Heme oxygenase is rapidly taking its place as the centerpiece of multiple inter acting metabolic systems. Only 25 years ago heme oxygenase and its metabolic prod ucts appeared to be merely a simple metabolic system-one substrate, heme; one enzyme, heme oxygenase; and one set of products, iron to be recycled, and bilirubin and carbon monoxide to be disposed. From a group of about 25 people in 1974, as judged by attendance at various Gordon conferences, heme oxygenase has, in the year 2000, attracted working scientists-and clinicians I might add-by the hundreds and has produced referenced publications by the thousands. It is well-deserved attention. Heme oxygenase system is now similar to the metabolic networks surrounding glucose in those complex maps of glycolytic and non-glycolytic metabolic pathways, which we had to memorize as students. The relevance of heme oxygenase to regulatory biology was recognized many years ago, but the work conducted over the past five years has created a new wave of emphasis focusing on genetic manipulation to alter heme oxygenase gene expression, the regulatory actions of heme oxygenase products including carbon monoxide, and the significance of changes in the heme oxygenase system. The physiological and pathological relevance of heme oxygenase in the brain, heart, liver, bone marrow, organ transplant, lung and kidney, opens many areas of investigation in various dis ciplines. Advances in the pharmacology of bilirubin and its ability as an antioxidant have provided a new avenue in clinical research.

We have considered it to be a demanding assignment to provide a complete exposition dealing with the nature of radiation, its effects, and protection against it to workers in health-related activities. "Radiation" (and more precisely "ionizing radiation") is emitted by X-ray machines, nuclear reactors, and nuclear weapons, but also comes from natural sources to which we are all exposed. It would have been easier to deal with this subject area with the terminology and mathematics employed by specialists. However, although most of the potential readers probably have obtained further pertinent knowledge, we assume no more than a high school education in science and mathematics and the challenge was to provide maximum information within this constraint. This book contains five sections: (A) Radiation Physics, (B) Radiological Physics, (C) Radiation Biology, (D) Radiation Effects on Human Populations, and (E) Radiation Protection. Each section is preceded by a synopsis covering its essential features. It provides sufficient information to enable readers to obtain a general under standing of the subject of the section and an adequate background for comprehension of other sections. The more detailed presentation in the bulk of each section is followed by appendixes that generally contain more advanced topics. This scheme necessarily involves some repetition but permits a more flexible approach for readers who are especially interested in the contents of particular sections.

Prior to the emergence of the sliding filament model, contraction theories had been in abundance. In the absence of the kinds of structural and biochemical information available today, it has been a simple matter to speculate about the possible ways in which tension generation and shortening might occur. The advent of the sliding filament model had an immediate impact on these theories; within several years they fell by the wayside, and attention was redirected towards mechanisms by which the filaments might be driven to slide by one another. In terms of identifying the driving mechanism, the pivotal observa tion was the electron micrographic indentification of cross-bridges extending from the thick filaments. It was quite naturally assumed that such bridges, which had the ability to split ATP, were the molecular motors, i.e., that they were the sites of mechanochemical transduction. Out of this presumption grew the cross-bridge model. in which filament sliding is presumed to be driven by the cyclic interaction of cross-bridges with complementary actin sites located along the thin filaments."

The various chapters of this monograph were originally presented as papers in a Symposium on Joints and Bones which the editor organized for the VIII Inter national Congress of Anatomists held in Wiesbaden, Germany in August 1965. Each chapter represents original research on the structure and/or function of joints and bones. Preparing the manuscripts of these papers for publication required more time than originally anticipated and the editor hereby acknowledges his sincere appre ciation to the various authors for their help and patience. He also wants to express his special thanks to Mrs. ANTOINETTE CATRON, his editorial assistant, without whose help the task would still be unfinished. The interest and assistance of the staff of Springer-Verlag in the publication of this monograph is also greatly appreciated. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. February 1966 F. GAYNOR EVANS Contents Electron Microscopy of Normal Synovial Membrane. D. V. DAVIES, and A. J. PALFREY .............................. 1 Biomechanics and Functional Adaption of Tendons and Joint Ligaments. A. VnDIK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 17 . . . . Dynamic Considerations in Load Bearing Bones with Special Reference to Osteosynthesis and Articular Cartilage. J. M. ZAREK .. . . . . . . . 40 Intravital Measurements of Forces Acting on the Hip-Joint. N. RYDELL. .. 52 The Ergonomic Aspects of Articular Mechanics. M. A. MACCONAILL . . . . 69 A Longitudinal Vital Staining Method for the Study of Apposition in Bone. M. ]. BAER, and]. L. ACKERMAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . An Evaluation of the Use of Bone Histology in Forensic Medicine and Anthro pology. D. H. ENLOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 . . . .

The third volume and the other two volumes (Volume 1 available, Volume 2 due december 1999) offer the scientific community the works and thoughts of Santiago Ramon y Cajal by the faithful rendition of the original Spanish version of the Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (1899 1904), with additional facts contained in the French translation (1909 1911). These non-English versions are being quoted an average of 200 times yearly in the scientific literature. The collection will represent the "definitive Cajal to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original thoughts of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all times. Unique features of the present work include: Only authorized English translation of the original Spanish text, adhering as much as possible to the letter, with correction of the obvious errors already predicted by Cajal in his Preface. Added facts appearing in the French version, with correction of old as well as new errors, the latter probably due to inaccuracies in translating into French some nuances of the Spanish language. Uniform of nomenclature according to contemporary scientific English. Annotations on Cajal s changing concepts over time, the elucidation of certain structures that do not have present day equivalents, and explanations of the many symbols appearing in illustrations but not mentioned in the corresponding original legends. Most illustrations are reproductions of Cajal s original art work, still extant at the Cajal Museum in Madrid, with cross references to figure numbers of the Spanish and French versions. Citations are given by author and year in the text, with an alphabetical list at the end of the volume, completed and corrected for accuracy against original publications. Taxonomy glossary of species appearing in the text, with present scientific names, and their colloquial English counterparts. In sum, the collection represents the "definitive Cajal to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original writings of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all times."

In 1954, when I obtained my B. Sc. (Honours School) degree in Zoology, I was asked by my advisor, the late Professor Vishwa Nath, to make comparative cytological studies of oogenesis in birds for my M. Sc. (Honours School) thesis submitted to the Panjab University in 1956. Using the classical techniques of cytology, I studied the various aspects of follicle growth and atresia in five species of birds. Professor Vishwa Nath, who himself devoted most of his life to the study of the comparative cytology of gametogenesis in animals, was so much impressed by my findings on avian oogenesis that he asked me to continue my research work for the Ph. D. degree under his supervision. During my research work on avian oogenesis, I became very much interested in further comparative study of ovarian follicles in vertebrates and thus decided to make comparative, morphological and histochemical studies of ovarian follicles in reptiles, birds and mammals. Actually, very little information was available in this regard in 1957 when I started working for the Ph. D. degree. In subsequent years, I and my numerous dedicated and highly motivated M. Sc. and Ph. D. students con tinued to make comparative, morphological, histochemical, biochemical and physiological studies of ovarian follicles in all groups of vertebrates. In connection with the subject of this book, I would like to make special mention of my two brilliant students, namely Dr. S. K. Varma and Dr. R. K."

The idea for this treatise on the radiological anatomy of superficial and deep spinal cord vasculature evolved from daily routine neuroradiological work. This was also the reason for subdividing the monograph into a postmortem anatomical and a clinical part. The actual importance of a clear conception of radio anatomic fundamentals was made clear by many clinical conferences with neurologists, neurosurgeons and orthopedists, where a lack of knowledge about medullary syndromes of suspected vascular origin became evident. Also among neuroradiologists there is still widespread uncertainty in the interpretation of myelograms and angiographies in such cases. A study of the spinal cord's angioarchitecture is all the more justified and necessary considering the vast number of descriptions of cerebro vascular anatomy and pathology. The clinical challenge posed by patients suffering from partial or complete transverse spinal lesions has grown due to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Myelography using water-soluble contrast media, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and spinal angiography today allow and require both earlier and topographically and pathogenetically more exact classification of diseases of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. Due to progress in microneurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology, even intramedullary lesions have become more and more accessible and treatable. Therefore this monograph mainly addresses those concerned with invasive therapeutic techniques and who are familiar with the interpretation of radio anatomic findings. A comprehensive description of medullary vascular syndromes would be beyond the scope of this treatise."

The 30th scientific meeting of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT) was held at the Western Conference Centre, UMIST, Manchester, in August 2002. It was attended by some 96 delegates and accompanying persons and there were 128 presentations.

The new experimental tools and approaches of modern biology have allowed us to better understand many fundamental properties of the eukaryotic cells. These significant discoveries have drastically changed the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of modern clinical practice. On April 18-22, 1988, an International Symposium on Cell Function and Disease was held in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, aimed at reviewing some of the most recent advances made in the following five areas: Genes and Human Diseases; Cellular and Molecular Pathology; Infectious Diseases; Brain Transplants and the New Approaches and Techniques with Potential Application to Cell Function and Disease. This book is based on the contributed papers of the symposium. To underline the importance of the clinical approach to the study of cell function and disease a section on this subject was added at the end of the book. The chapters in this volume include contributions by some of the leading scientists of the international scientific community and Mexico. During the course of this international conference, numerous discussions were held by the local and international representatives of the scientific community concerning the creation of an International Center of Molecular Medicine aimed at stimulating further interaction between molecular biologists, biochemists, biophyscists and clinicians. Such ideas received the endorsement and support of the Director General of the united Nations Educational and Scientific Organization (UNESCO), Federico Mayor, the Governor of the State of Nuevo Leon, Jorge Trevino, and the Secretary of Health of Mexico, Guillermo Soberon.

In this book, a select group of researchers has contributed their state-of-the-art methodologies on protein profiling and identification of disease biomarkers in tissues, microdissected cells and body fluids. The book integrates biochemistry, pathology, analytical technology, bioinformatics, and proteome informatics. Experimental approaches are thoroughly detailed and explained through a step-by-step instructional format that ensures successful results.

It is hoped that this book may serve two purposes. felt that the resulting increase in size and expense of First it is intended for use at the bench. to help solve the book would not be justified. some of the problems of cell identification which The material was collected over many years and puzzle not only beginners. but even experienced we cannot individually acknowledge the great contri observers in the field of cytological diagnosis. Sec bution made by technical staff of the clinical cytology ondly we have reviewed the most significant previous laboratories who assisted the two authors to prepare publications. particularly those of the past 20 years. and stain the sl ides. Most of the electron micrographs so as to provide a source of reference. were made by or with the assistance of the late Denis Cytological diagnosis should not be isolated from W. Jerrome. and we are also grateful to Dr David histopathology. and many readers will regret the lack Ferguson for further help and advice with these. All of the immunocytochemical stains were done by Dr of cyto-histological correlation in our choice of photographs. Cells centrifuged out of suspension in Anna Ghosh. and Drs David Mason and Kevin Gatter pathological fluids bear very little resemblance to kindly commented on that part of the manuscript. their counterparts in tissue sections."

Contents: The Neck and Thorax.- The Larynx and the Thyroid Gland.- The Face.- The Oral Cavity and the Oropharynx.- The Nose.- The Paranasal Sinus and the Retromaxillary Space.- The Eye and its Orbital Adnexa.- The Ear.- The Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae.- The Skull and the Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System.- The Topography and Variations of the Extra- and Intracranial Vessels.- The Paraganglia.- References.- Index of Operations and Surgically Important Anatomic Relationships.- Subject Index.

A diverse collection of state-of-the-art methods for the microscopic imaging of cells and molecules. The authors cover a wide spectrum of complimentary techniques, including such methods as fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and laser scanning cytometry. Additional readily reproducible protocols on confocal scanning laser microscopy, quantitative computer-assisted image analysis, laser-capture microdissection, microarray image scanning, near-field scanning optical microscopy, and reflection contrast microscopy round out this eclectic collection of cutting-edge imaging techniques now available. The authors also discuss preparative methods for particles and cells by transmission electron microscopy.

Clinical Neuroanatomy offers an extensive review of higher cortical - behavioral functions and their anatomical substrates. The book begins with a review of the basic internal and external morphology, major nerve and fiber tracts, behavioral correlates, and clinical syndromes associated with spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum, reacquainting readers with the functional anatomy of the subtentorial central nervous system. The central chapters offer more detailed, integrated, and, at times, theoretical models of cortical systems and their internal organization. Additional chapters highlight vascular anatomy and neurochemical systems. Nearly 300 illustrations help identify key structures and pathways, as well as providing clinical and pathological examples.

Hypoxia remains a constant threat throughout life. It is for this reason that the International Hypoxia Society strives to maintain a near quarter century tradition of presenting a stimulating blend of clinical and basic science discussions. International experts from many fields have focused on the state-of-the-art discoveries in normal and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia.

Topics in this volume include gene-environment interactions, a theme developed in both a clinical context regarding exercise and hypoxia, as well as in native populations living in high altitudes. Furthermore, experts in the field have combined topics such as skeletal muscle angiogenesis and hypoxia, high altitude pulmonary edema, new insights into the biology of the erythropoietin receptor, and the latest advances in cardiorespiratory control in hypoxia. This volume explores the fields of anatomy, cardiology, biological transport, and biomedical engineering among many others.

A different kind of book! The clivus of skull base is an area difficult to reach in neurosurgery, otorhinolaryngolo- gy, maxillo-facial surgery, plastic surgery, reconstructive surgery, and orthopedic surgery. It is for this reason that the various specialities gave found different approaches for different operations.

The present volume contains the edited transcript of a Totts Gap Colloquium held May 19-21, 1980 sponsored by the Muscular Dystrophy Association. The aim of the colloquium was to bring into focus data relating to cell membranes that might contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A major impediment to progress in understanding the patho genesis of muscular dystrophy has been the failure, so far, to identify the basic genetic defect. Pending the identification of the genetic lesion in Duchenne dystrophy and, in view of scattered but persistent indications of a basic membrane disturbance, it seemed worthwhile to explore in open dialogue the current state of knowledge of membrane morphology and chemistry with an eye to possible leads for further investigation. The participants, drawn from a variety of interested disciplines, attempted to synthesize and reconcile their findings and to identify crucial areas of ignorance in need of exploration. For the most part they avoided specialized jargon and spoke in a language that could be understood by the rest of the group. Apart from providing a review of widely varying approaches to the study of the composition and behavior of cell membranes, the discussions brought together current think g on strategies and approaches to the study of the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy. Already the personal contacts made at the colloquium have led to new inter-institutional collabora tive investigations."

The book provides an updated overview of molecular analysis of human tissues, and the impact this analysis has on diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases. Special emphasis is placed on human cancer and the future directions of the field. Methods of handling clinical tissue samples, including the impact of handling on subsequent molecular analysis, are also discussed. In addition, detailed protocols for molecular analysis of DNA, RNA and protein, with special emphasis on molecular analysis of highly complex human tissue samples containing mixtures of cell populations, are provided.

In their contribution to the first edition of this Handbook, entitled "The Teeth," LEHNER and PLENK (1936) discussed the tissues constituting the "perio dontium" rather briefly. In contrast to the detailed paragraphs dealing with, for example, enamel and dentine, the section (about 40 pages and 20 illustra tions, mostly drawings) devoted to periodontal tissues failed to provide a factual review and summary of the contemporary knowledge and latest developments in research on the various components of the periodontium. Instead, much of the text was an attempt to arrive at conclusions from often purely semantic speculations, playing the various schools of thought against each other, provid ing arguments in favor of the authors' views and arguments for the feasibility and probability of accepting or rejecting the often diverse opinions, while the reader was referred to the already existing literature for factual details. Since 1936, however, factual details ofthe structural biology of the periodon tal tissues, i. e. their development, structure, function, and physiology, have been greatly extended and have been internationally accepted. With much less opin ionated belief to cope with, this knowledge has formed the solid foundation upon which diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in the fields of clinical perio dontology, modem orthodontics, and re- and transplantation procedures of teeth have been built."

It is essential to know all of the intricate lymph pathways when performing surgery for esophageal cancer in order to determine the extent of lymph node metastasis. Professor Sato has undertaken, at the request of the TNM Research Committee of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus, to map out and classify the lymph nodes of the mediastinum and neck. The beautiful artwork in the Color Atlas of Surgical Anatomy for Esophageal Cancer edited by Professor Sato gives an excellent understanding of the lymph node pathways and their importance in surgical treatment. Minute dissections which represent real life situations, not just the superficial pathways, show the precise location and topographical arrangement of the lymphatics. Full-color schematics are given with the actual dissection illustrations and photographs. The atlas clearly presents the classification of four significant pathways and their communication, the relationship of these pathways en route to the venous angles and the definition and assessment of the most critical nodes. Thoracic surgeons especially will benefit from the excellent illustrations of surgical techniques and the methods for recording the dissected lymph nodes which are presented by Professor Kakegawa. Leading experts fighting esophageal cancer with surgical treatment can use the classification in this outstanding atlas for many years to come as a standard for international comparison. The careful dissection of the lymph nodes may be the best way to improve survival rates after surgery for cancer of the thoracic esophagus.

This volume is intended to cover research in the field of muscle morphology since publication of the previous edition by Haggquist in 1956. The development of new techniques, coupled with an intensified interest in muscle, has resulted in a vast literature which no single person could review, especially within the limitations of one volume. When I accepted the flattering offer to write a new edition, I quickly abandoned any hope of a comprehensive review. Instead, I tried to consider, within my limits, those lines of research which I believe to be important for the understanding of mammalian and ultimately human muscles under normal, experimental, and pathological conditions. It would be naive to suggest that muscle can be adequately described in purely morphologi cal aspects; I would characterize the results of my effort as "muscle as seen with the eyes of a morphologist." It gives me pleasure to acknowledge the help of several colleagues who read and commented on drafts of individual chapters: Dr. Brenda Eisenberg, Chicago; Dr. Else Nygaard, Copenhagen; Dr. Stefano Schiaffino, Padova; Dr. Michael Sjostrom, Umea; Dr. Lars Erik Thornell, Umea. None of these individ uals can be held responsible for any error or obscurity that persists. Indeed, without their assistance there would have been more. I also thank those col leagues who allowed me to include their published and unpublished material; their names, and also those of the publishers who kindly granted copyright permission, are given in the individual figure captions."

The purpose of this textbook is to enable a Neuroscientist to discuss the structure and functions of the brain at a level appropriate for students at many levels of study including undergraduate, graduate, dental or medical school level. It is truer in neurology than in any other system of medicine that a firm knowledge of basic science material, that is, the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system, enables one to readily arrive at the diagnosis of where the disease process is located and to apply their knowledge at solving problems in clinical situations. The authors have a long experience in teaching neuroscience courses at the first or second year level to medical and dental students and to residents in which clinical information and clinical problem solving are integral to the course.

Providing an essential brainstem relay for three cranial nerves, the NST coordinates highly complex sensory information. While other functions of the NST have received attention, its role in gustatory processing has received little. The first reference devoted exclusively to gustatory processing, The Role of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Gustatory Processing offers an in-depth review of one of the most important central relay stations in the brain. Combining widely dispersed research into a comprehensive single volume, it presents a thorough historical background, documents the anatomy of the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST), and explores the properties of synaptic transmitters and neurons within that tract. The book examines the role of reflex activities and considers factors that influence how gustatory rNST neurons respond to taste stimuli. It describes the development and maturational changes the rNST undergoes and considers the challenge involved with identifying rNST neural circuits. The Role of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Gustatory Processing brings together expert investigators who have contributed substantially to the current knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and developmental biology of the solitary nucleus. This pertinent work serves as a standard reference for those involved in the field, providing ready access to past investigations and inviting practitioners to create new approaches that will advance knowledge about the central processing of gustatory information.

This detailed atlas illustrates the anatomical structures of the upper basal cisterns, their topography and relationship to other intra- and extradural structures. The author expands his well-established efforts to convey his outstanding neuroanatomical knowledge to the basal cisterns. His famous anatomical drawings are based upon anatomical preparations, cadaver dissections and intraoperative pictures, in order to point out important aspects concerning microsurgical and endoscopic approaches to these parts of the brain.

Muscles and Meridians is a unique book that breaks new conceptual ground in the realm of human movement. Firmly based in an understanding of evolutionary and developmental biology, this volume introduces some of the keys that open the way to an understanding of the Contractile Field (CF) model - a novel concept which promotes a fresh approach to exercise and represents a valuable means of understanding and treating musculoskeletal disorders. The CF model represents a whole-organism approach to an appreciation of human movement. The fundamental biomechanical architecture of vertebrates imposes patterns of movement on our spine, patterns that offer the keys needed to begin a more robust understanding of human movement. The CF model suggests that sense organs are embedded in fields of contractility, and that the musculature of the viscera and the role of the kidneys need to be incorporated in this attempt to develop such a model. Fields of contractility are defined, borders between fields are identified, and field interaction considered. The model also suggests a new assessment methodology: the Archetypal Postures. Many musculoskeletal aches and pains, such as back pain, are non-attributable to a standard tissue-related diagnosis. Rather we need to focus on the interrelationship of many named tissues via the emergence of postures that are deeply embedded in our evolution and childhood development. Archetypal Postures are essential to the 'tune' of the musculoskeletal system.By showing a pattern of correlation, the CF model also sheds light on the Chinese map of the meridians suggesting a theory that unravels the complexity of the ancient map which the modern biosciences have been unable to comprehend or identify. Muscles and Meridians presents an approach to musculoskeletal anatomy which will be widely applicable to all professionals who have an interest in human movement: physiotherapists, osteopathic physicians, osteopaths, chiropractors, acupuncturists, exercise scientists, manual therapists, and personal trainers. Describes a new model of human movement - the Contractile Field model Offers a rare and serious attempt to look at whole person movement patterns - akin to 'Anatomy Trains' but with a stronger link to vertebrate evolution and development Suggests that much of our endemic back and leg pain is due to a loss of ease in postures that are 'archetypal' to mankind Offers a profound new understanding of the world's oldest medical map, the Chinese meridian map