Our knowledge of chromaffin tissue has increased enormously since the last comprehensive treatise in this series was published in 1943, chiefly as a result of the development of new histological methods and technical improve- ments. Less than 40 years have passed since the review by MAX WATZKA, and essentially only 25 years were required to accumulate an abundance of revolu- tionizing findings: it was not until 1957 that the carotid body was first studied successfully with the electron microscope. In 1962 the technique of formalde- hyde-induced fluorescence was introduced, yielding a view of adrenergic struc- tures that was completely new and far better than that obtained with the chro- maffin reaction. Immunohistochemistry made it possible to localize enzymes responsible for catecholamine synthesis and to detect peptide hormones. Autora- diographic techniques were used at the level of the electron microscope, the method of chemical sympathectomy was introduced and still other technical improvements could be mentioned. I myself have been interested in chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons since 1965, when I entered the Department of Histology, University of Vienna, as a medical student. Therefore I have not followed the developments mentioned above retrospectively, but have actually experienced them. Anyone who experi- ences such a development comes to believe that he is well acquainted with the various results and interpretations and is thus capable of objectivity.

The examination of excavated human bone finds is mainly the domain of anthropologists and forensic pathologists, the former working with ancient and historical specimens, the latter with modern finds. The methodological and diagnostic approaches to these skeletal finds are the same, regardless of the time of burial. For physical an thropology, bodily human relics are dealt with as historical resources which give clues to ancient population structure, population develop ment, life-style and subsistence. They are thus able to help scientists understand the present state of human populations. The identification of the finds, whether species diagnosis or the evaluation of individual parameters such as sex, age at death, body size and shape, kinship and pathology follows the same procedure used by forensic patholo gists, whose task is the identification of bodily relics in cases of crime, mass disaster and the like. However, there are other disciplines which benefit from excavated bone finds. Anatomy gains insights into the morphological variability of the skeleton in time and place. The implications for modern physi cians and pathologists are at least two-fold: pathological specimens are suitable to unravel the distribution of many diseases and the susceptibility of individuals to pathogens in pre-antibiotic populations. In addition to this epidemiological aspect, exhumed specimens often exhibit advanced states of bone disease which are no longer or only very rarely present in today's industrialized populations because of efficient surgical intervention and pharmacological treatment."

It is essential to know all of the intricate lymph pathways when performing surgery for esophageal cancer in order to determine the extent of lymph node metastasis. Professor Sato has undertaken, at the request of the TNM Research Committee of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus, to map out and classify the lymph nodes of the mediastinum and neck. The beautiful artwork in the Color Atlas of Surgical Anatomy for Esophageal Cancer edited by Professor Sato gives an excellent understanding of the lymph node pathways and their importance in surgical treatment. Minute dissections which represent real life situations, not just the superficial pathways, show the precise location and topographical arrangement of the lymphatics. Full-color schematics are given with the actual dissection illustrations and photographs. The atlas clearly presents the classification of four significant pathways and their communication, the relationship of these pathways en route to the venous angles and the definition and assessment of the most critical nodes. Thoracic surgeons especially will benefit from the excellent illustrations of surgical techniques and the methods for recording the dissected lymph nodes which are presented by Professor Kakegawa. Leading experts fighting esophageal cancer with surgical treatment can use the classification in this outstanding atlas for many years to come as a standard for international comparison. The careful dissection of the lymph nodes may be the best way to improve survival rates after surgery for cancer of the thoracic esophagus.

If you want practical information on how to use this book please refer to "Note to the Readers" p. VII. Histochemistry and cytochemistry are essential tools in biomedical research and routine service laboratories. Most texts on histochemistry fall into one of two categories: 1. Encyclopaedic texts covering all or nearly all information available on the whole or selected parts of histochemistry. 2. Reviews or surveys of methods found to be useful by the author(s). While the former category often appeals to the more philosophically inclined reader, direct guidance on the selection of technique may be difficult to find. In contrast, the latter category are often excellent sources for details on how to perform a particular method with a reasonable chance of success. Consideration of the exact mechanism of staining, of possible reasons for failure, and of alternative techniques are, however, frequently lacking. This book is an introduction to the scientific basis of histochemistry and is intended to provide a background for the selection and development of appro priate methods. It is not a "cook book" and readers expecting exhaustive methodological descriptions will be disappointed. Although most ofthe contributors to this book would not describe themselves as histochemists, they have all at some time found it essential to develop a basic understanding of histochemistry. This book contains the information they would have greatly appreciated ready access to at that time."

Both functions of the mammalian ovary, the endocrine and (synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones) and exocrine (production of ova), depend upon the presence and cyclic growth of follicles, as the depletion of primordial follicles from the ovary leads to cessation of these f-unctions or female reproduction in mammals, or to postmenopausal period in humans. Actually, various fertility and sterility problems at the ovarian level are related to follicles. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the biology of ovarian follicles in mammals is of fundamental interest to a wide variety of academic and scientific disciplines. Study of their structure, function, and control involves mor phology, including ultrastructure, cell biology, physiology, endocrinology, biochemis try, immunology, neurobiology and pharmacology. Zoologists take interest in comparative and evolutionary aspects of biology of ovarian follicles in many different groups of mammals. Agricultural scientists and wildlife biologists need a thorough knowledge of the biology of follicles to control more effectively fecundity in domestic animals and endangered species of mammals. Finally, clinical scientists, toxicologists and physicians want to know the normal and pathological features of ovarian follicles in women, especially in relation to health and the regulation of fertility. Having in view the great importance of studying various aspects of biology of ovarian follicles, numerous papers and reviews on several aspects of ovarian follicles are published annually in a wide variety of scientific journals."

Life is always intimately bound up with structure and with the continuous transformation which structures undergo. Modern science and technology have now made it possible to display these structures before our eyes, right up to the frontiers of molecular dimensions. When several years ago Dr. HANS LUDWIG, while working at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University at Munich, demonstrated to us some micrographs showing the human oviduct's surface pattern, my immediate reaction was: This is the environment that encom passes the very onset of an individual human life. In fact, scanning electron microscopy, superimposed upon classical micro morphology, has enabled us to get insight into the landscape of living structures, their intricate organization and their delicate beauty as well. At the same time this technique opens up an entirely new perspective in our three-dimensional view and comprehension of biological events. This becomes especially evident in the realm of reproductive processes within the human female reproductive tract. In this volume the authors give - for the first time systematically - a description of the surface patterns of the inside of the human vagina, ecto and endocervix, and the human uterus and oviduct; they depict ovulatory alterations of the ovarian surface and surface changes under various endo crine conditions, as well as in relation to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, fetal growth, and the menopausal cessation of ovarian functional activity. of the placental intervillum, the In addition they describe surface structures basal plate and the amnion."

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Serono Symposium on Pre implantation Embryo Development, held in Newton, Massachusetts, in 1991. The idea for the symposium grew out of the 1989 Serono Symposium on Fertilization in Mammals* at which preimplantation development was the predominant suggestion for a follow-up topic. This was indeed a timely subject in view of the recent resurgence of interest in this funda mental phase of embryogenesis and its relevance to basic research and applied fertility studies in humans, food-producing animals, and endangered species. The symposium brought together speakers from a broad range of disciplines in order to focus on key regulatory mechanisms in embryo development, using a wide variety of animal models, and on representative topics in human preimplantation embryogenesis. The culmination of preimplantation development is a blastocyst con taining the first differentiated embryonic tissues and capable of initiating and sustaining pregnancy. The central objective of the symposium was to throw light on the regulation of cellular and molecular events underlying blastocyst formation. It was particularly appropriate that the date of the symposium marked the 20th anniversary of the publication of the classic volume Biology of the Blastocyst, the proceedings of an international workshop held in 1970. This book, which summarized most of the information then available on this topic in mammals, was edited by the pioneer in blastocyst research, Dr. Richard B1andau, who was the guest speaker at the symposium."

The clinical acceptance of computed anatomic cross-sections. Schematic line tomography (CT) as an integral part of our drawings are also generously used to il diagnostic armamentarium was based on its lustrate particularly complex anatomic re ability to display cross-sectional anatomy gions and help the reader obtain a correct with near anatomic precision. However, perspective on these more difficult regions. the radiologist must first be knowledgeable The book successfully presents a clear per of the complexities of normal anatomy be spective on the anatomy we see daily in fore he can truly make full use of this tech using cross-sectional imaging techniques. nology. This book will prove useful as a learning Michael Farkas has truly made our task guide for the uninitiated, and as a refer as radiologists easier. As noted in the ence for the more experienced. Either preface, the book carefully correlates rep way, it is an important contribution to our resentative CT slices with corresponding literature. Elliot K. Fishman, M.D."

I was gratified by the most favorable reception and wide usage received by the first edition of this book. A decade seems to be a short period for a book on pathology, and yet it witnessed many important changes of concepts, along with a formidable growth of knowledge. The second edition required extensive reorganization. There are new chapters on mitochondriopathies, on peroxisomal diseases and on spongy myelino pathies. Major revisions and new additions were necessary in many chapters, for instance those on the dysplasias of the cerebral and of the cerebellar hemispheres, which were largely reorganized. The chapters on perinatal pathology were reordered and reorganized to give a more logical sequence of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal lesions. The entire text was worked over for brevity. A wealth of new references was added with the. aim of staying abreast with the literature up to summer 1988. All refer ences were double checked for errors. My gratitude goes to Mrs. Gisela Ropte and Mrs. Cynthia Bunker for their untiring, diligent help. As a result, this second edition is an essentially rewritten text. Advance in the prevention of human suffering is based on a thorough understand ing of the nature of disease. I hope that this text will continue to be of service in this behalf. Perhaps it may also reflect and foster the intellectual curiosity which makes the "reading of brains" so interesting an occupation. Gottingen, 1989 Reinhard L.

The present new version of this popular laboratory manual is at the same time the first one of this text in the English language - and this makes me even a little proud, as it reminds me of probably the first collection of monoclonal recipes in English, written by myself, which circulated for a couple of years in many laboratories. In the meantime many researchers have put enormous effort into improving methods for monoclonal antibody production. The proce dures have become more and more standardized and by this have more and more lost the character of magic secrets. Hinrich Peters and Horst Baumgarten, who had followed this good tradition already in the previous edition, written in German, suc ceeded in making laboratory tricks teachable. They had contributed their own experiences in cell culture and immunology, and were able to engage a number of experienced authors to contribute to the work. They were all willing to follow the general concept of this book, which contains a brief theoretical background for the methods described and presents the procedures in a highly organized structure. So the book has retained its shape as a "cook-book," which I especially like."

This volume is intended to cover research in the field of muscle morphology since publication of the previous edition by Haggquist in 1956. The development of new techniques, coupled with an intensified interest in muscle, has resulted in a vast literature which no single person could review, especially within the limitations of one volume. When I accepted the flattering offer to write a new edition, I quickly abandoned any hope of a comprehensive review. Instead, I tried to consider, within my limits, those lines of research which I believe to be important for the understanding of mammalian and ultimately human muscles under normal, experimental, and pathological conditions. It would be naive to suggest that muscle can be adequately described in purely morphologi cal aspects; I would characterize the results of my effort as "muscle as seen with the eyes of a morphologist." It gives me pleasure to acknowledge the help of several colleagues who read and commented on drafts of individual chapters: Dr. Brenda Eisenberg, Chicago; Dr. Else Nygaard, Copenhagen; Dr. Stefano Schiaffino, Padova; Dr. Michael Sjostrom, Umea; Dr. Lars Erik Thornell, Umea. None of these individ uals can be held responsible for any error or obscurity that persists. Indeed, without their assistance there would have been more. I also thank those col leagues who allowed me to include their published and unpublished material; their names, and also those of the publishers who kindly granted copyright permission, are given in the individual figure captions."

, Jean ANDRE Universite de Paris XI, ORSAY, France. Sperm cells have long been considered as the most highly specialized of all living cells. They surely are, being very diverse, very complex, containing organelles which do not exist in any other cell -such as acrosome or crystallized mitochondria- and being endowed with a very unique behaviour, that is to meet and recognize the ovum, pierce its protective envelopes and inject into its cytoplasm a most precious deposit, the haploid genome of the species. It is Baccio Baccetti's merit to have felt the need for a confrontation of the scientists working on sperm in order to clarify the apparent complexity of the enormous amount of knowledge accumulated on the subject. Thus, he successfully inaugurated the series of the InternationaZ Symposia on SpermatoZogy. The Seillac edition is the fourth in the series. After an initial stage during which morphology was predominant, our meetings have turned more and more towards function. It has been the will of the French Organizing Committee to devote this meeting mainly to Eutherians, and, among those, to man, in connection with the conflicting necessities to help the sterile couples and to contrul the population explosion at the surface of the world.

The eye has fascinated scientists from the earliest days of biological in vestigation. The diversity of its parts and the precision of their interaction make it a favorite model system for a variety of developmental studies. The eye is a particularly valuable experimental system not only because its tissues provide examples of fundamental processes, but also because it is a prominent and easily accessible structure at very early embryonic ages. In order to provide an open forum for investigators working on all aspects of ocular development, a series of symposia on ocular and visual devel opment was initiated in 1973. A major objective of the symposia has been to foster communication between the basic research worker and the clinical community. It is our feeling that much can be learned on both sides from this interaction. The idea for an informal meeting allowing maximum ex change of ideas originated with Dr. Leon Candeub, who supplied the nec essary driving force that made the series a reality. Each symposium has concentrated on a different aspect of ocular development. Speakers have been selected to approach related topics from different perspectives."

In their contribution to the first edition of this Handbook, entitled "The Teeth," LEHNER and PLENK (1936) discussed the tissues constituting the "perio dontium" rather briefly. In contrast to the detailed paragraphs dealing with, for example, enamel and dentine, the section (about 40 pages and 20 illustra tions, mostly drawings) devoted to periodontal tissues failed to provide a factual review and summary of the contemporary knowledge and latest developments in research on the various components of the periodontium. Instead, much of the text was an attempt to arrive at conclusions from often purely semantic speculations, playing the various schools of thought against each other, provid ing arguments in favor of the authors' views and arguments for the feasibility and probability of accepting or rejecting the often diverse opinions, while the reader was referred to the already existing literature for factual details. Since 1936, however, factual details ofthe structural biology of the periodon tal tissues, i. e. their development, structure, function, and physiology, have been greatly extended and have been internationally accepted. With much less opin ionated belief to cope with, this knowledge has formed the solid foundation upon which diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in the fields of clinical perio dontology, modem orthodontics, and re- and transplantation procedures of teeth have been built."

In the last two decades, investigations at the cellular level have progressively gained ground in the context of hypertension research. This choice of approach is due to some extent to the build up of know-how that molecular and cellular biology have been producing at a continuous rate. As the contents list of this volume shows, a large mass of work has been directed to gaining some insight into pathogenetic mechanisms. The pathogenesis of primary hypertension has been progressively categorized as a distinct biological problem, not amenable to the theoretical models that proved successful in understanding the nature of secondary forms of hypertension. At the same time, great efforts have been made to simplify this problem by sorting out, if possible, a few crucial mechanisms from the network of contributory factors in the regulation of blood pressure. The idea that what is to be sought is a primary structural and/or functional fault in arterial muscle has met with widespread acceptance. The strength of this argument lies in the fact that peripheral vascular resistance is increased in all forms of hypertension and, in turn, the diameter of resistance vessels is the dominant factor in the computation of total per ipheral resistance. On the basis of this, cardiovascular structural adaptation was proposed as a positive feedback mechanism tending to maintain hypertension, once begun, whatever the initiating factor is.

The idea for this treatise on the radiological anatomy of superficial and deep spinal cord vasculature evolved from daily routine neuroradiological work. This was also the reason for subdividing the monograph into a postmortem anatomical and a clinical part. The actual importance of a clear conception of radio anatomic fundamentals was made clear by many clinical conferences with neurologists, neurosurgeons and orthopedists, where a lack of knowledge about medullary syndromes of suspected vascular origin became evident. Also among neuroradiologists there is still widespread uncertainty in the interpretation of myelograms and angiographies in such cases. A study of the spinal cord's angioarchitecture is all the more justified and necessary considering the vast number of descriptions of cerebro vascular anatomy and pathology. The clinical challenge posed by patients suffering from partial or complete transverse spinal lesions has grown due to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Myelography using water-soluble contrast media, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and spinal angiography today allow and require both earlier and topographically and pathogenetically more exact classification of diseases of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. Due to progress in microneurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology, even intramedullary lesions have become more and more accessible and treatable. Therefore this monograph mainly addresses those concerned with invasive therapeutic techniques and who are familiar with the interpretation of radio anatomic findings. A comprehensive description of medullary vascular syndromes would be beyond the scope of this treatise."

The new experimental tools and approaches of modern biology have allowed us to better understand many fundamental properties of the eukaryotic cells. These significant discoveries have drastically changed the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of modern clinical practice. On April 18-22, 1988, an International Symposium on Cell Function and Disease was held in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, aimed at reviewing some of the most recent advances made in the following five areas: Genes and Human Diseases; Cellular and Molecular Pathology; Infectious Diseases; Brain Transplants and the New Approaches and Techniques with Potential Application to Cell Function and Disease. This book is based on the contributed papers of the symposium. To underline the importance of the clinical approach to the study of cell function and disease a section on this subject was added at the end of the book. The chapters in this volume include contributions by some of the leading scientists of the international scientific community and Mexico. During the course of this international conference, numerous discussions were held by the local and international representatives of the scientific community concerning the creation of an International Center of Molecular Medicine aimed at stimulating further interaction between molecular biologists, biochemists, biophyscists and clinicians. Such ideas received the endorsement and support of the Director General of the united Nations Educational and Scientific Organization (UNESCO), Federico Mayor, the Governor of the State of Nuevo Leon, Jorge Trevino, and the Secretary of Health of Mexico, Guillermo Soberon.

A little picture is worth a million words. Chinese proverb Prenatal human development is an extremely complicated process related to genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology. There are no developmental changes, either chemical or morphologic, without simultaneous changes in molecular organization. The astonishing buildup ofbiostructures always precedes their proper function. The development of an embryo is genetically coded and is based on interactions related to the selective switching on and off of genes. Interactions are cell-to-cell mediated, mediated by extracellular fluids, or mediated by special pathways. Every substance involved in developmental is to be recognized by its target. interactions, before triggering a metabolic or a morphogenic event, Complex physical and immunologic recognitions are involved in the process of differentiation. Small pieces of evidence are collected to create a mosaic picture elucidating the development. This picture is fascinating and represents the biggest biological puzzle: the puzzle of development. There is no doubt that analysis of human prenatal development is a basis for understanding normal and pathologic relationships between structure and function. Today, there are approximately 2000 different inborn congenital anomalies and syndromes. This book attempts to present a complete realistic account of human morphogenesis, the differentiation of structures, using direct photographs of normal specimens obtained from legal medical abortions of unwanted pregnancies. Emphasis has been placed on contemporary techniques: histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. The text is as simple as possible; meticulous detailed anatomic descriptions have been omitted.

During the past three decades, histology has seen enormous progress, thanks to new techniques and new investigation instruments. Numerous discoveries of important structures and morphofunctional phenomena have been described in a wealth of papers of ever increasing size and complexity. These publi cations have become difficult to follow, not only because of their number, but also because of a disparity of terminology and the multitude of synonyms employed by different authors. All of this makes reading and comprehension of the progress that has been achieved laborious, even for histologists, but especially for students, researchers in other basic branches of medicine, or clinicians who have to consult histological texts during their studies or investigations. In order to facilitate the orientation of all those interested in histology, a concise and practical volume in encyclopedic style, defining and, at the same time, illustrating fundamental histolog ical terms, enumerating synonyms, and describing morpho functional phenomena has become necessary, both because a work of this genre does not exist and because the list of Latin terms elaborated by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee in 1977 does not give illustrations or definitions of histological terms. The present work attempts to redress this deficiency."

Prior to the emergence of the sliding filament model, contraction theories had been in abundance. In the absence of the kinds of structural and biochemical information available today, it has been a simple matter to speculate about the possible ways in which tension generation and shortening might occur. The advent of the sliding filament model had an immediate impact on these theories; within several years they fell by the wayside, and attention was redirected towards mechanisms by which the filaments might be driven to slide by one another. In terms of identifying the driving mechanism, the pivotal observa tion was the electron micrographic indentification of cross-bridges extending from the thick filaments. It was quite naturally assumed that such bridges, which had the ability to split ATP, were the molecular motors, i.e., that they were the sites of mechanochemical transduction. Out of this presumption grew the cross-bridge model. in which filament sliding is presumed to be driven by the cyclic interaction of cross-bridges with complementary actin sites located along the thin filaments."

The eye has fascinated scientists from the earliest days of biological in vestigation. The diversity of its parts and the precision of their interaction make it a favorite model system for a variety of developmental studies. The eye is a particularly valuable experimental system not only because its tissues provide examples of fundamental processes, but also because it is a prominent and easily accessible structure at very early embryonic ages. In order to provide an open forum for investigators working on all aspects of ocular development, a series of symposia on ocular and visual devel opment was initiated in 1973. A major objective of the symposia has been to foster communication between the basic research worker and the clinical It is our feeling that much can be learned on both sides from community. this interaction. The idea for an informal meeting allowing maximum ex change of ideas originated with Dr. Leon Candeub, who supplied the nec essary driving force that made the series a reality. Each symposium has on a different aspect of ocular development. Speakers have concentrated been selected to approach related topics from different perspectives."

This volume documents our growing understanding of the human major histocompatibility complex. The application of this information is ever more important as the limits of transplantation continue to be reduced, including the recent success of bone marrow transplantation between unrelated but closely matched individuals. In addition, the need to transfuse platelets in the face of immunologic barriers continues to challenge transfusion services. Thus, the serologic information summarized in this volume is essential for optimal patient care. At the same time, recombinant DNA technology has led to a revolution in our understanding of many aspects of basic biology. Among the advances has been the initial characterization of the structure of some HLA loci. While this will ultimately improve clinical services, constant reference to serologic data is essential so that the powerful new techniques can be applied in the most effective ways. The timing of the First Red Cross International Histocompatibility Workshop is fortunate as it brings together experts from around the world to address the state of the art. We are all grateful to Dr. John Lee and his colleagues for organizing the workshop, and for bringing together in this volume the material to be presented in Beijing during October 17-23, 1990. Leon W. Hoyer, M.D.

In the ever-expanding field of heart research the needs of established re searchers, students and general readers can vary considerably, making it difficult therefore to cater for all types of audience within a single volume. The aim of this book has been to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the structure of the heart, including its cell biology. The ultrastructure of the working myocardium and all portions of the conduction system, together with their development, is covered in detail. Also included are chapters on the morphometry of cardiac muscle, the innervation of the heart, cardiac hyper trophy and regeneration, and the development of the coronary circulation. A detailed review of cardiac muscle in cell culture is also provided. It is to be hoped that readers, whatever their background, will find the information contained herein useful for their needs. This work was supported by a grant from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the following people for their invaluable assistance in preparation of the manuscript: Professor Yasuo Uehara, D'r. Takashi. Fujiwara, Dr. Peter Baluk, Dr. Seiji Matsuda and Bill Kaegi for providing unpublished micrographs; Fabian Bowers, Patricia Murphy and Janet Bennett for typing; and Lucy Popadynec, Nella Puglisi, Maggie Mackie, Mary Delafield and Liana Butera for assistance with references and figure preparation. THE AUTHORS Contents A. General Introduction 1 Morphology of Cardiac Muscle 8 B."

The third volume and the other two volumes (Volume 1 available, Volume 2 due december 1999) offer the scientific community the works and thoughts of Santiago Ramon y Cajal by the faithful rendition of the original Spanish version of the Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (1899 1904), with additional facts contained in the French translation (1909 1911). These non-English versions are being quoted an average of 200 times yearly in the scientific literature. The collection will represent the "definitive Cajal to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original thoughts of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all times. Unique features of the present work include: Only authorized English translation of the original Spanish text, adhering as much as possible to the letter, with correction of the obvious errors already predicted by Cajal in his Preface. Added facts appearing in the French version, with correction of old as well as new errors, the latter probably due to inaccuracies in translating into French some nuances of the Spanish language. Uniform of nomenclature according to contemporary scientific English. Annotations on Cajal s changing concepts over time, the elucidation of certain structures that do not have present day equivalents, and explanations of the many symbols appearing in illustrations but not mentioned in the corresponding original legends. Most illustrations are reproductions of Cajal s original art work, still extant at the Cajal Museum in Madrid, with cross references to figure numbers of the Spanish and French versions. Citations are given by author and year in the text, with an alphabetical list at the end of the volume, completed and corrected for accuracy against original publications. Taxonomy glossary of species appearing in the text, with present scientific names, and their colloquial English counterparts. In sum, the collection represents the "definitive Cajal to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original writings of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all times."

Surgeons confronted with acute trauma are frequently under great pressure to act quickly. Only a few have an infallible three-dimensional memory as regards the different approaches necessary for treating fractures by inter nal fixation. Thus there is a real need for a reference book on the approaches to the shoulder, arm, pelvis, and leg which is instructive and based on clinical practice. This is true both for the emergency situation and for the "evening before" with the imperative preoperative planning. THOMAS RUEDI, himself a surgeon as well as a gifted illustrator, in coopera tion with ARTHUR VON HOCHSTETTER, a clinical anatomist, and excellently interpreted by the artist ROBERT SCHLUMPF, has created a novel and impres sive atlas. The surgical approaches are depicted in a manner which is ana tomically correct, limited to the essentials, and realistic. In addition, the attractive, black-and-white illustrations of the anatomy are successfully sup plemented by color schematic drawings. This luxuriously prepared edition may become a daily advisor to surgeons dealing with trauma. It deserves a widespread distribution in surgical depart ments and reference libraries.