Despite the success of earlier Neuromethads volumes, I was initially reluctant to edit a further volume because my own - search is concerned with nonneural tissues. I changed my mind for two simple reasons. First, though the sheer diversity of ext- cellular signal molecules is staggering, still more impressive is the remarkably small number of transmembrane signaling processes they recruit- their receptors either have integral ion channels or enzyme activities, or else they catalytically activate G proteins. Likewise, when we look to the final intracellular t- gets of these signaling pathways, they are stucturally diverse, but again there are common themes: the response may either be the gating of an ion channel, or else the phosphorylation of a target protein. Such conservation of signaling mechanisms is both impressive and convenient, and provides my justification for asking authors with interests in diverse tissues to contribute their methodological expertise to this volume. Second, I think it would be difficult to overestimate the extent to which our understanding of intracellular signaling has been transformed by new and improved methodology. Thus, simple methods for measuring inositol phosphates have revealed the profound and widespread importance of the ph- phoinositide pathways, the techniques of contemporary - lecular biology have provided unrivaled opportunities to relate structure and function, and the complex spatial and t- poral characteristics of intracellular signaling pathways were barely imaginable before the introduction of fluorescent indi- tors and single cell-imaging technology.

This book provides a clear link between the application of sports science principles and theory to practice. The book allows practitioners to go off and design and defend their own evidence-based training programmes Provides the reader with an appropriate background in physiology, biomechanics and psychology to aid in the development of the training process

This contributed volume is the first of a series that introduces safe, feasible, and practical decellularization and recellularization techniques for tissue and organ reconstruction. We have put special emphasis on the research areas most likely to develop well-engineered scaffolds for tissue and organ engineering, while presenting easily applicable bench-to-bedside approaches highlighting the latest technical innovations in the field. This book includes both a fundamental discussion for a broad understanding of the basis of tissue repair and substitution, as well as chapters written by world renowned specialists from 20 countries providing deeper discussions and analysis of related sub disciplines. Within these pages, the reader will find state-of-the-art protocols and current clinical challenges in cell and tissue biology, including accurate and comprehensive information on extracellular matrices, natural biomaterials, tissue dynamics, morphogenesis, stem cells, cellular fate progressions, cell and tissue properties for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. This comprehensive and carefully organized treatise provides a clear framework for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers new to the field, but also for researchers and practitioners looking to expand their knowledge on tissue and organ reconstruction.

The mechanisms that form the basis of regulatory processes within biological membranes can be analyzed through the dielectric signals that accompany their molecular transitions. This monograph reviews the contributions made by recent developments in this field to forge an understanding of
cellular activation phenomena in striated muscle. Basic physical, mathematical and physiological principles are also covered at a more coherent level than is available in the current published literature. The phenomenon of intramembrane change is then surveyed through a range of biological systems.
This is followed by more detailed analyses of steady-state and kinetic properties, and their relationship to possible underlying physical mechanisms. Correlations are consistently drawn, both with cellular and molecular biological information and also with their physiological consequences and
significance. Although primarily an academic monograph, each chapter in this book is relatively independent from the others, and begins from fundamentals. The text is organized and written to be accessible both as a survey of basic concepts and as an authoritative review of recent work in the
field.

This book covers in detail the mechanisms for how energy is managed in the human body. The basic principles that elucidate the reactivity and physical interactions of matter are addressed and quantified with simple approaches. Three-dimensional representations of molecules are presented throughout the book so molecules can be viewed as unique entities in their shape and function. The book is focused on the molecular mechanisms of cellular processes in the context of human physiological situations such as fasting, feeding and physical exercise, in which metabolic regulation is highlighted. Furthermore the book uses key historical experiments that opened up new concepts in biochemistry to further illustrate how the human body functions at molecular level, helping students to appreciate how scientific knowledge emerges. New to this edition: - 30 challenging practical case studies (2-3 at the end of each chapter) based on movies, novels, biographies, documentaries, paintings, and other cultural and artistic creations far beyond canonic academic exercises. - A set of challenging questions and problems in the end of each case study to further engage students with the applications of medical biochemistry - Insights into the answers to the challenging questions to help steer teaching/learning interactions key to productive lectures, PBL (problem-based learning) or traditional tutorials, or e-learning approaches. Advance praise for the second edition: "The Challenging Cases are compelling both from a scientific viewpoint and for the perspective they provide on the history of medicine." David M. Jameson, University of Hawaii "Using case studies to reinforce the biochemistry lessons is extremely effective - as well as entertaining!" Joseph P. Albanesi, UT Southwestern Medical Center Advance Praise for the first edition: "This textbook provides a modern and integrative perspective of human biochemistry and will be a faithful companion to health science students following curricula in which this discipline is addressed. This textbook will be a most useful tool for the teaching community." Joan Guinovart Former director of the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain, and former president of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IUBMB

The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, has a high metabolic demand. The physiology of the brain is such that it is easily affected by alterations in other systems, which in turn can compromise cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Together the brain and spinal cord control the automatic function of our body systems. While other systems of body controls individual functions, central nervous system at the same time does many different functions, especially, controlling the function of other systems. This interaction between the brain and other systems is important when it comes to understanding how injuries to the brain can, at times, produce complications in remote organs or systems of the body, such as the lungs. This book explains the lesser-known crosstalks between acutely or chronically affected brain and lung, describing the pathophysiology of the lung following brain injury and discussing in detail the conflicts between the brain and lungs in relation to the tidal volumes, positive end-expiratory pressures, arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, recruitment maneuvers and positioning, as well as potential therapeutic targets.

This new edition now includes case studies. These new examples of the application of the methodologies to the real world of professional sport are invaluable Provides key, comprehensive coverage of physiology testing and guidelines in an area where there are a lot of different protocols used and data interpretation methods employed Presents research and instruction from contributors with a wealth of experience and reputation within the areas

This book represents the first European effort to provide a collection of test descriptions used in evaluation of the compatibility of biomaterials in contact with tissues and blood. The urge to compile this book arose from the fact that it is the properties of the material which ultimatively seem to determine the functional outcome of a medical device, almost regardless of how ingenious the construction of the very device is. The longer the exposure is, the more important these basic properties become. Unfortunately only a small part of the interactive phenomena is fully elucidated and understood. This challenge reflects itself in an effort to cover numerous aspects of testing, beginning with fundamental analysis of the material, continuing with the mechanical properties, the resistance to degradation and the analysis of surface and chemical properties including adsorption patterns of proteins ending with test on cell cultures, ex vivo and in vivo. A number of the tests which are generally accepted as being important are already described as official requirements (primarily Pharmacopeas). These official requirements are not included in order to limit the size of the book. It is the aim of this book to present the tests like a recipe in a uniform way to ease the reader in finding his/her way through the material and to present it as a kind of "cook-book" in an order to provide an easy access to copy the procedures. This has unfortunately not been possible in all circumstances.

Provides students and researchers comprehensive, vital and robust guidelines for clinical sport testing. The new edition provides an increased coverage of special populations compared with the previous edition reflecting the increasing importance of the area Brings together internationally recognised and BASES accredited experts for each section

This proceedings volume highlights a selection of papers presented at the 7th International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing, which took place in Hanoi, Vietnam, during March 19-23, 2018. The conference has been organized by the Institute of Mathematics of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, the Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) of Heidelberg University and the Vietnam Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics. The contributions cover a broad, interdisciplinary spectrum of scientific computing and showcase recent advances in theory, methods, and practical applications. Subjects covered include numerical simulation, methods for optimization and control, machine learning, parallel computing and software development, as well as the applications of scientific computing in mechanical engineering, airspace engineering, environmental physics, decision making, hydrogeology, material science and electric circuits.

BL The first book devoted to human baroreflexes A comprehensive review of baroreflex involvement in human diseases, this book places the most recent understanding of human physiology solidly in the context of knowledge from animals. This book secures a place for human studies in the understanding of baroreflex physiology and pathophysiology and celebrates the advances made. By describing clearly the existing deficiencies in the understanding of baroreflex mechanisms, it points a way for future research in this exciting and important area of medical science. Nerve endings in the walls of the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch transduce arterial pressure changes and provide the central nervous system with a steady stream of encoded information. On the basis of this information, efferent autonomic neural activity is modulated finely, and the neurohumoral milieu of the heart and blood vessels is adjusted on a second-to-second basis. The arterial baroreflex may be the most important of the cardiovascular control mechanisms, because the baroreflex, above all other reflex mechanisms is the one whose speed is most adequate to respond rapidly to the abrupt transients of arterial pressure that occur in daily life. This book will help to fix a place for human studies in the understanding of baroreflex physiology and pathophysiology. It is intended as a celebration of the advances that have been made and, by describing clearly the existing deficiencies in the understanding of baroreflex mechanisms, it points a way for future research in this exciting and important area of medical science.

In this book, Professor Kostyuk reviews the progress that has been made in recent years in understanding the mechanisms by which calcium ions regulate nerve cell function. He covers all aspects of the topic, from the interaction of calcium ions with the external surface of the plasma membrane, to the function of transient changes in cytoplasmic calcium concentration. A major part of the book is devoted to a discussion of the different types of receptor- and voltage-operated calcium channels, and the basis of their selectivity, gating, inactivation, and pharmacological modulation. Professor kostyuk then describes the development of calcium conductance during ontogenesis, before discussing the fate of calcium ions in the cell. He assesses the contribution made by the release of calcium from internal stores to cytoplasmic calcium transients, and analyses mechanisms by which this release may be controlled. The first book in the Oxford Neuroscience Series, Calcium Ions in Nerve Cell Function meets the need for a comprehensive book drawing together the enormous body of research on this important topic. It has been written with a wide audience of neuroscientists in mind: it will be indispensable to specialists in the field, but will also provide an accessible review for non-specialists.

This book summarizes the latest advances in pain research. All the chapters were contributed by speakers from Asian Pain Symposium (APS) on Acute and Chronic Pain, which was held in Taipei in 2017. Founded in Kyoto, Japan in 2000, the APS serves as a platform for scientists to present recent findings in pain research and discuss research orientation in this field. APS 2017 focused on novel strategies for pain treatment. Written by experts from various disciplines, from molecular to functional, and from basic to clinic studies, this book is composed of 18 review articles on the physiology and pathology of pain in these research fields. Specific topics include circuitry, neurotransmitter, physiology, behavior, neuropathology, pharmacology, and the treatments for neuropathic pain disorders. The book is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in pain medicine and neuroscience.

Cannabis Use, Neurobiology, Psychology, and Treatment offers readers a comprehensive reference on neurological changes, both transient and long-term, and other factors surrounding the use of these compounds and extracts. With coverage of both natural and synthetic cannabinoids, this broad coverage allows readers to learn about both adverse and non-adverse effects, including reactivity to pain, changes in behavior, and neuroactivity. This volume provides a platform for research on the effects of these compounds in brain function and neurological dysfunction. Extracts from the Cannabis sativa plant contain scores of psychoactive compounds in addition to the principal agent tetrahydrocannabinol, many of which are neuroactive.

This book contains the refereed contributions from the 41st annual meeting of ISOTT. The annual meetings of ISOTT bring together scientists from various fields (medicine, physiology, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, etc.) in a unique international forum. Traditionally, ISOTT conferences are a place, where an atmosphere of interaction is created, where many questions are asked after each presentation and lively discussions occur at a high scientific level. This vivid interaction is the main motivation for members to participate and gain new ideas and knowledge in the broad field of oxygen transport to tissue. The papers in this volume summarize some of the outstanding contributions from the 41st annual meeting. Special features in this volume include invited presentations from senior members of ISOTT for the theme "the wisdom of ISOTT" in which founders, past presidents and prize winners from previous meetings provided both cutting edge new knowledge and integrated overviews of critical aspects of the field. The presentations and manuscripts also include those provided by the special opportunity provided by having part of the ISOTT meeting overlap with the EPR-2013 meeting where both focused on preclinical and clinical measurements of oxygen, with a particular emphasis on cancer. Chapters 22, 24, 25 and 26 are open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.

In this book, brain cholinergic systems are examined by leading authorities drawn from the fields of morphology, immunochemistry, electrophysiology, behaviour, and the study of cognitive disorders. The book covers major aspects of the organization and connectivity of cholinergic systems at the light and electron-microscopic levels, intrinsic electrophysiological properties, and ionic conductances of central cholinergic neurons. It also discusses the effects of brainstem and basal forebrain cholinergic systems upon thalamic and cortical neurons, plasticity processes in the thalamins and cerebral cortex; and studies on Alzheimer's disease.

Athymic Nude Rat Brain Atlas provides the first stereotaxic brain atlas of the athymic nude rat (Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu), a T-cell deficient mouse model frequently used for experimental studies and pre-clinical safety and efficacy studies. This 2D vector-based atlas contains coronal, sagittal and horizontal brain sections of an athymic rat brain compared to SD rats both processed in parallel, stained with cresyl violet (Nissl) and placed in 3D using Cinema 4D using "flat" skull Bregma and Lambda as anatomical landmarks for correct placement in the 3D environment. Each brain structure is illustrated as a volume, making it easy to compare the two rat strains, allow for precise targeting, and better calculate coordinates to target specific structures for toxin, virus or cell delivery using stereotaxic surgery. This atlas will serve the needs of any neuroscientist who wishes to work with these mice in experimental and pre-clinical studies. In addition, it will serve as a valuable resource for the wider research community using nude rats.

This book provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the morphological, biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and metabolic properties of vascular smooth muscle, the regulation of vascular activities and the intracellular signaling involved. It particularly focuses on newly identified vasoactive agents, enzymes and transduction mechanisms. It also discusses the latest findings in the regulation of cerebral, coronary and pulmonary circulation as well as vascular activity under hypoxia and ageing. The second edition intends to update the contents of the first edition with the latest achievements in the regulation of vascular activities from biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects. In addition, two new chapters related to microRNA and extracellular vesicles have been added to reflect their newly discovered important roles in vascular activities. The contraction and dilatation activities of vasculature are of fundamental importance for maintaining circulation homeostasis and adapting to physiological changes. Over the last four decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of vascular activity regulation, and these insights into the responsiveness of blood vessels under normal and pathophysiological conditions help to provide valuable weapons in the fight vascular diseases. The book is of interest to researchers and graduate students, both in basic research and in clinic settings, in the field of vascular biology.

This book provides complete, systematic coverage of the methods of electrical stimulation of the brain, a technique used by many psychologists and physiologists to study the neural organization of behavior-producing systems. It includes discussion of the fundamental principles and gives readers an in-depth treatment of current issues and brain stimulation tactics. Useful to physiological psychologists, neurophysiologists, and graduate students, Principles of Brain Stimulation contains full coverage of refractory periods, spatial effects, and two-electrode stimulation, as well as unique appendix materials on paired-pulse stimulation of axon bundles along with practical notes. This is an especially valuable guide for use in the laboratory or in laboratory courses.

This book provides a homogeneous inventory of weighted and averaged human olfactory thresholds for hundreds of chemicals. Until now data on olfactory thresholds has not been standardized and different values have been scattered throughout the literature. The authors have gathered together threshold values and have used a systematic approach to standardization, collecting masses of data from a wide variety of sources to arrive at a standard threshold value for each chemical. A short explanation of the mathematical methods used by the authors is given, while the bulk of the book is taken up by the table of values. This is a comprehensive reference for scientists working in chemoreception, zoology, food science, government health regulation, and others for whom it is important to measure levels of air-borne chemicals.

This book examines how the growing knowledge of the huge range of protist-, animal-, and plant-bacterial interactions, whether in shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding of biology. The establishment and maintenance of these interactions and their contributions to the health and survival of all partners relies on continuous cell-to-cell communication between them. This dialogue may be concerned with all aspects of the biology of both partners. The book includes chapters devoted to exploring, explaining, and exposing these dialogues across a broad spectrum of plant and animal eukaryotes to a broad field of biologists. Key Features Explores the nature of the interactions between eukaryotic hosts and their microbial symbionts Examines the links between prostist, animal, and plant evolution and microbial communities Reviews specific taxa and the microbial diversity associated with these taxa Illustrates the role microbes play in the physiology and etiology of several model species Includes chapters by an international team of leading scholars

In a normal physiological state, several bacteria are present in the human gut that is essential to maintain the normal to healthy gastrointestinal function. Disturbances in this "normal flora" lead to gut inflammation and infection. This volume explores the potential of probiotics, the healthy bacteria, to manage gut-related diseases including gastrointestinal cancers, ulcerative colitis, H. pylori infections, and diarrhea; vaginosis; oral health; airway inflammation; and atopic dermatitis. The concept of designer probiotics, edible vaccines and future scope of research in the field is also presented. The animal models used for studying the benefits of probiotics in gut inflammation are described for beginners.

The Springer Handbook of Enzymes provides concise data on some 5,000 enzymes sufficiently well characterized and here is the second, updated edition. Their application in analytical, synthetic and biotechnology processes as well as in food industry, and for medicinal treatments is added. Data sheets are arranged in their EC-Number sequence. The new edition reflects considerable progress in enzymology: the total material has more than doubled, and the complete 2nd edition consists of 39 volumes plus Synonym Index. Starting in 2009, all newly classified enzymes are treated in Supplement Volumes."

Because of his international prominence, Professor Khan has been able to gather an enviable list of experts in the field to contribute their experience with airway management in a multitude of clinical settings. The critical appraisal of the airway authored by the editor, Professor Khan, sets the stage for the important preoperative tests that may alert the clinician of the potential for a difficult airway so that appropriate plans can be made. The formidable "guest list" of authors spans the world and encompasses clinicians from Malaysia, the United States, Pakistan, India, Denmark, Singapore, Germany, Canada and Iran. What is equally remarkable is the list of topics discussed in the textbook and the varied clinical settings in which airway management is likely to pose particular and unique challenges: pediatrics; patients with cervical spine injury and those with traumatic brain injury; ambulatory surgery; patients with obstructive sleep apnea and obstetric patients. The book also addresses the latest in technological advances that can aid the clinician in diagnosing and managing the difficult airway, such as ultrasonography and also describes surgical approaches to managing the difficult airway, such as cricothyrotomy. Finally, underscoring the truly international appeal of the textbook and acknowledging the potential technological limitations of the developing world, a chapter is dedicated to the use of indigenous devices in managing the difficult airway.