This invaluable handbook presents important information on over 500 organic compounds that are used as solvents. Health hazards and safety guidelines are discussed, including the limiting values for airborne exposure, carcinogenicity status, and various official hazard ratings. This handy reference contains many useful data fields, such as:

Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry classifies and organizes the reactions of environmentally important organic compounds using concepts and data drawn from traditional mechanistic and physical organic chemistry. It will help readers understand these reactions and their importance for the environmental fates or organic compounds of many types. The book has a molecular and mechanistic emphasis, and it is organized by reaction type. Organic molecules and their fates are examined in an ecosystem context. Their reactions are discussed in terms that organic chemists would use. The book will benefit organic chemists, environmental engineers, water treatment professionals, hazardous waste specialists, and biologists.
Although conceived as a comprehensive monograph, the book could also be used as a text or reference for environmental chemistry classes at the undergraduate or graduate level.

Up-to-date and written by leading experts, this book is unique in a rapidly expanding field. It provides in-depth discussions and descriptions of the materials, electronic properties and applications of phthalocyanines.

Aspects of phthalocyanines covered include
* synthesis
* polymer aspects
* electronic spectroscopy
* excited state chemistry and physics
* chemical sensors
* biological aspects (e.g. photodynamic therapy of cancer)

The numerous tables, chemical structures, and references are particularly handy source materials for both the novice and experienced researcher and industrial practitioner interested in phthalocyanines.

Employing a multidisciplinary approach to phospholipid research, this work catalogues the current knowledge of this class of molecules and details the general, chemical, physical and structural properties of phospholipid monolayers and bilayers. Phospholipid applications are also covered.

This book is designed for those who have had no more than a brief introduction to organic chemistry and who require a broad understanding of the subject. The book is in two parts. In Part I, reaction mechanism is set in its wider context of the basic principles and concepts that underlie chemical reactions: chemical thermodynamics, structural theory, theories of reaction kinetics, mechanism itself and stereochemistry. In Part II these principles and concepts are applied to the formation of particular types of bonds, groupings, and compounds. The final chapter in Part II describes the planning and detailed execution of the multi-step syntheses of several complex, naturally occurring compounds.

Organic Syntheses Based on Named Reactions: A Practical Encyclopedic Guide to Over 800 Transformations, Fourth Edition is an indispensable reference companion for chemistry students and researchers. The book provides an overview of name reactions based on reaction types and products formed and presents schemes, procedures and references in a simple, one-page format that offers a brief, representative procedure for each name reaction. The book is illustrated with real synthetic examples from literature, with about 3,400 references to primary literature that direct users to additional information. Extensive indexes (name, reagent, reaction) and a very useful functional group transformation index help the reader fully navigate this extensive collection of important reactions.With its comprehensive coverage, superb organization and quality of presentation, this new edition belongs on the shelf of every organic chemist.

Saponins are glycosides of triterpenes, steroids or steroidal alkaloids. They can be found in plants and marine organisms. Very diverse biological activities are ascribed to saponins and they play important roles in food, animal feedstuffs, and pharmaceutical properties. This volume provides a selection of recent work on saponins presented at a symposium in Pulawy, Poland, in 1999. Many different aspects are treated: analysis, separation, biological activities, relevant use in human and animal nutrition, and ecological significance. This book will be of use to researchers both in universities and industry.

Organocatalysis is considered today one of the three pillars in asymmetric catalysis, along with biocatalysis and organometallic catalysis. The possibility to combine organocatalysis with radical chemistry, photocatalysis and enabling technologies opened new avenues in organic synthesis.

This thesis targets molecular or organic spintronics and more particularly the spin polarization tailoring opportunities that arise from the ferromagnetic metal/molecule hybridization at interfaces: the new concept of spinterface. Molecular or organic spintronics is an emerging research field at the frontier between organic chemistry and spintronics. The manuscript is divided into three parts, the first of which introduces the basic concepts of spintronics and advantages that molecules can bring to this field. The state of the art on organic and molecular spintronics is also presented, with a special emphasis on the physics and experimental evidence for spinterfaces. The book's second and third parts are dedicated to the two main experimental topics investigated in the thesis: Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Organic Semiconductors (OSCs). The study of SAMs-based magnetic tunnel nanojunctions reveals the potential to modulate the properties of such devices "at will," since each part of the molecule can be tuned independently like a "LEGO" building block. The study of Alq3-based spin valves reveals magnetoresistance effects at room temperature and is aimed at understanding the respective roles played by the two interfaces. Through the development of these systems, we demonstrate their potential for spintronics and provide a solid foundation for spin polarization engineering at the molecular level.

Species are not functionally independent. From a long-term perspective, only ecosystem with a fully integrated nutrient cycle is alive. The lack of trophic autonomy should be considered one of the key factors that ensure and maintain biodiversity. The variability of abiotic conditions, both in space and in time, also creates a huge diversity of niches and subniches for genotypes and species. In addition, life maintains its essential variables (biomass and productivity) as stable as possible due to the diversity of structures (genes, macromolecules, metabolic pathways, genotypes, species, etc.): the structures that reach optima are multiplied and thus activated, while the functioning of those which lost their optima is suppressed. The facts and concepts presented in this monograph thus support the conclusions that (a) genotype and species diversity is supported by trophic specialisation (b) biodiversity helps to stabilise the functions (essential variables) of individuals, populations, and ecological communities (c) in evolution, the emergence of biodiversity is determined by heritable variation and the advantage of specialised (more effective) structures over non-specialised ones (d) biodiversity is characterised by its ability to increase itself and to organise itself into relatively consistent structures, which we call production pyramids and nutrient cycles. This book therefore provides an answer to the question "why the diversity of life is of such and such a nature".

This comprehensive and unique text presents a full overview of downstream processing useful for those new to the concept as well as professionals with experience in the area. The history and theoretical principles of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS) are covered in depth. Information on ATPS characterization and application is included, and ATPS equilibria and system parameters that have significant effect on partition behavior are studied. Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for Bioprocess Development for the Recovery of Biological Products addresses specific applications of ATPS for the recovery and partial purification of high molecular weight compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides, particulate bioproducts such as cells and organelles and low molecular weight compounds. Non-conventional strategies involving ATPS such as affinity systems, continuous liquid-liquid fractionation stages and the recovery from plant extracts are presented. Economic analysis of the application of ATPS in comparison to other fractionation techniques, particularly liquid chromatography, is considered, as are opportunity and current trends in the ATPS research area. Each chapter utilizes the contributors' experimental expertise in traditional and non-conventional ATPS strategies, as well as analysis of areas of opportunity and perspectives on the development and future applications of ATPS in both the lab and larger scale operations. The result is a thorough and singular overview of ATPS which has not been matched by any other text on the market.

The volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, L. Zechmeister, have appeared under the Springer Imprint ever since the series' inauguration in 1938. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in his field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists, and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.

This book highlights key advances that have occurred in the field of olefin conversion in recent years. The role of homogenous transition metal catalysts which contain an imine functionality is emphasized; their potential applications in the processing and upgrade of olefins to a wide variety of commodity products of very high industrial value is also explored. On the threshold of the fiftieth anniversary of the Noble Prize to Ziegler and Natta, this book gives a critical summary of the state of the art developments in the fascinating and rapidly developing field of the olefin polymerization, oligomerization, and co-polymerization catalysis.

This book should be of interest to organic and biological chemists in universities, professional research chemists in pharmaceutical and dye industries.

Natural gums are polysaccharides consisting of multiple sugar units linked together via glycosidic linkages. Most natural gums reveal appropriate safety for oral consumption in the form of food additives or drug carriers. Challenges related to the utilization of natural polysaccharides, however, include uncontrolled rates of hydration, pH dependent solubility, viscosity reduction during storage, and weak interfacial properties. Modification provides an efficient route for not only removing such drawbacks but also improving physicochemical properties, such as solubility, viscosity and swelling index, and introducing new properties for varied applications.This book provides a comprehensive review of the various modifications on gums to make them suitable for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The book is divided in four parts: an introduction to natural gums followed by in-depth coverage of chemical modification, physical modification, and enzymatic modification of gums. Each chapter includes reaction mechanisms, physicochemical properties, rheological properties, interfacial properties, applications and future perspectives. Presenting a succinct account on gum modification from a practical point of view, this book is a helpful reference for academic and industrial scientists and engineers in food technology, materials chemistry, pharmaceuticals, chemical, industrial, and applied engineering, biochemistry, and biopolymers.

One of the most active areas of contemporary organic chemistry involves the search for new catalysts that borrow concepts, strategies and even components from enzymes but yet are not found in nature. Such artificial enzymes not only give enormous insights into the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis but also offer the potential for catalyzing a wide range of chemical reactions with no counterpart in nature. Several approaches have been taken in the deVelopment of new catalysts, some based on biological methods and others on synthetic techniques. Site directed mutagenesis has allowed the direct replacement of amino acids in an enzyme with resulting changes in stability, selectivity and mechanism. Recent developments have shown that even non-natural amino acids can be incorporated into proteins and also that enzymes can function effectively in organic solvents. A different biological route to artificial enzymes has exploited the immune system and its ability to generate millions of antibodies to a given antigen. Novel antigens have been designed to mimic the transition states of chemical reactions. Antibodies elicited against these antigens thus contain an active site that is complementary to transition state structure and can potentially catalyze target reactions. A broad range of reactions can now be 6 catalyzed using the method with rate accelerations reaching 10 compared to the control reactions. Protein engineering and catalytic antibodies represent complex solutions to the problem of artificial enzymes. Their complexity is however their principal limitation.

This book focuses on chemical reactions and processing under extreme conditions-how materials react with highly concentrated active species and/or in a very confined high-temperature and high-pressure volume. Those ultimate reaction environments created by a focused laser beam, discharges, ion bombardments, or microwaves provide characteristic nano- and submicron-sized products and functional nanostructures. The book explores the chemistry and processing of metals and non-metals as well as molecules that are strongly dependent on the energy deposition processes and character of the materials. Descriptions of a wide range of topics are given from the perspective of a variety of research methodologies, material preparations, and applications. The reader is led to consider and review how a high-energy source interacts with materials, and what the key factors are that determine the quality and quantity of nanoproducts and nano-processing.

Combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity approaches to scientific and novel product R & D have exploded in the 1990s. For example, in the preparation of drug candidates, the automated, permutational, and combinatorial use of chemical building blocks now allows the generation and screening of unprecedented numbers of compounds. Drug discovery - better, faster, cheaper? Indeed more compounds have been made and screened in the 1990s than in the last hundred years of pharmaceutical research. The second volume in this series includes contributions on methods, solid phases, purification, analysis, carbohydrates, patent strategies and tactics, diversity profiling and combinatorial series design, and finishes with a survey of chemical libraries yielding biologically active agents and a compendium of solid phase chemistry publications. Each contribution is prepared by a recognized expert resulting in a high quality account of the recent advances in the field.

This collection explores state-of-the-art methods and protocols for research on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its use in a wide range of medical applications, from antiviral to anticancer. Beginning with an extensive section on in vitro and in vivo models, the volume continues with chapters on oxygen-independent photosensitizers, next-generation photosensitization strategies, contemporary insights into the immunomodulatory effects of PDT, antimicrobial effects of PDT, as well as a variety of general biochemical and molecular biological techniques. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detailed implementation advice that ensures successful results in the lab. Thorough and authoritative, Photodynamic Therapy: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal source of inspiration for both new and established PDT scientists and a guide for designing innovative research programs in this continuously advancing and multidisciplinary field.

Combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity approaches to scientific inquiry and novel product R&D have exploded in the 1990s! For example, in the preparation of drug candidates, the automated, permutational, and combinatorial use of chemical building blocks now allows the generation and screening of unprecedented numbers of compounds. Drug discovery - better, faster, cheaper? Indeed, more compounds have been made and screened in the 1990s than in the last hundred years of pharmaceutical research. This first volume covers: (i) combinatorial chemistry, (ii) combinatorial biology and evolution, and (iii) informatics and related topics. Within each section chapters are prepared by experts in the field, including, for example, in Section I: Coverage of mixture pools vs. parallel individual compound synthesis, solution vs. solid-phase synthesis, analytical tools, and automation. Section II highlights selection strategies and library-based evolution, phage display, peptide and nucleic acid libraries. Section III covers databases and library design, high through-put screening, coding strategies vs. deconvolutions, intellectual property issues, deals and collaborations, and successes to date.

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects - properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance - of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

This collection addresses new research and technology for increased efficiency, energy reduction, and waste minimization in mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, and recycling. Professor Patrick R. Taylor and his students have been studying these topics for the past 45 years. Chapters include new directions in:* Mineral Processing * Hydrometallurgy * Pyrometallurgy * Electrometallurgy * Metals and E waste recycling * Waste minimization (including by-product recovery) * Innovations in metallurgical engineering education and curriculum development

This volume contains the proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, held in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 31 - June 3, 1998. The papers collected represent a summary of the last two years' achievements in the application of cyclodextrins in such diverse fields as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, textiles, chromatography and environmental sciences. Highlights: Chiral selection of chemicals, nuclear waste management, cyclodextrins in nasal drug delivery, cyclodextrins in pulmonary drug delivery, cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical excipients, pharmacokinetics, stabilization of drugs by cyclodextrins, structural characterization of cyclodextrin complexes by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular modeling, artificial receptors, large cyclodextrins, cyclodextrins as enzyme models, new cyclodextrin derivatives and potentials. Audience: This book will be of interest to researchers whose work involves biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food and chemicals and chromatographic methods, as well as fundamental cyclodextrin research.