Combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity approaches to scientific and novel product R & D have exploded in the 1990s. For example, in the preparation of drug candidates, the automated, permutational, and combinatorial use of chemical building blocks now allows the generation and screening of unprecedented numbers of compounds. Drug discovery - better, faster, cheaper? Indeed more compounds have been made and screened in the 1990s than in the last hundred years of pharmaceutical research. The second volume in this series includes contributions on methods, solid phases, purification, analysis, carbohydrates, patent strategies and tactics, diversity profiling and combinatorial series design, and finishes with a survey of chemical libraries yielding biologically active agents and a compendium of solid phase chemistry publications. Each contribution is prepared by a recognized expert resulting in a high quality account of the recent advances in the field.

Combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity approaches to scientific inquiry and novel product R&D have exploded in the 1990s! For example, in the preparation of drug candidates, the automated, permutational, and combinatorial use of chemical building blocks now allows the generation and screening of unprecedented numbers of compounds. Drug discovery - better, faster, cheaper? Indeed, more compounds have been made and screened in the 1990s than in the last hundred years of pharmaceutical research. This first volume covers: (i) combinatorial chemistry, (ii) combinatorial biology and evolution, and (iii) informatics and related topics. Within each section chapters are prepared by experts in the field, including, for example, in Section I: Coverage of mixture pools vs. parallel individual compound synthesis, solution vs. solid-phase synthesis, analytical tools, and automation. Section II highlights selection strategies and library-based evolution, phage display, peptide and nucleic acid libraries. Section III covers databases and library design, high through-put screening, coding strategies vs. deconvolutions, intellectual property issues, deals and collaborations, and successes to date.

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects - properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance - of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

This collection addresses new research and technology for increased efficiency, energy reduction, and waste minimization in mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, and recycling. Professor Patrick R. Taylor and his students have been studying these topics for the past 45 years. Chapters include new directions in:* Mineral Processing * Hydrometallurgy * Pyrometallurgy * Electrometallurgy * Metals and E waste recycling * Waste minimization (including by-product recovery) * Innovations in metallurgical engineering education and curriculum development

This volume contains the proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, held in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 31 - June 3, 1998. The papers collected represent a summary of the last two years' achievements in the application of cyclodextrins in such diverse fields as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, textiles, chromatography and environmental sciences. Highlights: Chiral selection of chemicals, nuclear waste management, cyclodextrins in nasal drug delivery, cyclodextrins in pulmonary drug delivery, cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical excipients, pharmacokinetics, stabilization of drugs by cyclodextrins, structural characterization of cyclodextrin complexes by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular modeling, artificial receptors, large cyclodextrins, cyclodextrins as enzyme models, new cyclodextrin derivatives and potentials. Audience: This book will be of interest to researchers whose work involves biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food and chemicals and chromatographic methods, as well as fundamental cyclodextrin research.

The importance of molecular recognition in chemistry and biology is reflected in a recent upsurge in relevant research, promoted in particular by high-profile initiatives in this area in Europe, the USA and Japan. Although molecular recognition is necessarily microscopic in origin, its consequences are de facto macroscopic. Accordingly, a text that starts with intermolecular interactions between simple molecules and builds to a discussion of molecular recognition involving larger scale systems is timely. This book was planned with such a development in mind. The book begins with an elementary but rigorous account of the various types of forces between molecules. Chapter 2 is concerned with the hydrogen bond between pairs of simple molecules in the gas phase, with particular reference to the preferred relative orientation of the pair and the ease with which this can be distorted. This microscopic view continues in chapter 3 wherein the nature of interactions between solute molecules and solvents or between two or more solutes is examined from the experimental standpoint, with various types of spectroscopy providing the probe of the nature of the interactions. Molecular recognition is central to the catalysis of chemical reactions, especially when bonds are to be broken and formed under the severe con straint that a specific configuration is to result, as in the production of enan tiotopically pure compounds. This important topic is considered in chapter 4.

The volumes 3/I and 3/J present a modern account of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their heterocyclic analogs in the environment. The authors are internationally well recognized scientists belonging to those working presently in the frontline of the different subfields of this interdisciplinary area of environmental science; they give an integrated thorough overview on this hot topic. Extensive cross-referencing between chapters provides the readers with an easy access to all major areas. Due to the huge amount of material the text is published in two volumes (3/I and 3/J). It is expected that both volumes will soon become a major source of information and inspiration for all researchers actively working in PAH environmental chemistry or ecology.

The first review describes examples of very promising compounds discovered from plants acquired from Africa, Southeast Asia, the Americas, and the Caribbean region with potential anticancer activity. These include plant secondary metabolites of the diphyllin lignan, penta[b]benzofuran, triterpenoid, and tropane alkaloid types. The second review presents 40 more erythrinan alkaloids, which were either new or were missed out in the last major reviews, bringing to a total of 154 known erythrinan alkaloids known to date. The reported pharmacological activities of the new and known alkaloids showed a greater bias towards central nervous system and related activities. Other prominent activities reported were antifeedant or insecticidal, cytotoxicity/anti tumor/anti cancer/estrogenic, antiprotozoal, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities.

The unique properties and applications of transition metal compounds have long fascinated both physicists and chemists. This volume presents theoretical and experimental studies for a deeper understanding of the electronic and vibronic properties of these compounds. In particular, an introduction into properties of spin sublevels of dd*, dA*, and AA* states is given, and a modern ligand field theory based on the Angular Overlap Model is presented. In experimental case studies it is shown how to characterize different types of electronic transitions using modern methods of laser spectroscopy. Consequences of spin-orbit coupling, zero-field splittings, spin-lattice relaxations, chromophore-matrix interactions, Herzberg-Teller/Franck-Condon activities, and localization/delocalization properties are treated.

The applications of biocomposite materials are increasing in aerospace, automobile, and household items due to their biodegradable, renewable, non-corrosion, and high strength to weight ratio properties. The processing and characterization of biofiber-reinforced biocomposite materials are vital for their strength and performance. This book discusses the properties, chemical treatment, and compatibility of biofibers with materials.

This profusely illustrated book is intended to provide a comprehensive exposition of different aspects of organic and name reactions in detail including rearrangements such as mechanisms, stereochemistry and their applications with illustrations, figures, schemes and reaction series in such a way that it should not be difficult for the reader to evaluate typical reaction condition, workup procedure etc. Each chapter is accompanied with conceptual, theoretical and numerical problems along with references. The reaction series of schemes of organic and name reactions provide the way for rapid revision of the topics. All this should be of great help to research scholars, postgraduate students and teachers.

Poly mer Interface and Adhesion provides the critical basis for further advancement in thisfield. Combining the principles of interfacial science, rheology, stress analysis, and fracturemechanics, the book teaches a new approach to the analysis of long standing problemssuch as: how is the interface formed; what are its physical and mechanical properties;and how does the interface modify the stress field and fracture strength of the material.The book offers many outstanding features, including extensive listings of pertinent references,exhaustive tabulations of the interfacial properties of polymers, critical reviews ofthe many conflicting theories, and complete discussions of coupling agents, adhesion promotion,and surface modifications. Emphasis is placed on physical concepts and mechanisms,using clear, understandable mathematics.Polymer Interface and Adhesion promotes a more thorough understanding of the physical,mechanical, and adhesive properties of multiphase, polymer systems. Polymer scientistsand engineers, surface chemists, materials scientists, rheologists, as well as chemical andmechanical engineers interested in the research, development or industrial applications ofpolymers, plastics, fibers, coatings, adhesives, and composites need this important newsource book.

This book promotes a basic understanding of the concept of solubility and miscibility between halogenated hydrocarbons and water. It points out the regularities existing between solubility and physical properties of solute and solvent. The book is valuable to chemists and chemical engineers.

The conventional solvents used in chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical and separation processes represent a great challenge to green chemistry because of their toxicity and flammability. Since the beginning of "the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry" in 1998, a general effort has been made to replace conventional solvents with environmentally benign substitutes. Water has been the most popular choice so far, followed by ionic liquids, surfactant, supercritical fluids, fluorous solvents, liquid polymers, bio-solvents and switchable solvent systems. Green Solvents Volume I and II provides a throughout overview of the different types of solvents and discusses their extensive applications in fields such as extraction, organic synthesis, biocatalytic processes, production of fine chemicals, removal of hydrogen sulphide, biochemical transformations, composite material, energy storage devices and polymers. These volumes are written by leading international experts and cover all possible aspects of green solvents' properties and applications available in today's literature. Green Solvents Volume I and II is an invaluable guide to scientists, R&D industrial specialists, researchers, upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, Ph.D. scholars, college and university professors working in the field of chemistry and biochemistry.

This third volume in the set of books is dedicated to various sustainable approaches in textiles and fashion sector with a focus on fibres and raw materials employed. Sustainability is one of the important aspects in today's industrial context, which is followed by every industrial sector with no exception to textiles and fashion. Sustainability and strict adherence to the principles of sustainability has become as one of the essential needs again for any industrial sector including textiles and fashion. There are countless measures in terms of various approaches to make the textiles and fashion sector sustainable. These measures, but not limited to, ranging from innovating and implementing new fibres and raw materials, introducing innovative manufacturing methods, chemicals, processes to focus on all the possible stages of a textile product's life cycle from cradle to grave. These approaches include making the textiles and fashion sector circular and also development of new products from sustainable raw materials/processes or combination of both.

- Microporous Organic Polymers: Design, Synthesis, and Function By J.-X. Jiang and A. I. Cooper - Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in Metal-Organic Framework Materials By X. Lin, N. R. Champness, and M. Schroeder -Doping of Metal-Organic Frameworks with Functional Guest Molecules and Nanoparticles By F. Schroeder and R. A. Fischer -Chiral Metal-Organic Porous Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Applications in Chiral Separation and Catalysis By K. Kim, M. Banerjee, M. Yoon, and S. Das -Controlled Polymerization by Incarceration of Monomers in Nanochannels By T. Uemura and S. Kitagawa -Designing Metal-Organic Frameworks for Catalytic Applications L. Ma and W. Lin -Magnetic and Porous Molecule-Based Materials By N. Roques, V. Mugnaini, and J. Veciana

As an introductory text book on food engineering principles, this text gives students a firm, quantitative foundation in all aspects of food process and product formulation, packaging, manufacturing processes; engineering aspects of the fate of food in the GI tract; engineering principles of the environmental impact of foods; and principles of process economics and project management. The contents are based on a new definition of Food Engineering which is fit-for-purpose for this day and age: Food Engineering is the work of designing, formulating and manipulating food products which have desired sensory, satiety, health and well-being responses; and developing - across various operational scales - designs for the lowest environmental impact processing, packaging and storage systems capable of realizing the products. Based on this definition, Engineering Principles for Food Process and Product Realization re-defines the core competencies of food engineering, covers the engineering principles needed for food process and product design, and examines the engineering principles relevant to the interactions between food on the one hand, and human health, security and environment on the other - which are the key drivers for the growth of food business. With security, human health and environmental legacy driving business, the engineering paradigm must shift from being farm and preservation focused to becoming consumer focused - which this book aims to achieve. All of these topics are covered at a level that is easy to read and absorb, but with challenging questions and problems which require knowledge integration across topics. This book is uniquely placed to serve as an effective launching pad for undertaking further studies on advanced topics and concepts relating to the design of food processes and products.

The volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, L. Zechmeister, have appeared under the "Springer Imprint" ever since the series inauguration in 1938. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in his field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists, and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.

Molecular similarity searching is fast becoming a key tool in organic chemistry. In this book, the editor has brought together an international team of authors, each working at the forefront of this technology, providing a timely and concise overview of current research. The chapters focus principally on those methods which have reached sufficient maturity to be of immediate practical use in molecular design.

There is no doubt that the field of artificial membrane transport using synthetic ionophores has advanced remarkably in the past 15 years due primarily to the synthesis of new ionophores. Even though the theoretical framework substantially predated this activity, the merging of theory with transport experiment has often been sketchy. The purpose of this outline has been to examine key examples to illustrate the underlying principles and to suggest how experimental variables dominate the results obtained. To a very good approximation the assumption of a "diffusion" regime is often justified, is easily confirmed experimentally and provides a clear framework for exploitation of the inherent selectivity of a given ionophore. Thus for synthetic chemists who wish a "quick and nasty" experiment to examine the question of selectivity, the recipe is clear: a mixture containing all ions of interest in a standard experiment for each ligand of interest using a moderately stirred (100-200 rpm) cell and analysis of the mixture produced on the OUT side of the cell at a fixed, small extent of transport. Together with duplicates and controls, this modest set of experiments will place the results on an unambiguous footing from which clear conclusions about each ionophore's characteristics are readily obtained. For those with more detailed interests in the transport process the demands are correspondingly higher.

The Leguminosae is an economically important family in the Dicotyledonae with many cultivated species, e. g. , beans and peas. The family also contains many well-known medicinal plants. It is composed of 17,000 or more species that constitute nearly one twelfth of the world's flowering plants (1). Traditionally the family has been divided into three subfamilies, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoi- deae, which are sometimes recognized as separate families Caesalpinia- ceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permits alternative nomenclatures, the family names being replaced by Fabaceae, Fabales and Faboideae, and this usage will be common (2). Licorice (liquorice, kanzoh in Japanese, gancao in Chinese) is the name applied to the roots and stolons of some Glycyrrhiza species (Fabaceae) and has been used by human beings for at least 4000 years. The earliest written reference to the use of licorice is contained in the Codex Hammurabi dating from 2100 B. C. , and the subsequent history in the West has been described in the earlier reviews (3-6). In the Far East, references to the effectiveness of licorice are contained in the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", the first Chinese dispensatory whose original anonymous volumes probably appeared by the end of the third century (7, 8).

This book is an enthusiastic account of Pierre Laszlo's life and pioneering work on catalysis of organic reactions by modified clays, and his reflections on doing science from the 1960s to 1990s. In this autobiography, readers will discover a first-hand testimony of the chemical revolution in the second half of the 20th century, and the author's perspective on finding a calling in science and chemistry, as well as his own experience on doing science, teaching science and managing a scientific career. During this period, Pierre Laszlo led an academic laboratory and worked also in three different countries: the US, Belgium and France, where he had the opportunity to meet remarkable colleagues. In this book, he recalls his encounters and collaborations with important scientists, who shaped the nature of chemistry at times of increased pace of change, and collates a portrait of the worldwide scientific community at that time. In addition, the author tells us about the turns and twists of his own life, and how he ended up focusing his research on clay based chemistry, where clay minerals were turned in his lab to catalysis of key chemical transformations. Given its breath, the book offers a genuine information on the life and career of a chemist, and it will appeal not only to scientists and students, but also to historians of science and to the general reader.

This book presents important developments and applications of green chemistry, especially in the field of organic chemistry. The chapters give a brief account of green organic reactions in water, green organic reactions using microwave and in solvent-free conditions. In depth discussions on the green aspects of ionic liquids, flow reactions, and recoverable catalysts are provided in this book. An exclusive chapter devoted to green Lewis acid is also included. The potential of supercritical fluids as green solvents in various areas of organic reactions is explained as well. This book will be a valuable reference for beginners as well as advanced researchers interested in green organic chemistry.

Natural phenolics are powerful bioactive compounds, but their use as antioxidant agents in lipid-based foodstuffs and cosmetics is limited due to their hydrophilic traits. A promising technique to overcome low solubility of phenolics is to increase their hydrophobicity by grafting with lipophilic moiety to form lipid-enriched phenolics (lipo-phenolics). Another way to enhance the amphiphilic traits of phenolics is by lipophilization with phospholipids in a suitable solvent to form phenolics-enriched phospholipids (pheno-phospholipids). Both functionalized phenolics (phenolipids) exhibit high bioavailability and antioxidative potential. Functional phenolics-enriched phospholipids (pheno-phospholipids) play an important role in enhancing the functional properties of both phenolic compounds and phospholipids in food for their use in nutrition and health. Phenolipids have also found applications on an industrial scale, likely due to low costs, the availability of starting material and safety. Recent advances in the field of lipophilization allow accessing molecules with high potency and targeted action covering a wide spectrum of bioactivities. Owing to their cost and availability, phenolipids find applications in niche sectors such as cosmetics and pharmaceutics as well as in the novel food. This book reports on the chemistry, preparation, and functionality of lipid-enriched phenolics (lipo-phenolics), broadening their applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The strategies of the lipophilization of phenolics, the effect of modification on the biological properties and potential applications of the resulting lipo-phenolics are reviewed. The text also discusses the preparation, physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of phenolipids and phytosomes, including the latest developments and their current industrial status.

Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity A comprehensive review of the science of aromaticity, as well as its evolution, from benzene to atomic clusters In Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity: Concepts and Applications, a team of accomplished chemists delivers a comprehensive exploration of the evolution and critical aspects of aromaticity. The book examines the new global criteria used to evaluate aromaticity, including the Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) index and the electronic indices based on electronic properties. Additional discussions of inorganic aromatic compounds developed in this century, which give rise to new concepts like multifold aromaticity, are included. Three-dimensional aromaticity found in fullerenes and nanotubes, Moebius aromaticity present in some annulenes, and excited state aromaticity are explored as well. This volume explores the geometrical, electronic, magnetic, and thermodynamic characteristics of aromatic and antiaromatic compounds and their reactivity properties. It also provides: A thorough historical overview of aromaticity, as well as simple electronic and structural models Comprehensive explorations of organic and inorganic aromatic compounds, concepts of stability and reactivity, and geometric, energetic, magnetic, and electronic criteria of descriptors of aromaticity Practical discussions of heteroaromaticity, as well as Moebius aromaticity and excited state aromaticity In-depth examinations of sigma, pi, delta, and phi aromaticity Perfect for graduate students, researchers, and academics interested in aromaticity, organometallic chemistry, and computational chemistry, Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity: Concepts and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals and researchers working in organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.