In this reference, the author thoroughly reviews the current state of condensed phosphate chemistry. A unique feature of this volume is an examination of the recent developments in X-ray structural techniques, reporting on fundamental results obtained through their use. Enhanced by comprehensive tables reporting crystal data, chapters identify and characterize more than 2,000 compounds. Additional features include a concise survey of the historical development of condensed phosphate chemistry; the presently accepted classification system; a review of each family of condensed phosphates and much more.

The purpose of this volume is to present the latest planetary studies of an international body of scientists concerned with the physical and chemical aspects of terrestrial planets. In recent years planetary science has developed in leaps and bounds. This is a result of the application of a broad range of scientific disciplines, particularly physical and chemical, to an understanding of the information received from manned and unmanned space exploration. The first five chapters expound on many of the past and recent observations in an attempt to develop meaningful physical-chemical models of planetary formation and evolution. For any discussion of the chemical processes in the solar nebula, it is important to understand the boundary conditions of the physical variables. In Chapter 1, Saf ranov and Vitjazev have laid down explicitly all the physical constraints and the problems of time-dependence of nebular evolutionary processes. Planetary scientists and students will find in this chapter a collection of astrophysical parameters on the transfer of angular momentum, formation of the disk and the gas envelope, nebular turbulence, physical mixing of particles of various origins and growth of planetesimals. The authors conclude their work with important information on ev olution of terrestrial planets. Although symbols are defined in the text of the article, readers who are not familiar with the many symbols and abbreviations in astrophysical literature will find it useful to consult the Appendix for explanations."

As nanomaterials and their end products occupy the pinnacle position of consumer markets, it becomes vital to analyze their generation processes. One of the green chemistry principles underlines the need for unusual energy sources to generate them. Utilizing the extreme energy from the collapse of cavitation bubbles, generated by either ultrasound or hydrodynamic forces, for the generation of nanomaterials is a merit to consider in this "Green Chemical Processing Era." A wide range of nanomaterials have been developed in the past decade using cavitation or coupling cavitation with other techniques such as microwave, photochemistry, and electrochemistry, resulting in nanomaterials with unique morphologies, reduced size, narrow size distribution, and innumerous advantages. While a few currently available books deal with the fundamental aspects of cavitation and sonochemistry, this book is devoted specifically to the technologically important nanomaterials obtained by cavitation.

The commercial availability and decreasing cost of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in recent years has opened up the field to everybody who wishes to apply these unique properties in their own technologies. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of these applications, and covers the synthesis, characterization and history of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, their use as metallasilsesquioxane catalysts, their effect upon polymer properties and plastics performance, and their use in superhydrophobic nanocomposites, and electronics, energy, space and biomedical applications.

"Applications of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes" is a valuable reference for those working across a range of disciplines, including chemists, materials scientists, polymer physicists, plastics engineers, surface scientists, and anybody with a commercial or academic interest in plastics, composite materials, space materials, dental materials, tissue engineering, drug delivery, lithography, fuel cells, batteries, lubricants, or liquid crystal, LED, sensor, photovoltaic or biomedical devices.

The aim of this compilation has been to provide a comprehensive, non-criti cal source of information concerning organometallic compounds. The scope is limited to the compounds containing at least one carbon-metal bond. The in formation includes methods of preparation, properties, chemical reactions, and applications. The First Edition comprised the literature from 1937 to 1958. The Second Edition is completely revised and extended through 1964. The literature prior to 1937 was thoroughly covered by E. Krause and A. von Grosse in I~ie Chemie der meta11-organischen Verbindungen, " Verlag von Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 1937. Our work consists of three volumes. Volume I contains derivatives of the transition metals of Groups III through VIII of the Periodic Table. Volume II contains derivatives of germanium, tin, and lead. Volume III contains derivatives of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. The compilation is based on searches through Chemical Abstracts. The col lection of references for 1964 was completed before the Subject Indexes to Volumes 60 and 61 of the Abstracts were available; thus some omissions in the coverage of that year are possible. We have attempted to make the coverage of the literature complete in order that the compilation may have best utility to the chemist, chemical engineer, patent attorney, and editor. In the interest of brevity, certain numerical data are omitted, but references to the original literature are given. Yield data are rounded to two significant figures. Wherever possible, tables have been used. The entries in the Bibliography section include references to Chemical Abstracts.

According to R.H. Crabtree, Metal Dihydrogen and sigma-Bond Complexes is described as 'the definitive account of twentieth-century work in the area of sigma complexation'. It covers not only Kubas' discovery of dihydrogen coordination and the study of its structure and general properties but also discusses both the theoretical beliefs and experimental results of bonding and activation of dihydrogen on metal centers and the coordination and activation of C-H, B-H, X-H, and X-Y bonds, giving an overview of 'one of the hottest areas in chemistry'.

In the short time since the first nitroxyl radical was obtained in 1959, a new branch of chemical science has arisen and taken shape-the chemistry of stable nitroxyl radicals. The present book was written by E. G. Rozantsev, one of the pioneers in this field and a prominent specialist on stable radicals at the Division of Chemical and Biological Processes of the Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. His numerous papers have contributed greatly to the present situation, wherein nitroxyl radicals have acquired unusually wide popularity, including the fields of biology, medicine, chemis try, physics, biophysics, and instrument construction. A clear illustration of the astonishingly vigorous development of this new field of chemistry can be given by the enormous flow of information on the synthesis and use of nitroxyl radicals. There is no doubt that this monograph, which in part generalizes the results of many workers studying these radicals, will be received with interest by specialists working in this field. The author has not attempted to give an exhaustive account of the material. His aim is to introduce the reader to this new field and to show the wide possibilities for using radicals in scientific experiment. The voluminous bibliography, including many papers by the author himself which may not be well enough known to the American reader, will undoubtedly contribute to the usefulness of the monograph."

Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary subject, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occuring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about one hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities ofwaste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and was te products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems."

1.1 The Role of Silicon as a Semiconductor Silicon is unchallenged as a semiconductor base material in our present electronics indu stry. The reasons why it qualifies so strongly for this particular purpose are manyfold. The attractive combination of physical (electrical) properties of silicon and the unique properties of its native oxide layer have been the original factors for its breathtaking evolution in device technology. The majority of reasons, however, for its present status are correlated with industrial prosessing in terms of charge units ( economy), reliability (reproducibility), and flexibility, but also its availability. The latter point, in particular, plays an important role in the different long-term projects on the terrestrial application of solar cells. Practically inexhaustive resources of silicon dioxide form a sound basis even for the most pretentious programs on future alternatives to relieve the present situation in electrical power generation by photovol taics. Assuming a maximum percentage of 10% to be replaced by the year 2000 would roughly mean a cumulative annual production of 2 million metric tons of crude silicon (based on present solar cell standards) ). To illustrate the orders of magnitude that have to be discussed in pertinent programs: Today, the industrial silicon capacity of non-communistic countries (including ferrosili con and other alloys by their relative Si-content) amounts to some 2 million tons per year."

Ruthenium Oxidation Complexes explores ruthenium complexes, particularly those in higher oxidation states, which function as useful and selective organic oxidation catalysts. Particular emphasis is placed on those systems which are of industrial significance. The preparation, properties and applications of the ruthenium complexes are described, followed by a presentation of their oxidative properties and summary of the different mechanisms involved in the organic oxidations (e.g. oxidations of alcohols, alkenes, arenes and alkynes, alkanes, amines, ethers, phopshines and miscellaneous substrates). Moreover, future trends and developments in the area are discussed. This monograph is aimed at inorganic, organic, industrial and catalysis chemists, especially those who wish to carry out specific organic oxidations using catalytic methods.

The present book is based on the work of M.N.Bochkarev, G.S.Kalinina, L.N. zakharov and S.Ya.Khorshev. The Russian edition of that book appeared under the same title in 1989 and covered literature data up to the middle of 1986. Since that time the number of publications on this subject increased significantly. In this volume we include all the data published up to the end of 1990, as well as some of the most important relevant articles of 1991. Therefore, this book should be considered as a new book, devoted to the same problems, rather than as just a translation of the mentioned issue. This book deals with compounds of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lanthanoids containing direct metal-carbon bond, Le. with the real organometallic complexes of these metals. Besides, the volume includes the rare earth complexes, in which organic ligand is bonded to the metal atom via the atom of another element of the Periodic Table. In other words, the book includes all classes of rare earth organoderivatives. Carboxilates, fl-diketonates and related chelates are the exceptions, because their properties are closer to inorganic compounds and they were fully described elsewhere. It should be noted, that "rare earth elements," "rare earth metals," "lanthanoids" and related terms are used in this book for indicating scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the following 14 elements of the Periodic Table.

The term "carbon-functional organosilicon compound" is used for organosilicon compounds in which a functional group is bonded to an organic moiety that is in turn con nected to silicon via a Si-C bond. Thus, only Si-Cn-Y com pounds (Y designates a functional group) will be discussed in this book 1 Si-O-Cn-Y compounds will in general not be considered, although the latter group does include a large number of natural substances containing silylated hydroxyl groups. (Because of the differing importance of various Y groups, the reader will find some deviation from this restriction). Finally, compounds containing a silyl group as the functional group are not considered. An overview of the field of organosilicon chemistry would show that in the last several decades the commercial synthesis of organosilicon products has increased substan tially, both in annual production and also in the increasing variety of compounds produced. This increase in the number of commercially available carbon-functional monomers and polymers (silicone polymers) is most remarkable and is occurring because new applications are continually being found for these compounds. As might be expected, the number of publications in this field is also increasing. The important position of silicon in the periodic table - between carbon, aluminum, and phosphorus - means that an understanding of the nature of the bonds in organosilicon compounds is quite important in order to understand the bonding in these other areas."

1. R.G. Pearson Chemical Hardness - An Historical Introduction 2. P.K. Chattaraj Density Functional Theory of Chemical Hardness 3. J.L. Gazqu z Hardness and Softness in Density Functional Theory 4. L. Komorowski Hardness Indices for Free and Bonded Atoms 5. N.H. March The Ground-State Energy of Atomic and Molecular Ions and Its Variation with the Number of Elections 6. K. Sen Isoelectronic Changes in energy, Electronegativity, and Hardness in Atoms via the Calculations of 7. P. Politzer, J.S. Murray, M.E. Grice Charge Capacities and Shell Structures of Atoms 8. R. F. Nalewajski The Hardness Based Molecular Charge Sensitivities and Their Use in the Theory of Chemical Reactivity 9. B.G. Baekelandt, R. A. Schoonheydt, W.J. Mortier The EEM Approach to Chemical Hardness in Molecules and Solids: Fundamentals and Applications 10. J.A. Alonso, L. C. Balbas Hardness of Metallic Clusters

The second edition of this textbook is identical with its fourth German edi tion and it thus has the same goals: precise definition of basic phenomena, a broad survey of the whole field, integrated representation of chemistry, physics, and technology, and a balanced treatment of facts and comprehen sion. The book thus intends to bridge the gap between the often oversimpli fied introductory textbooks and the highly specialized texts and monographs that cover only parts of macromolecular science. The text intends to survey the whole field of macromolecular science. Its organization results from the following considerations. The chemical structure of macromolecular compounds should be inde pendent of the method of synthesis, at least in the ideal case. Part I is thus concerned with the chemical and physical structure of polymers. Properties depend on structure. Solution properties are thus discussed in Part 11, solid state properties in Part Ill. There are other reasons for dis cussing properties before synthesis: For example, it is difficult to understand equilibrium polymerization without knowledge of solution thermodynamics, the gel effect without knowledge of the glass transition temperature, etc. Part IV treats the principles of macromolecular syntheses and reactions."

The chemistry of transition metal carbyne complexes has become a highly attractive field during the past twenty years. In recent years its application to aspects of catalysis and metathesis has gained considerable interest from inorganic as well as organic chemists. In addition, organic synthesis by means of metal carbon multiple bond reagents offers the most sophisticated technology currently available. In consideration of these developments some of Professor E. O. Fischer's former coworkers and colleagues felt obliged to orga nize this NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes in the Bavarian Alps. They have been encouraged by the fact that most of the distinguished scientists in the field of metal-carbon multiple bond chemistry had finally agreed to participate and to present stimulating lectures. The organizers of the workshop are deeply grateful to the Scientific Affairs Division of the NATO for the generous financial support of the meeting in Wildbad Kreuth and for the preparation of this book. They also feel indebted to acknowledge the generous support from Wacker-Chemie, BASF, Peroxid-Chemie, Hoechst and Bayer. Finally they thank the staff of the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung in Wildbad Kreuth for providing a pleasant and stimu lating atmosphere during the meeting."

This translation from the original Russian book outlines the production of a variety of materials by methods of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The types of materials discussed include: hard, refractory, corrosion and wear-resistant materials, as well as other advanced and specialty materials. The authors address the issue of optimal parameters for SHS reactions occurring during processes involving a preliminary metallothermic reduction stage, and they calculate these using thermodynamic approaches. In order to confirm the effectiveness of this approach, the authors describe experiments focusing on the synthesis of elemental crystalline boron, boron carbides and nitrides. Other parts of this brief include theoretical and experimental results on single-stage production of hard alloys on the basis of titanium and zirconium borides, as well as macro kinetics of degassing and compaction of SHS-products. This brief is suitable for academics, as well as those working in industrial manufacturing companies producing hard alloys and composites for making metal-working machinery or drilling equipment.

This volume documents the proceedings of the Second Symposium on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects held under the aegis of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of the Electrochemical Society in Montreal, Canada, May 7-10, 1990. The first symposium on this topic was held in Chicago, October 10-12, 1988 and the proceedings of l which have been chronicled in a hard-bound volume l As pointed out in the Preface to the proceedings of the first symposium the metallized plastics find scores of applications ranging from very mundane to very sophisticated. Even a cursory look at the literature will convince that this field has sprouted; and there is every reason to believe that with all the research and development activities taking place, new and exciting applications of metallized plastics will emerge. The program for the second symposium was very comprehensive as it included 46 papers covering many aspects of metallized plastics. This symposium was a testimonial to the brisk research activity and keen interest in the topic of metallized plastics. The success of this symposium reinforced our earlier belief that there was a definite need to hold symposia on this topic on a regular basis. Concomitantly, the third symposium in this vein was held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 13-18, 1991 and the fourth is planned for May 16-21, 1993 in Honolulu, Hawaii. As regards the present volume, it contains a total of 35 papers covering a variety of topics ranging from very fundamental to very applied.

All existing introductory reviews of mineralogy are written accord ing to the same algorithm, sometimes called the "Dana System of Mineralogy." Even modern advanced handbooks, which are cer tainly necessary, include basic data on minerals and are essentially descriptive. When basic information on the chemistry, structure, optical and physical properties, distinguished features and para genesis of 200-400 minerals is presented, then there is practically no further space available to include new ideas and concepts based on recent mineral studies. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to present a book beginning where introductory textbooks end for those already famil iar with the elementary concepts. Such a volume would be tailored to specialists in all fields of science and industry, interested in the most recent results in mineralogy. This approach may be called Advanced Mineralogy. Here, an attempt has been made to survey the current possibilities and aims in mineral mater investigations, including the main characteristics of all the methods, the most important problems and topics of mineralogy, and related studies. The individual volumes are composed of short, condensed chap ters. Each chapter presents in a complete, albeit condensed, form specific problems, methods, theories, and directions of investigations, and estimates their importance and strategic position in science and industry."