The brine shrimp Artemia has become an important experimental system for studies of the developmental process. In recent years the shrimp has yielded considerable information on the pattern of development, bio chemistry, and gene structure and expression of crustaceans. This book is a compilation of research activity from twenty five of the most active re search laboratories working with brine shrimp in the above areas. It also represents the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Montreal, Canada, August 11-13, 1988. The book contains twenty nine full papers covering the major areas discussed at the workshop. In addition, one page abstracts representing seventeen poster presentations which were given at the workshop, and which were deemed to be most relevant to the theme of the book, are included. These are designated with an al in the Table of Contents following the title of each paper. A considerable amount of discussion which took place during the workshop has not been included in the book because of space limitations. However, the editors will endeavour to make some of this in formation available at a later date through the Artemia Newsletter. In addition to the high percentage of invited speakers who attended and contributed to the workshop, the organizers would like to thank a number of participants who made valuable contributions to the major dis cussion sessions. These include: John Freeman, Michael Horst, Herman Slegers, Jack Vaughn, Frank Conte, Sandy McLennan, Clive Trotman and Patrick Sorgeloos."

These proceedings contain selected contributions from the participants to the Fourth International Symposium on Dendritic cells that was held in Venice (Lido) Italy, from Oc tober 5 to 10, 1996. The symposium was attended by more than 500 scientists coming from 24 different countries. Studies on dendritic cells (DC) have been greatly hampered by the difficulties in preparing sufficient cell numbers and in a reasonable pure form. At this meeting it has been shown that large quantities of DC can be generated from precursors in both mice and humans, and this possibility has enormously encouraged studies aimed to characterize DC physiology and DC-specific genes, and to employ DC therapeutically as adjuvants for im munization. The possibility of generating large numbers of autologous DC that can be used in the manipulation of the immune response against cancer and infectious diseases has tremendously boosted dendritic cell research and the role of DC in a number of medi cal areas has been heatedly discussed."

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Cellular and Molecular Control of Direct Cell Interactions in Developing System" has been attended by 15 invited main lecturers and 60 participants. According to its purpose senior scientists, postdoctoral trainees and graduate students working in areas like biology, biochemistry, electrophysiology, medicine etc . . . could discuss their common interest in the various structural, ultrastructural, molecular and functional aspects of cell interactions in developing in vivo and in vitro systems. Whereas the topics of the first week have been mostly concerned with the general aspects of cell interactions in embryogenesis (section I and II of this book), the second week has been mainly devoted to the structures and functions of the direct cell contact sites at the membrane level as gap junctions, including electrophysiological aspects, dye coupling and selective cell-cooperation in some model systems as the neuro-muscular junctions (section III-V of this book). A multidisciplinary and stepwise approach, from initial cell contacts in early embryogenesis up to well defined selective cell cooperation, appeared to be an efficient means to provide answers to the question of how cells control, in a dynamic system as given in a differentiating embryo, their multiple temporary and permanent interactions so necessary for ordered cell positioning, cell linking and well established cell-to-cell communication.

lar aging, to which this model contributes, has grown. Apart from reports on work in this almost "classical" diploid cell system, the symposium presents studies using different biological systems with results that have been rewarding as information is obtained on patterns of change that are common to more than one experimental system. Indeed, in recent years much more has been learned about the fate of all different types of intermitotic and postmitotic cells in situ. The symposium has also presented contributions dealing, not directly with aging but with early ontogeny; such information on early developmental changes should certainly shed light on some of the mechanisms involved in aging. We are cognizant of the fact that environmental influences resulting from the complexities of modern civilization may have results that only occur much later, and profoundly affect the lifespan of the organism. There remain, of course, many unanswered questions. Whether there is "physiological" as opposed to "pathological" aging; whether "old" cultures living in unchanged, although not exhausted, medium, are degenerating, not aging; what is involved when "old" fragment cultures regenerate after excision by filling the wound with "young" cells; why some tumor cells in vivo as well as in vitro die while others live; all are questions eserving of our attention.

Histochemistry deals with the activities of chemical components in cells, and immunohistochemistry addresses the function of cell types in tissue or organs, such as those leading to acceptance or rejection of grafts or organs. This book is a methods volume focusing on antigen retrieval, particularly methods used in disease-related antigens. Because the book is a methods volume and a lab manual, it will have an audience of pathologists, biochemists, and lab technicians.

Biomechanics of the Brain will present an introduction to brain anatomy for engineers and scientists. Experimental techniques such as brain imaging and brain tissue mechanical property measurement will be discussed, as well as computational methods for neuroimage analysis and modeling of brain deformations due to impacts and neurosurgical interventions. Brain trauma between the different sexes will be analyzed. Applications will include prevention and diagnosis of traumatic injuries, such as shaken baby syndrome, neurosurgical simulation and neurosurgical guidance, as well as brain structural disease modeling for diagnosis and prognosis. This book will be the first book on brain biomechanics. It will provide a comprehensive source of information on this important field for students, researchers, and medical professionals in the fields of computer-aided neurosurgery, head injury, and basic biomechanics.

The study ofanthropoid origins continues to be a lightning rod for research in paleoanthropology. Issuessurrounding anthropoid origins impact the higher leveltaxonomy ofprimates, adaptivescenariosfor basalprimate radiations, and the timing of origination of the major primate clades. Basic questions about anthropoid evolution remain unanswered. Where do anthropoids fit phyloge- netically among primates? Where and when did the group originate? What functional and adaptive innovations characterize anthropoids today and what is the adaptive significanceand phylogenetic history ofthese innovations? The fossil record of early anthropoid evolution has greatly improved in recent years. Developments in systematictechniques and theory, as well as the burgeoning molecular evidence, make this an ideal time for these fossil discoveries to be placed in the context of data on the relationships among living primates. There isan improved understandingoffunction and adaptation in the visual system, brain, and masticatory apparatus, key anatomical systems where anthropoid synapomorphies are concentrated. New methods for estimating visualacuity and activitypatterns in fossil primates are providing insights into the evolution ofthe visualsystem. The rapid accumulation ofinformation on color vision in primates, including new genetic evidence of possible trichro- macyin strepsirrhines, and new behavioraldata on the benefitsofcolor vision, makes this an exciting time to evaluate the role of chromatic perception in anthropoid evolution. Research into the primate visualsystem by neuroscien- tists has generated a plethoraofimportant data in recent years, making this an ideal time to bring these researchers together with anthropologists.

Advances in Cell Biology has been initiated as a continuing, multi-volume series to report on the progress of a wide spectrum of problems of cell structure and cell function. Jn arranging these volumes individual contributors are asked not only to review the major new information, but especially to present the state of a given problem or area by discussing the current central issues, speculations, concepts, hypotheses, and technical problems. We intend, in addition, that these volumes will not be concerned with comprehensive reviews of the recent literature but will consist rather of presentations of an interpretive and integrative nature, based on selection of major research advances. It is our aim that these volumes should provide the means whereby cell biologists may keep themselves reasonably well informed about the current progress in research areas in cell biology in which they are not immediately or directly involved themselves. The articles, nevertheless, are expected to bring into focus the experimental objectives of the specialists in a given research area. D. M.P. L. G. E.M. vii Contents Contributors v Preface vii 1 1. The Regulation of DNA Synthesis in Eukaryotes James Douglas Watson 2. D.RNA Containing Ribonucleoprotein Particles and Messenger RNA Transport 47 G. P. Georgiev and 0. P. Samarina Recent Developments in the Synchronization of 3. Tetrahymena Cell Cycle 111 Eric Zeuthen 153 4. Repetitious DNA Christopher Bostock 5. Mitosis 225 R. Bruce Nicklas Specific Enzyme Production in Eukaryotic Cells 299 6."

The discovery of the human T cell leukemia virus type I in the late 1970s heralded a new era in retrovirology. For the first time, it was demonstrated that a retrovirus could play a role in the development of a human disease, in this case adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Several years later, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic began, and it was dem- strated that a retrovirus, originally designated the human T cell lymp- tropic virus type 3, was the causal agent of this syndrome. This virus, later named the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has since been extensively studied in terms of its pathogenesis as well as its ability to elicit immune responses. In that time, a tremendous amount of information has been obtained about the virus. Although recent drug regimens have been useful in significantly lowering viral loads and perhaps maintaining an asymptomatic state among individuals infected with HIV-1, an established "cure" for AIDS eludes us. In addition, the effective drug therapies are very expensive, and are not available to infected people in the third world, where greater than 90% of new infections occur. Furthermore, the development of viral resistance against the drug therapies is an additional concern. Despite extensive study, no effective vaccine has been developed. One of the problems in developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is the ability of the virus, particularly in the immunogenic envelop glycoprotein, to undergo amino acid hypervariability.

In 1980, the IVth International Cyclic Nucleotide Conference was held in Brussels. As this meeting attracted many investigators involved in cyclic nucleotides and calcium role in intracellular regulation, it was thought that this opportunity could be used to organize, prior to the Congress, an in-depth introductory course on the subject. This was carried out as a NATO Advanced Study Institute. The participants included Ph. D. students and M. D. s engaged in a research training, but also fully trained and well known researchers who wanted a refresher course on the whole subject. During the course, most of the participants and lecturers asked to be provided with a text summarizing the basic lectures of the course. This book was therefore conceived as a basic textbook on the regulation and action of intracellular signal molecules, concentrating mainly on cyclic nucleotides and calcium. It was deliberately kept at a basic level. We would therefore be happy if it could be used as an introduction for interested M. D. s or Ph. D. s working in other fields or entering this field and as a general refresher for researchers interested in the subject. For this reason, very general schemes have been asked of the authors, along with reading lists of available reviews rather than extensive bibliographies. The editors should like to thank the NATO Scientific Affairs Committee for having supported the course and Mrs. Gh. Wilmes who prepared the manuscripts. S. SWILLENS J. E.

The roots of this book and its sister volume, Mammal Phylogeny: Placenta/so go back to discussions and plans, shelved for a while, between F. S. Szalay and W. P. Luckett during the international and multidisciplinary symposium on rodent evolution sponsored by NATO, July 2-6, 1984, in Paris. That conference, orga nized by W. P. Luckett and J. -L. Hartenberger, the proceedings of which were published in 1985, proved an inspiring experience to all of the participants, as this was repeatedly expressed both during and after the meetings. In addition to issues relating to rodents, general theoretical topics pertaining to the evolutionary biol ogy and systematics of other groups of mammals regularly surfaced during the presentations and discussions. M. J. Novacek, who was also a participant in the rodent symposium, shared with Luckett and Szalay the enthusiasm acquired there, and he also expressed strong interest for a meeting on mammal evolution with a general focus similar to that of the rodent gathering. In 1988, Szalay and Luckett, after having planned in detail a program, direc tion, and core list of participants, were awarded a $30,000 grant by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation through the Research Foundation of the City University of New York. The grant was contingent upon obtaining additional funds sufficient to assure that the symposium would be held. Raising the remaining funds proved to be a problem.

The fetal period of human growth and development has become an area of intense study in recent years, due in large part to the development of diagnostic ultrasound. More than 2,000 articles have been published in the last five years describing anatomy and pathology in utero, as reflected in sonographic images. Yet, no stan dard reference exists to correlate these images with fetal gross anatomy and at tempts to draw parallels from adult structure have often led to false assumptions. The dictum "the newborn is not a miniature adult" is all the more valid for the fetus. This text aims to provide a comprehensive reference for normal sectional anat omy correlated with in utero ultrasound images. In addition, magnetic resonance images of therapeutically aborted or stillborn fetuses are paired with similar gross sections to serve as a foundation upon which current in vivo studies may build. Lastly, a miscellaneous section illustrates several anatomic points useful in the understanding of fetal anatomy. These points include the changing anatomy of the fetal brain during gestation and the anatomy of the meninges, the fetal heart, and ductus venosus. It is our hope that this atlas will provide a clear picture of fetal anatomy, rectify some of the confusion which exists in antenatal diagnosis, and stimulate further interest in fetal development."

The day it rained in Wepion ..... . The NATO Course on Regulation of Function and Growth of Eukaryo tic Cells by Intracellular Cyclic Nucleotides was organized in Wepion (Belgium) from September 23 to October 1, 1974, by L. Birn baumer (Chicago), B.L. Brown (London), R.W. Butcher (Worcester), J.E. Dumont (Brussels), M. Paiva (Brussels) and G. Van den Berghe (Louvain), under the benevolent and most efficient aegis of Dr. T. Kester (NATO, Brussels). The formula of the Course was inspired by the Gordon Con ference with its combination of a pleasant, friendly and easygoing atmosphere together with a solid and critical scientific diet offered in the morning and evening, the afternoon being free. For these reasons, the meeting was located in a pleasant motel in beautiful surroundings by the side of the Meuse river, in the country, but close to the town of Narnur. Everything, absolutely everything, from swimming to tennis, to horse riding, was available to make the afternoons agreeable and to facilitate social contacts."

While many people practice yoga simply because it helps them feel good, the physiological basis for yoga's effects on the body and mind is often unknown or misunderstood. Understanding these physiological concepts can help to deepen your yoga practice. The Physiology of Yoga separates speculation from fact by examining how the body responds and adapts to yoga within many systems of the body: musculoskeletal, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, endocrine, reproductive, and digestive. Straightforward explanations guide you in sorting through conflicting information about what yoga really can help you achieve and in evaluating whether certain yoga methods provide benefits to any or all of those systems. You can experiment with concepts through Try It Yourself sidebars, which focus on mindful movement, meditation, and breathing. The 14 Myth or Fact sidebars explore popular claims about yoga, such as whether a shoulder stand can stimulate the thyroid or if twists can detoxify the liver. You'll get the most current research to determine the validity of various claims so you can avoid practices that could be harmful or counterproductive and can decide for yourself what works for your practice. Finally, experience firsthand how yoga affects your physiology by exploring specific yoga poses and four sequences. Each sequence explains which of the physiological principles from the earlier chapters may be most prevalent in that sequence. With The Physiology of Yoga, you or your students can navigate all the conflicting views and opinions about the impact of yoga and learn to practice yoga while fully enjoying the benefits of mindful movement. CE exam available! For certified professionals, a companion continuing education exam can be completed after reading this book. The Physiology of Yoga Online CE Exam may be purchased separately or as part of The Physiology of Yoga With CE Exam package that includes both the book and the exam.

Anatomy, to be sure, is the essential foundation of clinical practice, but it is much more than that. First and foremost, anatomy is a biological science. There is order and logic to the organization of the human body and the arrangement of its parts. And, as all sciences, anatomy offers challenge and discovery. Concepts in Anatomy is not a textbook, but more of a brief handbook that is selective rather than encyclopedic in scope, conception rather than particular in its approach. It stresses general principles, so as to minimize rote learning, and it provides order and direction to the study of gross anatomy. Anatomy is inherently complicated and confusing; this volume helps you make sense of it in a way that also aims to inspire its study. Richly illustrated with original drawings, Concepts in Anatomy is a valuable resource for anyone currently studying or teaching the subject, or as a reference for advanced researchers.

This monograph, Senescence; Dominant or Recessive In Somatic Cell Crosses? represents the second annual workshop to promote theory and concept development in aging research. These workshops are part of a resource to bank cultured cells of special interest to aging research that was established at the Institute for Medical Research in Camden. New Jersey. by the National Institute on Aging in 1974. The underlying theme of the workshops is the use of cultured cells in a variety of somatic cell genetic systems designed to define mechanisms of in vitra cellular scen escence and the possible insights that this may provide to the problems of in viva aging. The concept also includes bringing together workers from a variety of disciplines to stimulate new and innovative thoughts and work in the area. The current work shop focuses on the relative role of nucleus and cytoplasm on determining the in vitra lifespan of human diploid cells as well as the relative influence of old and young cells when combined within a single cell structure. The techniques and procedures discussed should make significant contributions to understanding in vitra senescence and may lead to the mapping of an area or areas of the genome linked to senescence as is being accomplished with viral transformation of normal cells. Warren W. Nichols Donald G. Murphy ~i Contents Theoretic Mechanisms of in vitpo Senescence 1 F. MaPott Sinex . . . . . . . . . . . . Senescence in Ce1l Cu1ture: An Accumu1ation of Errors or Terminal Differentiation? 13 Vincent J. GPistofaZo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The author John L. Fox shares his many years of teaching and surgery through more than three hundred illustrations and photographs (including over one hundred in color). Dr. Fox has published many works on neuroscience and clinical neurosurgery and is well-known for his color images of live neurosurgical anatomy as viewed through the operating microscope. Historic techniques, instrumentation and positioning, photographic techniques, cranial anatomy and the cranial flap, and intracranial anatomy as seen from the frontolateral or pterional approach are clearly discussed and illustrated from the operating (right sided) surgeons' perspective. The operations seen in this atlas for the main part involve aneurysms and some tumors. Directed toward neurosurgeons, neuroscientists, and anatomists, the book is intended to serve as an atlas of anatomy as well as a guide to clinical neurosurgery.

Preparing manuscripts with figures and tables for camera repro duction was a formidable task. Care has been taken for consistency and typographic accuracy. However, I make no claim that no errors exist in this volume., I hope, however, that the reader will under stand and ignore any error and find this compendious volume useful for numerous biologic studies, physiologic explorations and clinical app lications of radiolabeled cellular blood elements in years to come. M. L. Thakur Editor, and the ASI Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Max Hardeman of the University of Amsterdam and Dr. Michael Ezekowitz of Yale University served as the codirectors of the Advanced Study Institute (ASI). Dr. Hardeman spent countless hours and contri buted to the scientific program, took care of mailings in Europe, organized transportation in Italy, and communicated with the hotel management on numerous occasions. I cannot thank him enough Dr. Ezekowitz collected some manuscripts and corrected a few. I am grateful to him. I take this opportunity once again to thank all the guest fac ulty, who, despite their busy schedules and time constraints, accepted my invitation and made valuable contributions to the ASI. I am also grateful to all participants, who were so friendly and were primary resources for many lively discussions. They made the ASI profession ally beneficial and socially enjoyable."

This volume of Molecular Biology of Hematopoiesis is dedicated to many inter national scientists and clinicians for their contribution to the field of Hematology/ Oncology presented at the 11th International Symposium on Molecular Biology of Hematopoiesis, which was held in Bormio, Italy, June 25-29, 1998. The continuous support of the Presidents of the meeting, Professor F. Takaku, President of Jichi University, and E. D. Thomas, Nobel Laureate, was greatly acknowledged, especially Professor Takaku, for his vision and support for development of gene therapy in Japan. New information on BMT for autoimmune disease and organ transplantation was presented at the symposium and is published in this volume. Several new findings on gene therapy/transfer into HSC were presented by E. F. Vanin and A. Nienhuis, K. Humphries, 1. A. Nolta, H. E. Heslop, and M. K. Brenner. Professors S. Asano and K. Tani presented new studies on gene transfer into primates. Among the highlights were the new papers on gene transfer presented by G. Wage maker, N. G. Abraham, and M. Onoderea from R. M. BJaese's group. The use of BMT for organ transplant and autoim mune disease was updated and a representative paper is presented in this volume."

In 1974 The National Institute on Aging established a somatic cell genetic resource for aging research at the Institute for Medical Research in Camden, New Jersey. Within this program there is a yearly workshop to promote theory and concept develop ment in aging research with the specific purpose of addressing the use of genetically marked cells for aging research and to stimulate interest in aging research by workers in a variety of disciplines. This monograph, The Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, is the result of the first workshop held May 15-17, 1975. The concept of the workshop was to consider two main areas: First, a discussion of clinical syndromes expressing as a major manifestation excessive growth, deficient growth or failure to thrive; and second, to present work in cellular and molecular biology on a model system suitable for in vitro study of regulation of cell proliferation and diff2rentiation. The model selected for this was skeletal muscle. It has been widely accepted that normal somatic cells from individual human donors display limited replicative lifespans when cultivated in vitro (1,2). That such "clonal senescence" may be related to in vivo aging is suggested by observations relating the replicative lifespans of cultures to donor age (3-5,13) donor genotype (4-7) and donor's tissue of origin (5,8). A variety of theories have been developed to explain in vitro clonal senescence (9)."

This monograph analyses all aspects related to the etiopathogenesis, pathomorphology, diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation. It includes 24 chapters, over 500 illustrations, partly in colour, and 2800 bibliographic entries, going from the historical to the most recent ones. Five chapters are dedicated to biological and pathomorphologic aspects both of lumbar disc herniation and the conditions most often associated with herniation. The etiopathogenesis is analysed in the light of the most significant and recent studies. Five chapters deal with the clinical presentation and diagnostic tests in an extremely wide and detailed way. Large space is reserved to conservative management. The chapters on invasive treatments and on the results and complications of surgery define the advantages and limitations of the old and new percutaneous or surgical treatments. Two chapters are dedicated to surgical management of patients with spinal conditions associated with herniation, and two other deal with the surgical failure. This monograph is aimed at satisfying the requirements of both experts and young doctors. Some chapters are of particular interest to the spine specialist, whilst others are useful to the novice to acquire a general knowledge of the subject.

This volume contains refereed manuscripts prepared from presentations made at the 2ih annual meeting of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT). The meeting was held in Hanover, NH, USA, at Dartmouth Medical School, the 3rd oldest medical school in the USA. ISOTT attempts to produce high quality pUblications on cutting edge topics relating to oxygen in living systerns. The goal is to allow contributors to contribute original data, as with a main-stream journal article, but also to voice individual opinions and ideas in a more relaxed scientific forum. The meeting brought together an international group of scientists who share a common interest in the measurement and role of oxygen in living systems. The organizers of ISOTT99 made a special effort to bring together people from industry, medicine, and basic sciences in order to improve the links in the chain of discovery through to application. As a result, this volume contains publications on a range of subjects. There are contributions from companies on modifiers of oxygen carrying capacity (allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin and infusible oxygen carriers or blood substitutes); technical reports on oxygen measurement devices including advances in near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging, oxygen electrodes, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, and fluorescence based measurements. There are medically related sections on modifying and measuring tumor oxygenation in order to improve therapy, assessment and interpretation of oxygenation in the central nervous system, and general issues relating oxygen to pathological conditions.

Filling a gap in the anatomical and ENT literature, the authors show the various approaches to the middle ear which allow safe surgical manipulations, such as through the tympanic membrane or the Eustachian tube.

This volume contains papers presented at the Fourth International Altschul Sympo- sium, held June 27-29, 1996, at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatche- wan, Canada. The Altschul Symposia Series are held in memory of Rudolf Altschul, a graduate of the University of Prague and a pioneer in the fields of vascular and nervous system biology. Dr. Altschul was head of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Saskatchewan from 1955 to 1963. The Altschul Symposia are made possible by an endow- ment left by Anni Altschul, Dr. Altschul's wife, and by other contributions given by the sponsors listed at the end of this Preface. The objective of the Fourth Altschul Symposium, entitled Cell Biologv and Pathol- ogv of Myelin: Evolving Biological Concepts and Therapeutic Approaches, was to facili- tate the transfer of ideas on the biology and pathology of myelin from the research laboratory to the clinic by providing a forum for discussing the evolving biological con- cepts regarding myelin function in health and disease.

This volume represents the proceedings of the 9th International Proton Transport Conference, "Mechanisms and Consequences of Proton Transport" held in Leura, Australia, August 19 -21, 200 I. This conference has been held since 1971 every 3 to 4 years with few exceptions in association with the Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. The first meeting was held in Frankfurt, Germany, at the Max-Planck'Institute. Countries hosting the conference have been Germany (twice), Sweden (twice), India, Canada, USA, Great Britain, and now Australia. Over the past 30 years participants at these Proton Transport Conferences have been principal contributors to the major discoveries in the physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of gastric acid secretion. These include development of the H2-receptor blockers, defining the signaling pathways for the regulation of acid secretion, identifying the gastric proton pump, discovery and development of proton pump inhibitory drugs, and elucidating the physiology and biochemistry of Helicobacter pylori.