This volume summarises recent developments and possible future directions for small molecule X-ray crystallography. It reviews specific areas of crystallography which are rapidly developing and places them in a historical context. The interdisciplinary nature of the technique is emphasised throughout. It introduces and describes the chemical crystallographic and synchrotron facilities which have been at the cutting edge of the subject in recent decades. The introduction of new computer-based algorithms has proved to be very influential and stimulated and accelerated the growth of new areas of science. The challenges which will arise from the acquisition of ever larger databases are considered and the potential impact of artificial intelligence techniques stressed. Recent advances in the refinement and analysis of X-ray crystal structures are highlighted. In addition the recent developments in time resolved single crystal X-ray crystallography are discussed. Recent years have demonstrated how this technique has provided important mechanistic information on solid-state reactions and complements information from traditional spectroscopic measurements. The volume highlights how the prospect of being able to routinely "watch" chemical processes as they occur provides an exciting possibility for the future. Recent advances in X-ray sources and detectors that have also contributed to the possibility of dynamic single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods are presented. The coupling of crystallography and quantum chemical calculations provides detailed information about electron distributions in crystals and has resulted in a more detailed understanding of chemical bonding. The volume will be of interest to chemists and crystallographers with an interest in the synthesis, characterisation and physical and catalytic properties of solid-state materials. Postgraduate students entering the field will benefit from a historical introduction to the subject and a description of those techniques which are currently used. Since X-ray crystallography is used so widely in modern chemistry it will serve to alert senior chemists to those developments which will become routine in coming decades. It will also be of interest to the broad community of computational chemists who study chemical systems.

Is the first to present the historic background and numerous case studies on Moebius topology in mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, molecular medicine, physics and nanomaterials, literature, arts, and architecture Covers research on Moebius strip topology-controlled nanodevices for use in chemistry, biology, physics, and material sciences, including aspects from modern computer simulations for molecular design and engineering Highlights case studies on Moebius topology from the 18th-19th century up to the present years, taking examples from Europe, America, Australia, and Asia Reports on how drug-delivery techniques can be revolutionized through the development of topologically protected ring-shaped nanoproteins, such as Moebius-type cyclotides; the structural stability of such bioengineered nanodevices allows for better drug transport across the blood-brain barrier Reports on the spectacular modern architecture of buildings and bridges inspired by Moebius strip topology in Berlin, Amsterdam, Beijing, and Changsha Is richly illustrated with excellent figures to accompany each chapter and section Is authored by internationally renowned researchers in the field of magnetic resonance spectroscopy on complex (bio)chemical systems

This book introduces the recent development in Japan of diamond electrodes, which has attracted much attention in the world. For example, electrochemical sensors using diamond electrodes are now being utilized commercially. Newly developing applications such as electrochemical organic synthesis including CO2 reduction are also expected to form an important future technology. Those emerging applications to various fields which are receiving increasing attention are described in detail here. This book is useful not only for students who would like to begin their study of diamond electrodes but also for industries that are exploring novel electrochemical applications.

This book is a compilation of the latest achievements of leading researchers in marine natural products with extremely diverse structures and biological activities. It presents discussions of isolation, structure elucidation, biosynthesis, total synthesis, and biochemical properties of the compounds with characteristic structures such as macrolides, cyclic depsipeptides, alkaloids, and water-soluble heterocyclic low-molecular-weight compounds, from sponges, bacteria, cyanobacteria, flagellates, and other such organisms. The book especially focuses on heterocyclic natural products as a title in the book series, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry.

"Disruption of Protein-Protein Interfaces" reviews the latest developments and future perspectives in drug discovery at protein-protein interfaces. The authors detail experimental and computational tools to tackle the subject and highlight the contribution of the Italian research community to the field. Evidence shows that blocking or modulating protein-protein interactions might lead to the development of useful new drugs. Consequently, in recent years great effort has been dedicated to unveiling the molecular details of protein-protein interfaces by structural techniques e.g. X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy. This book, written and edited by leaders in the field, provides examples from the literature of successes and failures to develop drug-like molecules effective in interacting at protein-protein interfaces.

This book presents an overview of the recent advancements for the synthesis of small- and medium-sized azaheterocycles, including pyrroles, indoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, pyrrolidines, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrazolines, lactams, and 1,2,3-triazoles, which are significant scaffolds for compounds with pharmaceutical uses. The book also discusses various properties and performance attributes of azaheterocycles including their bioactivity and synthetic strategies. Given the contents, the book will be a valuable reference for students, researchers, and professionals interested in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

Catalysts are increasingly used by chemists engaged in fine chemical synthesis within both industry and academia. Today, there exists a huge choice of high-tech catalysts, which add enormously to the repertoire of synthetic possibilities. However, catalysts are occasionally capricious, sometimes difficult to use and almost always require both skill and experience in order to achieve optimal results. This series aims to be a practical help for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experienced chemists in industry and academia working in organic and organometallic synthesis.

The series features:

• Tested and validated procedures.

• Authoritative reviews on classes of catalysts.

• Assessments of all types of catalysts.

• Expertise from the Leverhulme Centre for Innovative Catalysis, Liverpool, UK.

Arguably, catalysis by polyoxometalates has been one of the most successful areas in fundamental and applied catalysis in the last few decades. Industry is using these catalysts for a number of large-scale chemical processes. On the other hand, the enormous versatility of polyoxometalates offers significant opportunities for clean synthesis of fine and speciality chemicals. Much research is focussed on the use of these catalysts in laboratory scale synthesis.

The second volume in the series presents a survey of recent developments in catalysis by polyoxometalates for fine chemicals synthesis. One chapter concentrates on the practical preparation of specific acid and oxidation catalysts. Other chapters describe in detail the use in homogeneous and heterogeneous syntheses.

Environmental Organic Chemistry for Engineers clearly defines the principles of environmental organic chemistry and the role they play in forming remediation strategies. In this reference, the author explores parameter estimation methods, the thermodynamics, and kinetics needed to predict the fate, transports, and reactivity of organic compounds in air, water, and soils. The book's four part treatment starts with the classification of organic molecules and physical properties of natural organic matter, halocarbons, phenols, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and surfactants. An overview of remediation technologies and a discussion of the interactions that lead to physical properties that affect chemical distribution in the environment is also detailed, as are the important reaction classes of organic molecules, including substituent effects and structure and activity relationships found in Part Two and Three. Part four is devoted to the strengths and weaknesses of different remediation technologies and when they should be employed.

Over the past decade, much research effort has been devoted to the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can influence carbon-hydrogen bond activation, mainly because of the prospect that C H activation could enable the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds.

"Alkane C-H Activation by Single-Site Metal Catal"ysis presents the current state-of-the-art development in the catalytic systems for the catalytic trans-formations of alkanes under homogeneous conditions. Chapter 1 offers a comprehensive summary of the main discoveries realized so far. Chapter 2 reviews the so-called electrophilic activation, initiated by Shulpin in the late 60s, and the base for the Catalytica system. Chapter 3 examines the catalytic borylation of alkanes, discovered by Hartwig, whereas chapter 4 provides an updated vision of the alkane dehydrogenation reaction. Chapter 5 covers the oxygenation of C-H bonds, a field of enormous interest with bioinorganic im-plications, and finally chapter 6 presents the functionalization of alkane C-H bonds by carbene or nitrene insertion.

The history of C-H bond activation, and the current research described in this book, highlight the current research and present the reader with an outlook of this field which continues to be explored by an increasingly visionary and enthusiastic group of organic, organometallic, biological and physical chemists."

Transition Metal-Catalyzed Pyrimidine Synthesis: Transition Metal-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis Series provides an overview of pyrimidine, describing properties of these heterocycle compounds and the traditional synthetic procedures used for them. The book then explores catalyzed procedures for pyrimidine synthesis in greater detail and depth than is currently available in published review articles. This volume is part of the short series authored by Xiao-Feng Wu that summarizes recent achievements on heterocycle synthesis with transition metals as catalysts, with each volume dedicated to one heterocycle compound.

Chemistry: The Key to our Sustainable Future is a collection of selected contributed papers by participants of the International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry (ICPAC 2012) on the theme of "Chemistry: The Key for our Future" held in Mauritius in July 2012. In light of the significant contribution of chemistry to benefit of mankind, this book is a collection of recent results generated from research in chemistry and interdisciplinary areas. It covers topics ranging from nanotechnology, natural product chemistry to analytical and environmental chemistry. Chemistry: The Key to our Sustainable Future is written for graduates, postgraduates, researchers in industry and academia who have an interest in the fields ranging from fundamental to applied chemistry.

This volume presents reviews of topical areas in structural determination and structural chemistry, edited from the Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Organic Crystal Chemistry, held at Poznan-Rydzyna, Poland in 1992. In this volume the definition of organic crystallography is interpreted widely to include factors influencing conformation, packing arrangements, and intermolecular bonding, as well as the determination of the positions and motions of the constituent atoms in molecular structures. An opening chapter introduces the edited proceedings which cover some of the most active areas in the structural determination and structural chemistry of small organic molecules in the crystalline state. The final chapter examines the current concerns of the adherents of organic crystallography and the future role and status of organic crystallography in structural science. The volume is divided into four sections: collection and treatment of diffraction data; crystalline-state reactions; structure correlation and structure-activity relations; and conformation, packing, and bonding in molecular crystals.

Throughout the world 10 million tons of wood are used every year for paper-making, cellulose preparations, tobacco filters, cloth and dietary supplements. Wood is mainly composed of polysaccharides and lignin which are hydrophilic and hydrophobic respectively. This book describes the academic approaches to native bonds between lignin and the carbohhydrates in wood and other plants. The roles of lignin-carbohydrates complexes are discussed for practical use and wood processing. The authors describe the close relationship between lignin-carbohydrate complexes and biobleaching of kraft pulp, and the residual lignin in kraft pulp and their contribution to benzylated wood foaming. In addition they introduce the artificial lignin-carbohydrate bond formation and an enzymic degradation of lignin-carbohydrate bonds.

Today's consumers are looking for food products with health-promoting roles in addition to nutritional benefits. With current research showing that nutraceuticals and functional foods rich in specific bioactives may have chemopreventative effects, these products are increasingly popular. However, while much in the literature supports the health-promoting features of these foods, few texts focus on their bioactive agents and their mode of action in cancer signaling. Nutraceuticals and Cancer Signalling: Clinical Aspects and Mode of Action explains the link between nutraceuticals and cancer in terms of clinical trials and modes of action. This book gives an overview of common cancers and their mechanisms, and the most common functional foods and their bioactive components. Individual chapters focus on specific functional foods--including tomatoes, garlic, honey, tea, yoghurt, and many more--their prominent bioactive compounds, and their mode of action in cancer signaling and chemoprevention. Recent findings on cancer-prevention roles of different vitamins and minerals are also discussed. For food scientists, nutritionists, and pharmaceutical experts looking to understand how functional foods can play a role in fighting cancer, this text serves as a one-stop reference.

Handbook of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Second Edition updates and expands the author's popular 2007 work, Synthetic Organic Chemist's Companion. This new handbook provides valuable, practical guidance; incorporates corrections, and includes coverage on important topics, such as lyophylization, crystallization, precipitation, HPLC detectors, gases, and microwave reactions. The book maintains the useful organization of the author's earlier work, beginning with a basic overview and walking through every practical step of the process of organic synthesis, from reagents, solvents, and temperature control, to documentation, implementation, purification, and analytical methods for the product. From planning and setting up reactions, to recording them, the book provides insight and valuable guidance into every step of the process.

Agro-industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production: Apply and Exploit the Emerging and Valuable Use Options of Waste Biomass explores the current state-of-the-art bioprocesses in enzyme production using agro-industrial wastes with respect to their generation, current methods of disposal, the problems faced in terms of waste and regulation, and potential value-added protocols for these wastes. It surveys areas ripe for further inquiry as well as future trends in the field. Under each section, the individual chapters present up-to-date and in-depth information on bioprospecting of agro-industrial wastes to obtain enzymes of economic importance. This book covers research gaps, including valorization of fruit and vegetable by-product-a key contribution toward sustainability that makes the utmost use of agricultural produce while employing low-energy and cost-efficient bioprocesses. Written by experts in the field of enzyme technology, the book provides valuable information for academic researchers, graduate students, and industry scientists working in industrial-food microbiology, biotechnology, bioprocess technology, post-harvest technology, agriculture, waste management, and the food industry.

In this volume, contributions covering the theoretical and practical aspects of multicomponent crystals provide a timely and contemporary overview of the state-of-the art of this vital aspect of crystal engineering/materials science. With a solid foundation in fundamentals, multi-component crystals can be formed, for example, to enhance pharmaceutical properties of drugs, for the specific control of optical responses to external stimuli and to assemble molecules to allow chemical reactions that are generally intractable following conventional methods. Contents Pharmaceutical co-crystals: crystal engineering and applications Pharmaceutical multi-component crystals: improving the efficacy of anti-tuberculous agents Qualitative and quantitative crystal engineering of multi-functional co-crystals Control of photochromism in N-salicylideneaniline by crystal engineering Quinoline derivatives for multi-component crystals: principles and applications N-oxides in multi-component crystals and in bottom-up synthesis and applications Multi-component crystals and non-ambient conditions Co-crystals for solid-state reactivity and thermal expansion Solution co-crystallisation and its applications The salt-co-crystal continuum in halogen-bonded systems Large horizontal displacements of benzene-benzene stacking interactions in co-crystals Simultaneous halogen and hydrogen bonding to carbonyl and thiocarbonylfunctionality Crystal chemistry of the isomeric N,N'-bis(pyridin-n-ylmethyl)-ethanediamides, n = 2, 3 or 4 Solute solvent interactions mediated by main group element (lone-pair) (aryl) interactions

This useful and extensive set of guidelines is designed to assist food control laboratories in gaining accreditation from an internationally recognized external body, providing all of the necessary information and practices in an easy-to-read, step-by-step fashion. Authored by an experienced consultant for laboratory accreditation in many different countries, with this text food control lab owners now have all of the up-to-date information they need to gain accreditation in a single source. Guidelines for Laboratory Quality Managers covers the essentials for quality management in the food control laboratory, from testing processes to current quality management systems. The ISO standards for accreditation are extensively explored, including managerial requirements, organizational aspects, complaint handling procedures, internal audits, and sampling. An entire section is dedicated to the implementation of managerial and technical requirements from quality control to program monitoring and evaluation. Analysis selection, preparation, and validation is covered extensively, and an entire section is dedicated to basic statistics from data presentation to distribution. Each section comes with helpful tips for lab managers plus definitions and terms. Comprehensive, easy-to-use and up-to-date, Guidelines for Laboratory Quality Managers is the guide for accreditation for food control laboratories.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the first type of chemicals that were ever discovered to cause cancer in humans. They are found in cigarette smoke, in barbecued and smoked foods, in automobile and Diesel engine exhaust, fireplace smoke, and many other common things that people are exposed to. Analyzing for PAHs in the environment is important in identifying potential sources of cancer exposure and eliminating these as risks. The smaller PAHs, those of lower than 300 molecular weight, have been the most studied and have also been covered in several books. No books have dealt with the analysis of the larger PAHs. These compounds are not only important for the health concerns, but they are also of current technological and scientific interest.

Supramolecular Chemistry deals with the design, synthesis and study of molecular structures held together by non-covalent interactions. Structures of this type are ubiquitous in nature and are frequently used as blueprints for the design of synthetic equivalents. This book is intended to demonstrate the seminal importance of supramolecular chemistry and self-organization in the design and synthesis of novel organic materials, inorganic materials and biomaterials. With contributions from leading workers in the field, the book shows how the bottom-up approach of supramolecular chemistry can be used to synthesize not only new materials, but function specific molecular devices as well. This book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in chemistry, materials science and physics who need a summary of the most recent developments in the field.

This volume consists of four chapters that cover a structurally diverse range of naturally occurring compounds. Chapter 1 delves into the chemistry of pyrogallols and their oxidized products, the hydroxy-o-quinones, including their role in cycloaddition reactions in the chemical synthesis of several fungal metabolites. Chapter 2 provides an in-depth description of the constituents of agarwood essential oil and smoke samples that are used in the perfumery industry, with an emphasis on the sesquiterpenoid and chromones constituents so far known. Chapter 3 discusses the defensive chemical ecology of two North American newt species that both produce tetrodotoxin, a well-known neurotoxin that causes paralysis and death in metazoans by disrupting electrical signals in the nerves and muscles. Chapter 4 discusses the limonoids and triterpenoids from the genus Walsura of the plant family Meliaceae, of which a number of species are utilized in several southeastern Asian countries in systems of folk medicine.

Enantioselective synthetic methods are not only in the forefront of chemical and pharmaceutical research but activity in this area is constantly increasing. It is stimulated by the urgency to obtain drugs or compounds of medicinal interest as single anantiomers, and the keeness to synthesize natural products in nonracemic form. This volume presents seven chapters from pioneers and authorities in this rapidly expanding field.

The area of macromolecular and supramolecular science and engineering has gained substantial interest and importance during the last decade and many applications can be envisioned in the future. The rapid developments in this interdisciplinary area justify a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in the research of materials and processes that is given in this monograph. This monograph is based primarily on synthetic architectures and systems covered by the contents of selected plenary and invited lectures delivered at the 1st International Symposium on Macro- and Supramolecular Architectures and Materials (MAM-01): Biological and Synthetic Systems, which was held from 11-14 April 2001 on the international campus of the Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology (K-JIST) in Kwangju, South Korea. In addition, it contains several complementing contributions in this novel field of science dealing with synthetic architectures and represents a unique compilation of reviewed research accounts of the in-depth knowledge of macromolecular and supramolecular materials and processes. It comprises 22 pioneering chapters written by 64 renowned experts from 13 different countries.

This much-needed resource brings together a wealth of procedures for the synthesis and practical use of diazocarbonyl compounds. It features methods for the preparation of important catalysts and for applications of diazocarbonyl compounds within each of the main transformation categories-including in-depth coverage of cyclopropanation, C-H and X-H insertion, Wolff rearrangement, ylide formation, aromatic cycloaddition and substitution, and many other useful reactions.
Written by leading experts in the field, this book contains cutting-edge material on highly enantioselective transformations, and presents new ways of thinking about diazocarbonyl compounds and their applications, from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes in organic synthesis to macrocyclic cyclopropanation.
Complete with illustrative examples of procedures in each chapter, clear diagrams, and a detailed bibliography, this practical reference gives readers the tools they need to put diazocarbonyl compounds to work for their own projects-an invaluable source of guidance for synthetic organic chemists, chemical scientists, and advanced students.

A complete account of the theory of the diffraction of x-rays by crystals with particular reference to the processes of determining the structures of protein molecules, this book is aimed primarily at structural biologists and biochemists but will also be valuable to those entering the field with a background in physical sciences or chemistry. It may be used at any post-school level, and develops from first principles all relevant mathematics, diffraction and wave theory, assuming no mathematical knowledge beyond integral calculus.
The book covers a host of important topics in the area, including:
- The practical aspects of sample preparation and x-ray data collection, using both laboratory and synchrotron sources
- Data analysis at both theoretical and practical levels
- The important role played by the Patterson function in structure analysis by both molecular replacement and experimental phasing approaches
- Methods for improving the resulting electron density map
- The theoretical basis of methods used in refinement of protein crystal structures
- In-depth explanation of the crucial task of defining the binding sites of ligands and drug molecules
- The complementary roles of other diffraction methods which reveal further detail of great functional importance in a crystal structure.