) to demonstrate the interdependency of discourses on politics and literary aesthetics with reference to concrete texts. The analysis of selected Viennese feuilletons (the corpus comprises texts by Moritz Gottlieb Saphir, Ferdinand KA1/4rnberger, Sigmund Schlesinger, Friedrich SchlAgl, Karl Landsteiner, Betty Paoli, Daniel Spitzer, Ludwig Speidel and Theodor Herzl) concentrates on the strategies of literarization employed by bourgeois-liberal journalism in its persistently conservative phase to bolster the concepts of identity informing it.

"The free press cannot be free," Robert Entman asserts. "Inevitably, it is dependent." In this penetrating critique of American journalism and the political process, Entman identifies a "vicious circle of interdependence" as the key dilemma facing reporters and editors. To become sophisticated citizens, he argues, Americans need high-quality, independent political journalism; yet, to stay in business while producing such journalism, news organizations would need an audience of sophisticated citizens. As Entman shows, there is no easy way out of this dilemma, which has encouraged the decay of democratic citizenship as well as the media's continuing failure to live up to their own highest ideals. Addressing widespread despair over the degeneration of presidential campaigns, Entman argues that the media system virtually compels politicians to practice demagoguery.
Entman confronts a provocative array of issues: how the media's reliance on elite groups and individuals for information inevitably slants the news, despite adherence to objectivity standards; why the media hold government accountable for its worst errors--such as scandals and foreign misadventures--only after it's too late to prevent them; how the interdependence of the media and their audience molds public opinion in ways neither group alone can control; why greater media competition does not necessarily mean better journalism; why the abolition of the FCC's Fairness Doctrine could make things worse. Entman sheds fascinating light on important news events of the past decade. He compares, for example, coverage of the failed hostage rescue in 1980, which subjected President Carter to a barrage of criticism, with coverage of the 1983 bombing that killed 241 Marines in Lebanon, an incident in which President Reagan largely escaped blame. He shows how various factors unrelated to the reality of the events themselves--the apparent popularity of Reagan and unpopularity of Carter, differences in the way the Presidents publicly framed the incidents, the potent symbols skillfully manipulated by Reagan's but not by Carter's news managers--produced two very different kinds of reportage.
Entman concludes with some thoughtful suggestions for improvement. Chiefly, he proposes the creation of subsidized, party-based news outlets as a way of promoting new modes of news gathering and analysis, of spurring the established media to more innovative coverage, and of increasing political awareness and participation. Such suggestions, along with the author's probing media criticisms, make this book essential reading for anyone concerned about the state of democracy in America.

A key collection of essays that looks at the specific issues related to the documentary form. Questions addressed include `What is documentary?' and `How fictional is nonfiction?'

In 2006, the Al Jazeera Media Network sought to penetrate the United States media sphere, the world's most influential national market for English language news. These unyielding ambitions surprised those who knew the network as the Arab media service President Bush lambasted as "hateful propaganda" in his 2004 State of the Union address. The world watched skeptically yet curiously as Al Jazeera labored to establish a presence in the famously insular American market. The network's decade-long struggle included both fleeting successes, like the sudden surge of popular interest during the Arab spring, as well as momentous failures. The April 2016 closure of its $2 billion Al Jazeera America channel was just one of a series of setbacks. An Unlikely Audience investigates the inner workings of a complex news organization fighting to overcome deep obstacles, foster strategic alliances and build its identity in a country notoriously disinterested in international news. William Youmans argues counter-intuitively that making sense of Al Jazeera's tortured push into the United States as a national news market, actually requires a local lens. He reveals the network's appeal to American audiences by presenting its three independent US-facing subsidiaries in their primary locales of production: Al Jazeera English (AJE) in Washington, DC, Al Jazeera America (AJAM) in New York, and AJ+ in San Francisco. These cities are centers of vital industries-media-politics, commercial TV news and technology, respectively. As Youmans shows, the success of the outlets hinged on the locations in which they operated because Al Jazeera assimilated aspects of their core industries. An Unlikely Audience proves that place is critical to the formation and evolution of multi-national media organizations, despite the rise of communication technologies that many believe make location less relevant. Mining data from over 50 interviews since 2010, internal documents, and original surveys, the book offers a brisk and authoritative account of the world's most recognizable media-brand and its decade-long ingress into the US - crucial background for Al Jazeera's continued expansion in the United States.

"Creativity used to be the difficult concept to define - now it has probably been overtaken by the concept 'creative industries'. However, this text does a sterling job at identifying, outlining and defining the many elements that go to make up this booming sector of industry. What makes it particularly interesting is that it includes the view of the creative industries from the perspective of working in it, then the definitions of what products and producers are involved, and ends with the broader picture of the creative economy and predictions for future trends. Add to this that they include both theory and practice, and this really is an all-round guide to the vast domain that is loosely titled 'the creative industries'" - Angela Birchall, School of Media, Music & Performance, Salford University This is your complete guide to studying and succeeding in the creative industries. This book takes you through the history, trends, products and markets of the creative industries, showing how success depends on a mix of ideas, tactics and talent. When understanding social networks and cultural economy is just as important as hands-on skills or an entrepreneurial spirit, Introducing the Creative Industries shows you how to use theories, concepts and practical skills to get ahead in their course and professional life. Creatively imagined and beautifully written, this book: Interweaves theoretical concepts and professional practice on every page Uses cultural economy to teach the essential concepts and thinkers Integrates case studies from fashion and gaming to journalism and music Teaches strategies for navigating the links between skills, industries, creativity and markets. This book shows you how to spot opportunities and use your knowledge and savvy to take kickstart your career in this fast-moving industry. It is an essential guidebook for students of creativity in media and communication, design, creative industries and business.

This is the second major revision of a book universally acclaimed as the definitive history of the documentary film. The final section has been completely rewritten and expanded to take into account the major films and trends of the past nine years. Particular attention has been paid to the growth of documentary film-making in the Soviet Union since Glasnost and the corresponding expansion in the United States, including Ken Burns's The Civil War, which broke all audience records for Public Television in 1990.

From 1940 to 1944 the French cinema thrived both economically and artistically under the Nazi occupation. Despite the harsh and grim conditions of defeat, the French film industry produced many good films and a few enduring classics, including Carne's "Children of Paradise," one of the most beloved of all French films.

"Cinema of Paradox" reveals, for the first time in English, the difficult course of French filmmaking from the declaration of war in 1939 through four years of misery to France's liberation in 1944. Evelyn Ehrlich examines the conditions of filmmaking as they reflected the larger political, cultural, and social context within occupied France. And, using previously unexamined German documents, she also looks at the French film business from the occupier's perspective, showing how the Nazis actually encouraged the French to maintain their high cinematic standards to achieve German economic and propaganda goals. "Cinema of Paradox" goes beyond the old cliches about resistance films versus collaborationist films and in doing so is very much in line with new sophisticated methods of viewing the French experience in World War II.

The book is filled with the famous names of the French cinema: performers such as Jean-Louis Barrault, Simone Signoret, and Harry Baur; directors including Bresson, Carne, and Clouzot; and the films themselves, including "Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne" and "Le Corbeau."

Based on interviews with French filmmakers of the period and on considerable research into French and German sources, "Cinema of Paradox" will be of interest not only to film historians but to those interested in the history of modern French and Jewish studies as well.

Today's digital revolution is a worldwide phenomenon, with profound and often differential implications for communities around the world and their relationships to one another. This book presents a new, explicitly international theory of media ethics, incorporating non-Western perspectives and drawing deeply on both moral philosophy and the philosophy of technology. Clifford Christians develops an ethics grounded in three principles - truth, human dignity, and non-violence - and shows how these principles can be applied across a wide range of cases and domains. The book is a guide for media professionals, scholars, and educators who are concerned with the global ramifications of new technologies and with creating a more just world.

During the 1990's Chile experienced a rapid growth in telecommunications services that resulted in new services, technological innovation, and prices among the world's lowest. However, despite this fast growth in telecommunication services, most rural inhabitants of Chile and some urban dwellers continued to lack access to even a payphone. In 1994, the government of Chile established a Telecommunications Fund for the purpose of extending services to those without access. This study reviews and documents the cost effective approach developed in Chile that has become the international best practice for improving basic access to telecommunication. Included in the report is detailed information on the design and administration of the Fund and suggestions for improvements to the design. It will serve as a template for developing countries that wish to accelerate their efforts to improve basic access to communication.