The main subject division of this book include the theory of Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; measurement and standardization of diffuse reflectance; instrumentation; application to color measurement and physical, inorganic, and organic chemistry; and applications in chromatographic analysis.While the use of reflectance spectroscopy dates from the 1920s, it has only been in the last decade that its analytical potential has been developed. Interestingly, much of the early research involved industrial uses where measurement of color was required. The development and acceptance of thin-layer chromatography has opened up new areas of analysis for the application of this technique.It is not the purpose of this book to delve deeply into the theoretical aspects of reflectance spectroscopy, as this book has already been done in several previous books. Insofar as it is possible, this book is an up-to-date guide to instruments and techniques intended primarily for the chemical analyst, though it is hoped that it may contain information of interest to other scientists. The potential for the application of this technique is great and the authors feel confident that the coming decade will see many interesting developments in this type of spectroscopy study, particularly in the field of analysis.

Much has been written about immobilized enzymes during this period of time. So much, in fact, that it can become difficult even for those involved in developing new enzymatic food processing operations to bridge the gap between the field of immobilized enzymes and their specific requirements. It is the purpose of this book to assist those engaged in this difficult task. It is also a goal to bring to the researcher in enzyme immobilization an appreciation for the requirements of the food processing industry.

This volume contains fundamental knowledge regarding the structure and mechanisms of organic sulfur chemistry. Topics include sulfur bondings, effects of sulfur groups, stereochemistry around sulfur, substitution, ligand coupling within s-sulfurane, oxidation, reduction and rearrangement. References in this work total over 2,300. Anyone with an interest in organic sulfur chemistry will find this book to be fascinating reading.

A compilation of all the known information on terpenoids specifically triterpenoids, is presented in these volumes. The most important available information on a particular compound is discussed, such as its isolation/occurence, available spectral data, and leading references on structural determination. Additionally, triterpenoids synthesis, biosynthesis, proven pharmacological properties, and any known applications are explained. A comprehensive general introduction has been included which surveys the development of triterpenoid chemistry from the beginning to the present. Extremely helpful is the selected list of references to books and reviews dealing with various aspects of triterpenoid chemistry.

Reasons for the study of tissue materials are discussed. Specific aspects of the musculo-skeletal system are considered, the main emphasis being on bone. Structure and different mechanical properties of parying types of bone are discussed by the authors, with the concluding chapter dealing with mechanically mediated electrical properties and their relevance to bone structure and to growth or repair.

In order to get a general concept of organophosphorus pesticides with such a variety in structure and biological activities, consideration of each aspect of chemistry, biochemistry, and the applied sciences is necessary. This book consists of these three main parts. After the presentation of the background of phosphorus chemistry in Chapter 1, stress was put on the chemical and biochemical reactions of organophosphorus pesticides, including synthesis, analysis, metabolism mode of action, and other interesting aspects in Chapter 2 to 4, and on the structure-pesticidal activity relationship in Chapter 5.

Synthesis Using Vilsmeier Reagents presents a comprehensive account of the whole of Vilsmeier chemistry, including the formation of over 50 functional groups and over 50 different ring systems by means of Vilsmeier reagents. The highly structured ordering, by means of functional groups and extensive cross-referencing, enables even the non-specialist to gain an immediate grasp of the subject matter. The potential and versatility of Vilsmeier chemistry makes this major reference work essential for every industrial and academic chemistry library. It should be consulted by every practicing organic chemist and owned by every specialist.

Academia and industry join forces in Aromatic Fluorination, as an expert from each domain contributes to this new text on fluorination of carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings. The book begins with a discussion of fluorine's unique combination of properties, including size, electronic effects, and hydrophobicity, as well as the historical development of its product applications. It explains methods for introducing fluorine into an aromatic ring, focusing on nucleophilic fluorine transfer reactions. The role of catalysts, solvents, and other variables are examined, and the scope and limitations of the methods are discussed. Of particular interest to those working in non-specialist laboratories, Aromatic Fluorination includes detailed descriptions of the new electrophilic routes to fluoroaromatics, in addition to traditional routes and alternative methods involving radical chemistry. Because one of the most important fluorine-containing substituent is CF3, the book explains routes to benzotrifluorides (ArCF3), including traditional industrial methods and modern alternatives employing C-1 halofluorocarbons and other fluoroaliphatics. An alternative to CF3 is CF3S, and several methods of synthesizing aromatic CF3S-containing molecules are described. Since the successful development and diverse applications of aromatic fluorine compounds have led to the search for new compounds and novel substituents, the incorporation of other substituents is also explored. Aromatic Fluorination concludes with discussion of the factors responsible for the successful development of pharmaceutical, agrochemical and liquid crystal applications and the potential for applications in high-performance polymers and other areas. This section also describes in detail important industrial aromatic fluorination processes and the relative merits of different process technologies and their costs.

The biomass emphasis in on material of terrestrial plant origin, although principles are directly transferable to aquatic plants with similar components. Products of animal origin are not included. Since animal fats and oils are not considered, it seemed logical to exclude vegetable oils as well. Biomass emphasis is on material of terrestrial plant origin, although the principles are directly transferrable to aquatic plants with similar components.

The present volume deals with the application of the following techniques; computational chemistry, X-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. The book will discuss how these methods can be used to study steric aspects of biomolecular interactions.

A thorough understanding of stereochemistry is essential for the comprehension of almost all aspects of modern organic chemistry. It is also of great significance in many biochemical and medicinal disciplines, since the stereoisomers of a compound can have dramatically different biological properties. This text explains how the different properties of stereoisomers of a compound arise, and what processes can be used to prepare and analyze stereoisomerically pure compounds. It also presents prominent coverage of the stereochemistry of inorganic and organometallic compounds, which is likely to increase in importance, as these compounds are used as symmetric catalysts in asymmetric synthesis. Modern stereochemical terminology is used throughout, although reference is also made to older terms which are still widely used. A set of problems at the end of each chapter aims to further the reader's understanding of how the content can be applied. The book is designed mainly as a textbook for undergraduate students and as a reference source for more advanced levels, but is also intended for academic and professional organic chemists.

To fully utilize Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a comprehensive and well-organized compilation of NMR data is necessary. While compilations have been available for other important NMR nuclei, such as carbon and fluorine, no comprehensive collection of data has been prepared for phosphorus-until now. The CRC Handbook of Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data provides a collection of 31P NMR chemical shifts for nearly 20,000 organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Each class of phosphorus compound is discussed. Bond types, stereochemistry (with the exception of metal complexes), media, important coupling constants, and data sources are included. The information is systematically organized according to coordination state, the atoms bound to phosphorus, and their connectivities. A comprehensive series of bar charts is also included to allow structure types to be assigned to chemical shift data. This handbook is an invaluable resource for all scientists working with phosphorus compounds, including chemists, biochemists, medical researchers, and pharmaceutical chemists.

Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 54, covers the synthesis, testing and recording of the medicinal properties of natural products, providing cutting edge accounts of the fascinating developments in the isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, biosynthesis and pharmacology of a diverse array of bioactive natural products. Natural products in the plant and animal kingdom offer a huge diversity of chemical structures that are the result of biosynthetic processes that have been modulated over the millennia through genetic effects. With the rapid developments in spectroscopic techniques and accompanying advances in high-throughput screening techniques, it has become possible to isolate and then determine the structures and biological activity of natural products rapidly, thus opening up exciting opportunities in the field of new drug development to the pharmaceutical industry.

Piperidine-Based Drug Discovery outlines the complexities of Piperidine scaffold use in drug discovery, including derivative chemistry, structural properties, methods of synthesis and practical implementations. Piperidine scaffolds are the cornerstones of over 70 commercialized drugs (including multiple blockbusters). Designed as a guide for both experts and students working in this and related areas, it is hoped that this volume will encourage and inspire the continued design and development of novel pharmaceuticals based on Piperidine and its derivatives. Heterocyclic compounds are of central importance to medicinal chemistry, as demonstrated by the high percentage of marketable drugs that feature heterocyclic fragments in their structures. As starting points for drug discovery they offer a broad range of attractive properties, and a detailed understanding of the particular characteristics of each is of great benefit to researchers. The most commonly used heterocycle among US FDA approved pharmaceuticals, Piperidine is an extremely important building block in the synthesis of medicinal agents. This heterocycle and its derivatives exhibit a number of important functionalities and have been employed variously as CNS modulators, antiaggregants, anticoagulants, antihistamines, anti-cancer drugs and analgesics.

Dehydroacetic Acid and Its Derivatives: Useful Synthons in Organic Synthesis outlines the use of DHA and its derivatives for the synthesis of pharmacologically active heterocyclic compounds. Beginning with an introduction to the chemistry and reactivity of Dehydroacetic Acid, the book goes on to outline the key ring transformation reactions of DHA. The synthesis of various derivatives is then discussed, before a wide range of metal complexes of DHA are explored in detail. The book then concludes with a review of DHA's biological importance and its impressive range of pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and analgesic properties. For those researching the synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds, this book is a valuable guide on the fundamental knowledge needed to facilitate and enhance the successful synthesis of lead molecules.

In the last 10 years a proliferation of information concerning the lantibiotics and related peptide antibiotics has come to the fore. This is the first book to summarize this information comprehensively and concisely. Unlike other reviews, which consider the lantibiotics in isolation, this book brings together for the first time the concepts and interrelationships between lantibiotics and other antibiotics, bacteriocins and antimicrobial peptides. This conceptualization should stimulate new ideas, discussion and research in many areas of antibiotic research.

With potentially high specificity and low toxicity, biologicals offer promising alternatives to small-molecule drugs. Peptide therapeutics have again become the focus of innovative drug development efforts backed up by a resurgence of venture funds and small biotechnology companies. What does it take to develop a peptide-based medicine? What are the key challenges and how are they overcome? What are emerging therapeutics for peptide modalities? This book answers these questions with a holistic story from molecules to medicine, combining the themes of design, synthesis and clinical applications of peptide-based therapeutics and biomarkers. Chapters are written and edited by leaders in the field from industry and academia and they cover the pharmacokinetics of peptide therapeutics, attributes necessary for commercially successful metabolic peptides, medicinal chemistry strategies for the design of peptidase-resistant peptide analogues, disease classes for which peptide therapeutic are most relevant, and regulatory issues and guidelines. The critical themes covered provide essential background information on what it takes to develop peptide-based medicine from a chemistry perspective and views on the future of peptide drugs. This book will be a valuable resource not only as a reference book for the researcher engaged in academic and pharmaceutical setting, from basic research to manufacturing and from organic chemistry to biotechnology, but also a valuable resource to graduate students to understand discovery and development process for peptide-based medicine.

Building upon the extensive compilation of biochemical data featured in Volume I of the Handbook of Eicosanoids, the new Volume II describes the past, present, and potential future impact of eicosanoid research on new drug development. The reader is taken from a historical perspective through state-of-the-art basic concepts to extensive tabulation of molecular structures of compounds known to act via the eicosanoid system. Much emphasis is given to recent breakthroughs in the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and the development of receptor antagonists for prostaglandins and leukotrienes. There is also an introductory chapter that proposes areas that require further investigation and novel approaches using existing technology. This handbook will thus be invaluable for medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and all those involved in basic research in the eicosanoid area. In addition, many parts of this handbook are suitable for use by university lecturers and students. There are 20 figures and 44 extensive tables as well as a bibliography containing more than 2,000 references that complement the text.

This book illustrates and teaches the finer details of the tactics and strategies employed in the synthesis of organic molecules. As well as providing model answers to the problems, the book discusses, in detail, the reasons why particular strategies are chosen, and why, in given circumstances, alternative methods or routes may or may not be appropriate. As such it could be used as a stand alone volume for the teaching of organic chemistry with a modern and appropriate emphasis on synthesis. Extensive cross referencing to Principles of Organic Synthesis allows the two books to be used as companion volumes.

Taking medication is a common occurrence for many people, whether it is to soothe an aching head, regulate blood sugars, or to treat life threatening conditions. In the UK alone, over 900 million prescriptions are dispensed every year. Overseeing all of this are pharmacists: experts in medicines and their use. Pharmaceutical Chemistry provides a wide-ranging overview of organic chemistry as applied to the study and practice of pharmacy. Drugs are simply chemicals, so to fully understand their manufacture, formulation, and the way they work in our bodies, a knowledge of organic compounds and their reactions is essential. By reading this book, students will begin to understand how a drug molecule is made; the process that turns it into a medicine; the role the pharmacist has when dispensing that medicine; and what happens in the body when it is taken. Most importantly, the text shows how each of these aspects are integrated, helping you to see the bigger picture. Pharmaceutical Chemistry is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources. The ebook offers a mobile experience and convenient access: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks. The online resources include: For students: - Self-assessment questions to help the reader to check and reinforce understanding of the material introduced in each chapter - Bonus material to accompany chapters 3, 7 and 11 - Answers to self-check questions from the book For registered adopters of the book: - Figures from the book, available to download.

Quite possibly the first comprehensive text on galactomannans, Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharides compiles information on their industrial uses in the form of gums including locust bean, guar, tara, fenugreek, cassia-tara, and Sesbania-bisipinasa varieties. The book describes how galactomannans are currently produced commercially and how they have become industrial commodities. It provides a simple and clear introduction to these vital substances, it compares their various sources. Highlights General chapters on carbohydrates, hydrocolloids and associated rheology, interactions of galactomannans, and derivatization of polysaccharides A brief history of each product gum, cultivation of the plant sources, seed, habitat, chemical structure, functional properties, manufacturing processes, and applications Special focus on the most representative galactomannans: guar and locust bean gums An in-depth compilation of industrial galactomannans information, this book is designed for the manufacturers, traders, and end users of galactomannans, as well as technologists in polysaccharides-related industries and scientists and academics interested in carbohydrates.

Since the publication of the benchmark first edition of this book, chemical library and combinatorial chemistry methods have developed into mature technologies. There have also been significant shifts in emphasis in combinatorial synthesis. Reflecting the growth in the field and the heightened focus on select areas, Analytical Methods in Combinatorial Chemistry, Second Edition updates a classic text and captures the current state of these technologies. Written by leaders in the field, this second edition includes several enhancements. A chapter on high-throughput analytical methods and informatics reflects the demand for quality control of library members. A new chapter focuses on high-throughput purification methods. All chapters have been updated with new data. Topics discussed in this second edition include: Properties of solid-phase samples, analytical studies targeted to understand these properties, and resin swelling Fourier Transform Infrared techniques On-support mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance methods used in the reaction optimization stage Combinatorial library analysis using spectrophotometric, fluorometric, and other methods Quality control of combinatorial libraries High-throughput purification methods Future directions and analytical challenges The coming decade is sure to usher in a new wave of progress in this critical field. This volume provides not only an analysis of the recent developments in analytical methods, technologies and applications; it also provides a window on future possibilities.

Used in the production of a wide number of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction represents a synthetic process of great interest to organic chemists of academia and industry. Nearly 40 years since the last major treatise on the topic and reflecting the growing emphasis on green technology, Advances in Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reactions: Catalytic and Green Processes focuses on how to make this reaction more economically and environmentally friendly by using green acylating conditions, thus minimizing the formation of waste and decreasing production costs. Divided into four parts, the book explores stoichiometric acylations, catalytic homogeneous acylations, catalytic heterogeneous acylations, and phenol acylations. It is structured according to the role played by the catalyst in the activation of reagents as well as in the different modes of regioselectivity encountered in the acylation of arenes, aromatic ethers, and phenols. Incorporating examples of all acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions, the text considers classic Lewis and Broensted acid types along with more innovative and advanced multicomponent superacid catalysts. These range from rare earth triflates or triflimides and their combination with ionic liquids to metal-promoted zeolites and zeotypes, clays, polymetal oxides, sulfated zirconia, heteropoly acids, and Nafion. The book emphasizes the major industrial applications, providing a critical assessment of the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Helping readers to better understand the mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the examples in the book substantiate the development of more effective catalysts and more selective processes achieved during the last few decades, enabling industry to embark on a safer and more efficient synthesis of aromatic ketones for the manufacture of a wide array of products.

Authored by leading experts in the enzymology of natural product biosynthesis, this textbook provides a thorough description of the types of natural products, the biosynthetic pathways that enable the production of these molecules, and an update on the discovery of novel products in the post-genomic era. Although some 500-600,000 natural products have been isolated and characterized over the past two centuries, there may be a 10-fold greater inventory awaiting immediate exploration based on biosynthetic gene cluster predictions. The approach of this book is to codify the chemical logic that underlies each natural product structural class as they are assembled from building blocks of primary metabolism. This text will serve as a reference point for chemists of every subdiscipline, including synthetic organic chemists and medicinal chemists. It will also be valuable to bioinformatic and computational biologists, to pharmacognocists and chemical ecologists, to bioengineers and synthetic biologists.