A complete account of the theory of the diffraction of x-rays by crystals with particular reference to the processes of determining the structures of protein molecules, this book is aimed primarily at structural biologists and biochemists but will also be valuable to those entering the field with a background in physical sciences or chemistry. It may be used at any post-school level, and develops from first principles all relevant mathematics, diffraction and wave theory, assuming no mathematical knowledge beyond integral calculus.
The book covers a host of important topics in the area, including:
- The practical aspects of sample preparation and x-ray data collection, using both laboratory and synchrotron sources
- Data analysis at both theoretical and practical levels
- The important role played by the Patterson function in structure analysis by both molecular replacement and experimental phasing approaches
- Methods for improving the resulting electron density map
- The theoretical basis of methods used in refinement of protein crystal structures
- In-depth explanation of the crucial task of defining the binding sites of ligands and drug molecules
- The complementary roles of other diffraction methods which reveal further detail of great functional importance in a crystal structure.

This is a new volume in the "Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry" series focusing on separating supramolecular structures, a key step in supramolecular chemistry. Two guest editors have been at the forefront of the development of chromatographical methods to deal with supramolecular systems. Reactions of supramolecular structures show the way into the future of chemistry. Fumio Toda is one of the driving forces in the development of supramolecular separation systems. This is a practical title in the prestigious "Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry" series.

Covers application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) in extraction of aromatics and polyaromatics from fuel oil by Liquid-Liquid extraction Studies eutectic behavior with respect to hydrocarbon and aqueous solutions Describes molecular dynamics insights of extraction by DES Explores possible industrial applicability of potential DES Includes results from Gaussian, NAMD and PACKMOL software packages

This book focuses on molecular space chemistry, which is recognized as an important concept for the design of novel functional materials and catalysts. A wide variety of topics and ideas included in this book are based on that concept. The book showcases recent representative examples of molecular space design to create functional materials and catalysts possessing unique properties. This unique volume will be of great interest to chemists in a wide variety of research fields, including organic, inorganic, biological, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry. Readers will obtain new ideas and directions to create novel functional molecules, and those ideas will lead to innovative views of science.

This second edition was updated to include some of the recent developments, such as "increased-valence" structures for 3-electron-3-centre bonding, benzene, electron conduction and reaction mechanisms, spiral chain O4 polymers and recoupled-pair bonding. The author provides qualitative molecular orbital and valence-bond descriptions of the electronic structures for primarily electron-rich molecules, with strong emphasis given to the valence-bond approach that uses "increased-valence" structures. He describes how "long-bond" Lewis structures as well as standard Lewis structures are incorporated into "increased-valence" structures for electron-rich molecules. "Increased-valence" structures involve more electrons in bonding than do their component Lewis structures, and are used to provide interpretations for molecular electronic structure, bond properties and reactivities. Attention is also given to Pauling "3-electron bonds", which are usually diatomic components of "increased-valence" structures for electron-rich molecules.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

The classic reference on the synthesis of medicinal agents --now completely updated The seventh volume in the definitive series that provides a quick yet thorough overview of the synthetic routes used to access specific classesof therapeutic agents, this volume covers approximately 220 new non-proprietary drug entities introduced since the publication of Volume 6.Many of these compounds represent novel structural types firstidentified by sophisticated new cell-based assays. Specifically, a significant number of new antineoplastic and antiviral agents are covered. As in the previous volumes, materials are organized by chemical class and syntheses originate with available starting materials. Organized to make the information accessible, this resource covers disease state, rationale for method of drug therapy, and the biological activities of each compound and preparation. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Volume 7 is a hands-on reference for medicinal and organic chemists, and a great resource for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in organic and medicinal chemistry.

The Nobel Prize is science's highest award, as is the case with non-science fields too, and it is therefore arguably the most internationally recognized award in the world. This unique set of volumes focuses on summarizing the Nobel Prize within organic chemistry, as well as the specializations within this specialty. Any reader researching the history of the field of organic chemistry will be interested in this work. Furthermore, it serves as an outstanding resource for providing a better understanding of the circumstances that led to these amazing discoveries and what has happened as a result, in the years since. An outstanding resource which enables readers to better understand the conditions that led to these Nobel Prize amazing discoveries To an extent the roots of organic chemistry have been forgotten or lost and this set of volumes bridges the gap Unique set of volumes, no other book publication in the field competes and only press releases announcing the prizes from recent years exist "More than any other branch of chemistry, organic chemists look to history, so the readers will certainly enjoy this compilation " Appeals to a diverse audience including upcoming as well as modern practicing chemists, and provides the historical context of these discoveries

G. Sandford: Perfluoroheteroaromatic Chemistry: Multifunctional Systems from Perfluorinated Heterocycles by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Processes.- A. A. Gakh: Monofluorinated Heterocycles.- R. Dembinski Y. Li D. Gundapuneni A. Decker: Synthesis of beta-Halofurans.- Y. Shermolovich S. Pazenok: Synthesis of halogenated 5- and 6-membered sulfur- and Sulfur, Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles.- S. Minakata Y. Takeda J. Hayakawa: Heterocyclic Reagents Containing Nitrogen-Halogen Bond: Recent Applications.- Michael Schnurch: Recent Progress on the Halogen Dance Reaction on Heterocycles.- T. Kosjek E. Heath: Halogenated Heterocycles as Pharmaceuticals.- E. Heath T. Kosjek: Sources, Occurrence and Fate of Halogenated Heterocyclic Pharmaceuticals in the Environment.- J. Iskra: Green Methods in Halogenation of Heterocycles."

Dipolar Recoupling, by Niels Chr. Nielsen, Lasse A. Strasso and Anders B. Nielsen.-

Solid-State NMR Techniques for the Structural Determination of Amyloid Fibrils, by Jerry C. C. Chan.-

Solid-State 19F-NMR of Peptides in Native Membranes, by Katja Koch, Sergii Afonin, Marco Ieronimo, Marina Berditsch and Anne S. Ulrich.-

Probing Quadrupolar Nuclei by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Recent Advances, by Christian Fernandez and Marek Pruski.-

Solid State NMR of Porous Materials Zeolites and Related Materials, by Hubert Koller and Mark Weiss.-

Solid-State NMR of Inorganic Semiconductors, by James P. Yesinowski.-"

This book covers the role of water in global atmospheric phenomena, focussing on the physical processes involving water molecules and water microparticles. It presents the reader with a detailed look at some of the most important types of global atmospheric phenomena involving water, such as water circulation, atmospheric electricity and the greenhouse effect. Beginning with the cycle of water evaporation and condensation, and the important roles played by the nucleation and growth processes of water microdroplets, the book discusses atmospheric electricity as a secondary phenomenon of water circulation in the atmosphere, comprising a chain of processes involving water molecules and water microdroplets. Finally, the book discusses aspects of the molecular spectroscopy of greenhouse atmospheric components, showing how water molecules and water microdroplets give the main contribution to atmospheric emission in the infrared spectrum range. Featuring numerous didactic schematics and appendices detailing all necessary unit conversion factors, this book is useful to both active researchers and doctoral students working in the fields of atmospheric physics, climate science and molecular spectroscopy.

Winner of the PROSE Award for Chemistry & Physics 2010

Acknowledging the very best in professional and scholarly publishing, the annual PROSE Awards recognise publishers' and authors' commitment to pioneering works of research and for contributing to the conception, production, and design of landmark works in their fields. Judged by peer publishers, librarians, and medical professionals, Wiley are pleased to congratulate Professor Ian Fleming, winner of the PROSE Award in Chemistry and Physics for "Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions."

Molecular orbital theory is used by chemists to describe the arrangement of electrons in chemical structures. It is also a theory capable of giving some insight into the forces involved in the making and breaking of chemical bonds--the chemical reactions that are often the focus of an organic chemist's interest. Organic chemists with a serious interest in understanding and explaining their work usually express their ideas in molecular orbital terms, so much so that it is now an essential component of every organic chemist's skills to have some acquaintance with molecular orbital theory.

"Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions" is both a simplified account of molecular orbital theory and a review of its applications in organic chemistry; it provides a basic introduction to the subject and a wealth of illustrative examples. In this book molecular orbital theory is presented in a much simplified, and entirely non-mathematical language, accessible to every organic chemist, whether student or research worker, whether mathematically competent or not. Topics covered include:

- Molecular Orbital Theory

- Molecular Orbitals and the Structures of Organic Molecules

- Chemical Reactions -- How Far and How Fast

- Ionic Reactions -- Reactivity

- Ionic Reactions -- Stereochemistry

- Pericyclic Reactions

- Radical Reactions

- Photochemical Reactions

"Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions: Student Edition" is an invaluable first textbook on this important subject for students of organic, physical organic and computational chemistry.

The Reference Edition edition takes the content and the same non-mathematical approach of the Student Edition, and adds extensive extra subject coverage, detail and over 1500 references. The additional material adds a deeper understanding of the models used, and includes a broader range of applications and case studies. Providing a complete in-depth reference for a more advanced audience, this edition will find a place on the bookshelves of researchers and advanced students of organic, physical organic and computational chemistry. Further information can be viewed here.

""These books are the result of years of work, which began as an attempt to write a second edition of my 1976 book Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions. I wanted to give a rather more thorough introduction to molecular orbitals, while maintaining my focus on the organic chemist who did not want a mathematical account, but still wanted to understand organic chemistry at a physical level. I'm delighted to win this prize, and hope a new generation of chemists will benefit from these books." - Professor Ian Fleming"

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects - properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance - of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students

Despite the growing interest in this new generation of water soluble carbon-chain polymers, there are few books available covering their physicochemical properties. Professor Kirsh has addressed this by writing a book which brings together data on their synthesis, properties and applications. The best known of the group is poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP), discovered in Germany in 1939, hence this book concentrates on PVP and the correlation of its properties with other poly-N-vinylamides. Poly-N-vinylamides are widely used in the creation of many synthetic polymeric materials and recent discoveries have increased their use in medicine and biotechnology. This book will therefore appeal to a wide readership from polymer and materials scientists, through to biotechnologists and those working in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive series in this area-one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. As the disciplines of biology and organic chemistry increasingly intersect, the nomenclature of organic chemistry is increasingly used in explanations across a variety of applications and areas of study. Users will find this comprehensive update of the subject matter to be a valuable addition to their library of reference materials.

Elastomers and rubberlike materials form a critical component in diverse applications that range from tyres to biomimetics and are used in chemical, biomedical, mechanical and electrical engineering. This updated and expanded edition provides an elementary introduction to the physical and molecular concepts governing elastic behaviour, with a particular focus on elastomers. The coverage of fundamental principles has been greatly extended and fully revised, with analogies to more familiar systems such as gases, producing an engaging approach to these phenomena. Dedicated chapters on novel uses of elastomers, covering bioelastomers, filled elastomers and liquid crystalline elastomers, illustrate the established and emerging applications at the forefront of physical science. With a list of experiments and demonstrations, problem sets and solutions, this is a self-contained introduction to the topic for graduate students, researchers and industrialists working in the applied fields of physics and chemistry, polymer science and engineering.

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive series in this area-one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists. As biology and organic chemistry increasingly intersect, the nomenclature of organic chemistry is increasingly used in explanations. This volume, number 114, covers topics including Diels-Alder of furans for synthesis, metal carbenoids, electron-rich heterocycles, synthesis of heterocyclic natural products, viridin and Wortmannin, and dihydropyridine intermediates.

This book discusses the extraction, purification, modification, and processing of biobased materials and their various industrial applications, across biomedical, pharmaceutical, construction, and other industries. It includes contributions from experts on hybrid biopolymers and bio-composites, bioactive and biodegradable materials, bio-inert polymers, natural polymers and composites, and metallic natural materials. Therefore, this encyclopedia is a useful reference for scientists, academicians, research scholars, and technologists. Major challenges of biobased materials are their efficient development, cost-effective, and green & environment friendly production/applications. This encyclopedia answers these challenges to professionals and scientists for proper utilization of biobased materials. It presents the recent practices of biobased materials technology in different scientific and engineering domains. It helps the bounded industrial outcomes to reach the general readership of different domains. This encyclopedia bridges the technological gaps between the industrial and academic professionals and the novice young students/scholars. The interdisciplinarity of this encyclopedia makes it unique for a wide readership. The topic of biobased materials is currently popular in the scientific community, working in such following areas as Recycled materials, Renewable materials, Materials for efficiency, Materials for waste treatment, Materials for reduction of environmental load, Materials for easy disposal or recycle, Hazardous free materials, Materials for reducing human health impact, Materials for energy efficiency, Materials for green energy, etc. This is a relatively hot topic in materials science and has strong demands for energy, material and money savings, as well as heavy contamination problems, despite that the area of biobased materials belongs to most important fields of modern science & technology, no important encyclopedias have been published in the area of "biobased materials"

Cancer is an incredibly diverse and difficult disease to treat, and even after decades of research there is no definitive cure. Therefore, it is highly crucial to search for novel and new organic molecules with high potency, low toxicity, and low mutagenicity with selective anticancer properties that are able to overcome frequently developed resistance to available drugs. Heterocyclic anticancer agents are an important class of drugs for cancer therapies. This book explores different heterocycles and their use as anticancer therapies. Topics covered include different heterocyclic derivatives, the impact of heterocycles on anticancer agent development, and naturally occurring heterocycles.

This book proposes a novel concept for molecular recognition. In the field of asymmetric synthesis approaching the mature science, asymmetric discrimination and catalytic synthesis of chiral supramolecules still stand as unsolved problems. The extreme difficulty in asymmetric synthesis of such supramolecules may result from the mobile nature of supramolecular chirality. Here the author shows the first highly enantioselective synthesis of mechanically chiral supramolecules. In the presence of a chiral organocatalyst, a mechanically planar chiral rotaxane was obtained with p erfect enantiopurity (>99% ee) with an excellent selectivity. The dynamic and flexible recognition mode enabled asymmetric synthesis of supramolecules with conformational flexibility and mobility. The recognition mode of the catalyst is a contrast to the traditional static and rigid recognition mode of the typical conventional catalysts. The concept of dynamic molecular recognition will be adopted as a novel concept in a wide range of fields beyond the field of organic chemistry, including material chemistry, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry.

A riveting look at the science, technology and people involved in overcoming early impracticalities of the fledgling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis method and its development in today's state of commercial readiness. Provides insights into numerous vapor phase techniques. Surveys the synthesis, structure, properties and applications of diamondlike carbon. Details current and rapidly emerging applications, manufacturing and markets.

Comprehensive and up-to-date, the book brings together for the first time synthetic nitration methods and mechanistic aspects of both aromatic and aliphatic nitrations. Researchers and students will appreciate the complete perspective of the whole field that this unique work offers.

In the case of students, this laboratory preparations manual can be used to find additional experiments to illustrate concepts in synthesis and to augment existing laboratory texts. A name reaction index is also included to direct the reader to the location where specific reactions appear in this manual.
The industrial chemist is frequently required to prepare a variety of compounds, and this manual can serve as a convenient guide to choose a synthetic route.
Key Features
* Offers detailed directions for the synthesis of various functional groups
* Includes up-to-date references to the journal literature and patents (foreign and domestic)
* Reviews the chemistry for each functional group with suggestions where additional research is needed
* Name reactions are indexed along with the preparations cited

Filling a gap in the scientific literature, Room Temperature Organic Synthesis is unique in its authoritative, thorough, and applied coverage of a wide variety of "green" organic synthetic methodologies. The book describes practical, feasible protocols for room temperature reactions to produce carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations including aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic, heterocycles, and more. Consistently organized for easy access, each selected reaction is discussed in a very compact and structured manner including: reaction type, reaction condition, reaction strategy, catalyst, keywords, general reaction scheme, mechanism (in selected cases), representative entries, experimental procedure, characterization data of representative entries, and references. This book will be a valuable resource for synthetic organic, natural products, medicinal, and biochemists as well as those working in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry.