In the mid- to late-twentieth century, large scientific conflicts flared in two seemingly distinct fields of scientific inquiry. In bioenergetics, which examines how organisms obtain and utilize energy, the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Mitchell suggested a novel mechanism for energy conversion. In evolutionary biology, meanwhile, Wynne Edwards strongly articulated the view that organisms may act for the "good of the group." This work crystalized a long history of imprecise thinking about the evolution of cooperation. While both controversies have received ample attention, no one has ever suggested that one might inform the other, i.e., that energy metabolism in general and chemiosmosis in particular might be relevant to the evolution of cooperation. The central idea is nevertheless remarkably simple. Chemiosmosis rapidly converts energy, and once storage capacity is exceeded, an overabundance of product has various negative consequences. While to some extent chemiosmotic processes can be modulated, under certain circumstances it is also possible to simply disperse the products into the environment. This book argues that these two heretofore distinct scientific disciplines are connected, thereby suggesting that a ubiquitous process of energy conversion may underlie the evolution of cooperation and link major transitions in the history of life that have been regarded as mechanistically unrelated.

This book is a translation of Emil Fischer's autobiography published in 1922 by Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany. It is the first translation of this work into English, guiding the reader through the life of a man who was one of the greatest chemists of all time. Emil Fischer published very important papers on sugars, purines, and peptides. His proof of the stereo chemistry of glucose remains one of the great intellectual and practical achievements of science. The book is of great benefit to the current and future generations of chemists, giving them the chance to get to know Emil Fischer's life story.

Infants and children are regularly fed with processed foods, yet despite their importance in human development, these foods are rarely studied. This important book provides an exhaustive analysis of key technologies in the development of foods for babies and children, as well as the regulation and marketing of these food products. Contributors cover different aspects of food science and technology in development of baby foods, making this text an unique source of information on the subject. Food Science, Technology, and Nutrition for Babies and Children includes relevant chapters on infant milk formulas, essential fatty acids in baby foods, baby food-based cereals and macro- and micronutrients. This book also offers alternatives from the point of view of food technology for babies and children with special diet regimes associated to metabolic or enzymatic diseases such as allergy to casein, phenylalanine (phenylketonuria or commonly known as PKU) and gluten (celiac disease), or lactose intolerance. This book also addresses some nutritional aspects of babies and children in terms of the childhood obesity, child's appetite and parental feeding. With its comprehensive scope and up-to-date coverage of issues and trends in baby and children's foods, this is an outstanding book for food scientists and technologists, food industry professionals, researchers and nutritionists working with babies and children.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. The chapter "Mechanochemical Forces as a Synthetic Tool for Zero and One-Dimensional Titanium Oxide-Based Nano-photocatalysts" is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License via link.springer.com.

This new volume "Iridium Catalysts for Organic Reactions" in the series "Topics in Organometallic Chemistry" intends to update several representative well-known reactions and to introduce other less known or new reactions in particular covering sustainability aspects. Iridium complexes are efficient in many catalytic homogeneous transformations providing high efficiency in both results, activity and selectivity. The interest of the book lies in the presentation of the advances, new perspectives and application in a variety of representative iridium-catalysed reaction. All chapters in the volume are contributed by relevant international experts in the field. The book is aimed at researchers, graduate students and synthetic chemists at all levels in academia and industry.

This singular text aims to strengthen the scientific understanding of food product design and engineering, and to stimulate and accelerate the development of innovative, complex and highly structured products and suitable production processes. By gathering an interdisciplinary team of scientists from the research areas of food engineering, biophysics, applied soft matter, food technology and applied human nutrition, this book contributes to an integrated process and product design approach for creating innovative, multi-phase structured foods delivering functionality. Delivering functionality in foods: from structure design to product engineering serves as an important reference for food engineers, food technologists and nutritionists, covering all aspects of the design of food structures and their application in the development of functional food products. From the delivery of health-related functionalities to process and product engineering for delivery of multiple food properties, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the knowledge, processes and technologies required for the design of functional foods.

This book collects information about the most popular ethnomedicinal plants, which are common in Turkey and around the world. It presents the ethnopharmacological records, in vivo and in vitro studies, side effects, chemical compositions and clinical studies of these medicinal plants. Its special focus is on the novel drug targets for disease and their possible mechanisms of action. It covers botanical descriptions the status of the plants, and food or drug interactions including precautions and warnings about the plants and the available market products. It provides an explanation of recorded and known plant administration dosages. Also, the gap between the traditional practice and scientific/clinical evidences in the use of ethnomedicinal plant is acknowledged. It is well known that traditional knowledge of the use of the medicinal plants in therapy is an important resource for the discovery of novel treatment options and drug targets. The main purpose of this book is to draw attention to ethnomedicinal plant species. Data on the therapeutic potentials of these medicinal plants can now be accessed from a single source. It provides an important resource for future research opportunities for harnessing the full potential of these plants.

The enzymology of milk and other products is of enormous significance for the production and quality of almost every dairy product. Milk itself is a complex biological fluid that contains a wide range of enzymes with diverse activities, some of which have identifiable functions while others are present as an accidental consequence of the mechanism of milk secretion. Over time milk enzymology has become an incredibly essential component of milk and other dairy product production, and with advancing technology and processing techniques, its importance is at its peak. Dairy Enzymology presents an expansive overview of the enzymology of milk and other dairy products, focusing on the use of indigenous and endogenous enzymes in milk and exogenous enzymes in cheese processing. A full section is dedicated to the enzymology of bovine milk, focusing on the main families of indigenous enzymes as well as their potential significance in the mammary gland plus the technological significance for the properties of dairy products. Implications for the manufacture and ripening of cheese plus the use of enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase for measuring heat treatment in milk are explored in full, and the role of milk protease plasmin and other indigenous enzymes in the age-gelation is focused on. Further sections focus on enzymes found in raw milk and enzymes deliberately added for manufacture or modification of properties and the manufacture of food ingredients from dairy-derived ingredients. The key bacterial families are discussed in depth as well as their known contributions to the quality of dairy products. With its comprehensive scope and fully up-to-date coverage of dairy product enzymology, this text is a singular source for researchers looking to understand this essential dairy processing aspect.

This volume presents recent advances and current knowledge in the field of supramolecular assemblies based on electrostatic interactions. The flexibility and simplicity of constructing assemblies is explained via several examples, illustrations, figures, case studies, and historical perspectives. Moreover, as there is an increasing demand for the use of theoretical and computational models of the interaction strengths for assisting with the experimental studies, one chapter specifically focuses on the "modelling'' of supramolecular assemblies. Finally, various aspects of the recent advances of the field as well as potential future opportunities are discussed, with the goal being to stimulate critical discussions among the community and to encourage further discovery. This volume aims to inspire and guide fellow scientists and students working in this field and thus it provides a great tool for all researchers, graduates and professionals specializing on the topic.

The text features experimental investigations which use a variety of modern methods and theoretical modeling of surface structures and physicochemical processes which occur at solid surfaces.

Nanomaterials and Supramolecular Structures: Physics, Chemistry, and Applications is intended for specialists experienced in the fields of Nanochemistry, Nanophysics, Surface Chemistry (and Physics), synthesis of new nanostructural functional materials and their practical applications. It will also prove useful to students, post-graduates, researchers, and lecturers.

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. Authors cover the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. Contributions also discuss rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Authors also cover biometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

Plant foods are an essential part of our daily diet and constitute one of the highest contributors to the world economy. These foods are rich in phenolic compounds, which play a significant role in maintaining our health. This textbook presents a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, biochemistry and analysis of phenolic compounds present in a variety of foods. The text can be used as a singular source of knowledge for plant food science and technology, covering all of the important chemical, biochemical and analytical aspects needed for a thorough understanding of phenolic antioxidants in foods. Phenolic Antioxidants In Foods: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Analysis is comprised of three sections. The first section covers the basic concepts of antioxidants, their chemistry and their chemical composition in foods, providing a detailed introduction to the concept. The second section covers the biochemical aspects of phenolic antioxidants, including their biosynthetic pathways, biological effects and the molecular mechanism of antioxidant effects in the biological system. This section promotes an understanding of the fundamental biochemical reactions that take place in foods and after digestion and absorption. The third section covers the analytical chemistry used in the analysis of phenolic antioxidants in foods, including the basic analytical procedures, methods for analysis and chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. This section is significant for aspiring food chemists and manufacturers to evaluate the nature and chemistry of phenolic antioxidants in foods. Featuring helpful quizzes, section summaries, and key chapter points, this textbook is the perfect learning tool for advanced chemistry undergraduates and post-graduates looking to gain a fundamental understanding of phenolic antioxidants in food products.

This thesis presents a general approach to accessing nitrogen-substituted hetero- and carbocycles. In short, the annulation reactions developed in the thesis make it possible to access nitrogen-substituted four-, five- and six-membered rings, all essential building blocks for the synthesis of bioactive molecules. Many natural products display a saturated polycyclic core allowing a well-defined arrangement of functional groups in space. As such, they can interact with biological targets with a high degree of affinity and selectivity, surpassing many synthetic drugs. Nevertheless, the efficient synthesis of such complex ring systems poses a challenge for organic chemistry. Through careful tuning of the electronic properties of a nitrogen donor group and a diester acceptor group, the first [3+2] annulation reaction between aminocyclopropanes and enol ethers or carbonyl compounds is now possible. The reaction proceeded under mild catalytic conditions, and the building blocks obtained can be found at the core of bioactive alkaloids, drugs such as Ramipril and biomolecules such as DNA and RNA. Thanks to the dynamic kinetic asymmetric annulation of aminocyclopropanes with enol ethers and aldehydes, access to enantioenriched compounds is also now possible. Lastly, a synthesis of donor-acceptor aminocyclobutanes via [2+2] cycloaddition using a cheap iron catalyst was developed, allowing them to be used in [4+2] annulations to access cyclohexylamines.

In this book, the author demonstrates that double-helix formation and fibril film formation occur on solid surfaces as a result of the catalytic effect of the liquid-solid interface of the newly synthesized helicene oligomer. In addition, he shows that the double helix produced at the liquid-solid interface can be diffused into a solution to form a self-assembling material by means of mechanical stirring. Both types of formation are new chemical phenomena unique to liquid-solid interfaces not found in solutions. Detailed results are provided for new chemical reactions at liquid-solid interfaces, and gleaned from experiments performed using synthetic organic molecules. The book offers a useful reference guide to elucidating reaction mechanisms for researchers whose work involves chemical phenomena at a liquid-solid interface.

Most bioactive compounds have antioxidant activity, particularly tocochromanols, phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids), methylxantines and capsaicinoids. Some of these compounds have also other properties important for human health. For example, vitamin E protects against oxidative stress, but it is also known for its "non-antioxidant" functions, including cell signalling and antiproliferation. Selenium compounds and indoleamins are the components of the antioxidant enzymes. Selenium makes vitamin E acquisition easier and controls its physiological functions. In taking part in enzymatic reactions and protecting the cell against free radicals, selenium shows immunomodulative, antiphlogistic, and antiviral activity. Capsaicinoids possess not only antioxidant, but also antibacterial, analgesic, weight-reducing and thermoregulation properties. Studies have also demonstrated their gastroprotective and anticancer properties. Analytical Methods in the Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Elements in Food explores both the influence of particular compounds on human health and the methods used for their determination. Chapters describe various aspects of food and plant analysis, including chromatographic and non-chromatographic approaches as well as hyphenated techniques. Readers of this book will gain a comprehensive understanding of the important groups of bioactive compounds relevant to human health.

Eine grosse Anzahl heterocyclischer Naturstoffe leitet sich vom Ring- system des Piperidins (1) ab. Als Substituenten einfach oder mehrfach substituierter Piperidinbasen finden sich Methyl-, Carboxyl-, Hydroxyl- und Aminogruppen sowie aliphatische Seitenketten unterschiedlicher Lange. Die Substitution erfolgt bevorzugt an den C-Atomen 2, 3 und 6 sowie am Heteroatom. In zahlreichen Fallen ist der Piperidinring in a- oder ss-Stellung direkt oder uber eine C-Brucke mit einem weiteren Heterocyclus verbunden, z. B. einem Piperidin-, Piperidein-, Pyridin-, Indol-, Chinolizidin- oder Furanrest. Daruber hinaus kann der Piperidin- ring zum 2,6-Dioxopiperidin (Glutarimid) oxydiert oder zum Pipendein dehydriert sein. Wahrend Naturstoffe mit Pyridinstruktur im Tier- und Pflanzenreich weit verbreitet sind und einzelnen von ihnen wie NAD oder Pyridoxal- phosphat als Coenzymen des Primarstoffwechsels besondere Bedeutung zukommt, handelt es sich bei den naturlichen Piperidinverbindungen im allgemeinen um sekundare Pflanzenstoffe (vgl. I8, I9I). Dabei sind einige wie z. B. die Pipecolinsaure (7) sporadisch auf verschiedene Pflanzen- familien verteilt. Andere Piperidinbasen wie die Conium- oder Piper- Alkaloide weisen dagegen eine ausgesprochene Artspezifitat auf. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Pyridinalkaloiden finden sich die Piperidin- basen oft mit strukturell andersartig gebauten Alkaloiden vom Chino- lizidin- oder Trepantyp vergesellschaftet, was in den meisten Fallen durch eine enge biogenetische Verwandtschaft bedingt sein durfte.

Serving as a user's manual for synthetic organic and catalytic chemists, this book guides chemists in the design and choice of ligands to catalyze organic reactions and apply the results for more efficient, green, and practical synthesis. - Focuses on the role of ligands in metal complexes that catalyze green organic transformations: a hot topic in the area of organic synthesis and green chemistry - Offers a comprehensive resource to help readers design and choose ligands and understand selectivity/reactivity characteristics - Addresses a gap by taking novel ligand approaches and including up-to-date discussion on hydrogen transfers and reactions - Presents important industrial perspective and provides rational explanations of ligand effects, impacts, and novelty

Demonstrates the wide scope of cycloaddition reactions, including the Diels-Alder reaction, the ene reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and [2]2] cycloadditions in organic synthesis. The author, a leading exponent of the subject, illustrates the ways in which they can be employed in the synthesis of a wide range of carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds, including a variety of natural products of various types. Special attention is given to intramolecular reactions, which often provide a rapid and efficient route to polycyclic compounds, and to the stereochemistry of the reactions, including recent and developing work on enantioselective synthesis.

This book summarizes and records the recent notable advances in diverse topics in organic crystal chemistry, which has made substantial progress along with the rapid development of a variety of analysis and measurement techniques for solid organic materials. This review book is one of the volumes that are published periodically on this theme. The previous volume, published in 2015, systematically summarized the remarkable progress in assorted topics of organic crystal chemistry using organic solids and organic-inorganic hybrid materials during the previous 5 years, and it has been widely read. The present volume also shows the progress of organic solid chemistry in the last 5 years, with contributions mainly by invited members of the Division of Organic Crystal Chemistry of the Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ), together with prominent invited authors from countries other than Japan.

This book investigates processes to reduce environmental pollution and polyurethane (PU) waste going to landfill. The author explains recycling approaches as well as instrumental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy for characterization and identification of PU recycling products.

An informative look at the intricacies of today's drug development process

Once a discovery organization has identified a potential new drug candidate, it is the daunting task of synthetic organic chemists to identify the chemical process suitable for preparation of this compound in a highly regulated environment. Only through a multi-layered chemical process that takes into account such factors as safety, environmental considerations, freedom to operate and cost-effectiveness can researchers begin to refine the drug in terms of quality and yield.

This book covers both recent advances in the design and synthesis of new drugs, as well as the myriad other issues facing a new drug candidate as it moves through the development process. Utilizing recent case studies, the authors provide valuable insights into the complexities of the process, from designing new synthetic methodologies and applying new automated techniques for finding optimal reaction conditions to selecting the final drug form and formulation.

Both novice and active researchers will appreciate the inclusion of chapters on such diverse topics as: Cross-coupling methods Asymmetric synthesis Automation Chemical Engineering Application of radioisotopes Final form selection Formulations Intellectual property

A wealth of real-world examples and contributions from leading process scientists, engineers, and related professionals make this book a valuable addition to the scientific literature.

This book has been written to ensure that it will be of benefit to industrial analysts. Most chapters explain some of the relevant theory as well as give some historical references to place the technique in its proper context. In addition the book should appeal to academic scientists who require a good source of applications and a good set of references. Since lipids have many uses the appeal of the book will extend from the food industry to the pharmaceutical industry. R. Hamilton Formby June 1997 Acknowledgement I would wish to acknowledge the considerable help and encouragement from my wife Shiela. Abbreviations The following are the abbreviations used within this book and do not necessarily represent convention or internationally accepted abbreviations. AAPH 2,2'-azobis (2-aminopropane )dihydrochloride Ac acetyl AchE acetylcholinesterase analog digital converter ADC AI artificial intelligence ALD aldehyde AMPL acetone mobile polar lipids atomic mass unit amu 2,2' -azo bis-2,4-dimethy lvaleronitrile AMVN ANN artificial neural network AOCS American Oil Chemists' Society APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APE N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine API atmospheric pressure ionization ARA arachidonic acid ASG acyl-sitosterylglyceride ASMS American Society for Mass Spectrometry ATP adenosine triphosphate BE backward elimination CAD collisionally activated dissociation 3 CBC cerebroside 1 sulphate CBO Certified Brands of Origin (applied to Italian virgin olive oils) CCD charge-coupled device CE capillary electrophoresis CFAM cyclic fatty acid monomer CI chemical ionization CID collision-induced dissociation CL cardiolipin Cn: m Hydrocarbon with n carbon atoms and m double bonds CR continuum regression d. c.

This textbook provides a simple approach to understand the various complex aspects of stereochemistry. It deals with basic static stereochemistry and gives an overview of the different isomeric forms and nomenclatures. With simple writing style and many examples, this book covers the topics such as stereochemistry of hydrocarbons, alkenes, cycloalkenes, optically active compounds, trivalent carbon, fused, bridged and caged rings and related compounds. This textbook also covers the additional topics such as optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, steroechemistry of elimination reactions, substitution reactions, rearrangement reactions and pericyclic reactions. The book includes pedagogical features like end-of-chapter problems and key concepts to help students in self-learning. The textbook is extremely useful for the senior undergraduate and postgraduate students pursuing course in chemistry, especially organic chemistry. Besides, this book will also be a useful reference book for professionals working in various chemical industries, biotechnology, bioscience and pharmacy.

Globalization and industrialization involve a number of reactions, products, extractions, and separations that require the use of organic solvents. These solvents are responsible for a number of ecological concerns, including atmospheric and land toxicity. Conventional organic solvents are regarded as volatile organic compounds; some are even limited due to their potential for ozone layer depletion. While supercritical liquids exhibit physical properties that could make them ideal substitutes for these volatile compounds, there is particular interest in the use of carbon dioxide as a solvent of crude material. In particular, carbon dioxide has apparent 'green' properties, like its noncombustible nature, the fact that it is generally nonpoisonous, and its relative inertness. Thus, the use of supercritical carbon dioxide can provide practical improvements to the sustainability of industrial products and processes. This book provides in-depth literature in the area of industrial green processes, focusing on the separation, purification, and extraction of compounds utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent.

Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II, Second Edition, Nine Volume Set is a ‘one-stop shop’ that covers supramolecular chemistry, a field that originated from the work of researchers in organic, inorganic and physical chemistry, with some biological influence. The original edition was structured to reflect, in part, the origin of the field. However, in the past two decades, the field has changed a great deal as reflected in this new work that covers the general principles of supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition, experimental and computational methods in supramolecular chemistry, supramolecular receptors, dynamic supramolecular chemistry, supramolecular engineering, crystallographic (engineered) assemblies, sensors, imaging agents, devices and the latest in nanotechnology. Each section begins with an introduction by an expert in the field, who offers an initial perspective on the development of the field. Each article begins with outlining basic concepts before moving on to more advanced material.