Chapter contribution from Ben Feringa, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 2016.Atropisomerism and Axial Chirality provides a global survey of the chemistry of axially chiral compounds including biaryls, heterobiaryls, non-biaryl atropisomers, allenes and spyrocyclic derivatives. From the perspective of a synthetic organic chemist, this book provides a unique compilation of the available methodologies for their synthesis, with emphasis on the most efficient and modern strategies, a review of the huge amount of practical applications in the field of asymmetric catalysis, either as transition metal ligands or as organocatalysts, and an overview of their occurrence as bioactive compounds and natural products.The first of its kind, this book serves as a general introduction and a practical reference to advanced chemistry students and researchers, while also offering creative ideas for further developments in the field.

Increased environmental consciousness within the scientific community has spurred the search for environmentally friendly processes as alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In the past two decades, numerous advances-including the use of ionic liquids-have made it possible to develop substitutes for some toxic solvents. Ionic liquids are widely recognized as suitable for use in organic reactions and can also improve the control of product distribution, enhanced reactivity, ease of product recovery, catalyst immobilization, and recycling. Environmentally Friendly Syntheses Using Ionic Liquids presents the latest developments in the field. It also reviews the latest applications in a wide range of fields including biotechnology, nuclear science, medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and organic and inorganic chemistry-all from the standpoint of green sustainable chemistry. Growing interest in the field of ionic liquids will define newer and unexplored areas of applications, expanding possible use of these environmentally friendly chemicals. The information presented in this book will undoubtedly help motivate readers to further explore the field.

This volume of the handbook covers a variety of topics with three chapters dealing with a range of lanthanide magnetic materials, and three individual chapters concerning equiatomic ternary ytterbium intermetallic compounds, rare-earth polysulfides, and lanthanide organic complexes. Two the chapters also include information of the actinides and the comparative lanthanide/actinide behaviors.

This volume provides an overview of recent developments and scope in the use of flow chemistry in relevance to heterocyclic synthesis. The heterocyclic ring is the most prominent structural motif in the vast majority of natural products as well as pharmaceutical compounds since this facilitates tuneable interactions with the biological target besides conferring a degree of structural and metabolic stability. In recent times, flow chemistry has heralded a paradigm shift in organic synthesis as it offers several unique advantages over conventional methods like drastic acceleration of sluggish transformations, enhanced yields, cleaner reactions etc and is gradually gaining a lot of attention among organic chemist worldwide. Given the importance of heterocycles in natural products, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceuticals, this is a well warranted volume and complements the previous volume of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry 'Organometallic Flow Chemistry'. This volume offers a versatile overview of the topic, besides discussing the recent progress in the flourishing area of flow chemistry in relevance to heterocyclic chemistry; it will also help researchers to better understand the chemistry behind these reactions. This in turn provides a platform for future innovations towards the designing of novel transformations under continuous flow. Thus, this volume will appeal to both the novices in this field as well as to experts in academia and industry.

This book offers physical characteristics and spectral data of 150 selected natural compounds arranged according to their chemical structures in various sub-classes. These include natural source, molecular formula, chemical structure, physical characteristics (melting point, molecular weight, and specific rotation) and detailed spectral data (UV, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, Mass) along with their assignments for each compound.

This book explores the remarkable information correspondences and probability structures of proteins. Correspondences are pervasive in biochemistry and bioinformatics: proteins share homologies, folding patterns, and mechanisms. Probability structures are just as paramount: folded state graphics reflect Angstrom-scale maps of electron density. The author explores protein sequences (primary structures), both individually and in sets (systems) with the help of probability and information tools. This perspective will enhance the reader's knowledge of how an important class of molecules is designed and put to task in natural systems, and how we can approach class members in hands-on ways.

This book on click reactions to focus on organic synthesis, this reference work describes the click concept and underlying mechanisms as well as the main applications in various fields. As such, the chapters cover green chemical synthesis, metal-free click reactions, synthesis of pharmaceuticals, peptides, carbohydrates, DNA, macrocycles, dendrimers, polymers, and supramolecular architectures. By filling a gap in the market, this is the ultimate reference for synthetic chemists in academia and industry aiming for a fast and simple design and synthesis of novel compounds with useful properties.

Building upon the extensive compilation of biochemical data featured in Volume I of the Handbook of Eicosanoids, the new Volume II describes the past, present, and potential future impact of eicosanoid research on new drug development. The reader is taken from a historical perspective through state-of-the-art basic concepts to extensive tabulation of molecular structures of compounds known to act via the eicosanoid system. Much emphasis is given to recent breakthroughs in the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and the development of receptor antagonists for prostaglandins and leukotrienes. There is also an introductory chapter that proposes areas that require further investigation and novel approaches using existing technology. This handbook will thus be invaluable for medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and all those involved in basic research in the eicosanoid area. In addition, many parts of this handbook are suitable for use by university lecturers and students. There are 20 figures and 44 extensive tables as well as a bibliography containing more than 2,000 references that complement the text.

Organic chemistry is a core part of the chemistry curricula, and advanced levels texts often obscure the essential framework underlying and uniting the vast numbers of reactions as a result of the high level of detail presented. The material in this book is condensed into a manageable text of 350 pages and presented in a clear and logical fashion, focusing purely on the basics of the subject without going through exhaustive detail or repetitive examples. The book aims to bridge the gap between undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks and advanced level textbooks, beginning with a basic introductory course and arranging the reaction mechanisms according to an ascending order of difficulty. As such, the author believes the book will be excellent primer for advanced postgraduates

"Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Synthesis" is written from the point of view of the synthetic organic chemist, enabling students and researchers to understand and expand on reactions covered in foundation courses, and to apply them in a practical context by designing syntheses. As a further aid to the practical research student, the content is organized according to the conditions under which a reaction is executed rather than by the types of mechanisms. Particular emphasis is placed on controlling stereospecificity and regiospecificity.

Topics covered include: Transition metal mediated carbon-carbon bond formation reactionsUse of stabilized carbanions, ylides and enamines for carbon-carbon bond formation reactions, Advanced level use of oxidation and reduction reagents in synthesis.

As a modern text, this book stands out from its competitors due to its comprehensive coverage of recently published research. The book contains specific examples from the latest literature, covering modern reactions and the latest procedural modifications. The focus on contemporary and synthetically useful reactions ensures that the contents are specifically relevant and attractive to postgraduate students and industrial organic chemists.

A convenient, compact summary of the state of the art of organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is a vibrant and rapidly evolving field; we can now prepare ketones by directly combining aldehydes with terminal alkenes. Like the first book in this series, Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2003-2005, this reference leads readers quickly to the most important recent developments. Two years' of Taber's popular weekly online column, "Organic Chemistry Highlights," as featured on the organic-chemistry.org Web site, are consolidated here, with cumulative indices of both volumes in this series. Important topics that are covered range from powerful new methods for C-C bond construction to asymmetric organocatalysis and direct C-H functionalization. This go-to reference:

Focuses on the most important recent developments in organic synthesis, and includes a succinct analysis of the significance and applications of each synthesis

Details and analyzes more than twenty total syntheses, including the Davies Synthesis of (-)-Colombiasin A and (-)-Elisapterosin B, the Overman Synthesis of (-)-Sarain A, and the Sorensen Synthesis of (-)-Guanacastepene E

Features cumulative reaction/transformation and author indices covering both books in the series so readers can quickly get up to date on a current topic

This series offers chemists an effective, efficient, timesaving way to stay abreast of what's new and exciting in organic synthesis.

Chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides is important to organic chemistry because of the critical biological functions of carbohydrates. Unfortunately, no handbook has been published on the subject...until now. Volume 1: Disaccharides presents synthetic carbohydrate chemistry, lists the syntheses, and shows the route of each synthesis. Volume 2: Trisaccharides presents schematic figures and references. This series includes all oligosaccharides synthesized between 1960 and 1986. This allows oligosaccharides prepared in their free form to be presented, as well as those produced in protected form. The series contains data regarding glycosylation reaction, namely reaction conditions (solvent, promoter, temperature), the aglycon and the glycosyl donor used, and the structure and physical data of the isolated product. For disaccharides, the names of the reactants and the products are revealed, while with trisaccharides and higher oligomers, schematic figures provide a quick and easy way to access information concerning the entire process. These volumes will provide an important reference source for biochemists, biologists, and organic chemists.

To fully utilize Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a comprehensive and well-organized compilation of NMR data is necessary. While compilations have been available for other important NMR nuclei, such as carbon and fluorine, no comprehensive collection of data has been prepared for phosphorus-until now. The CRC Handbook of Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data provides a collection of 31P NMR chemical shifts for nearly 20,000 organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Each class of phosphorus compound is discussed. Bond types, stereochemistry (with the exception of metal complexes), media, important coupling constants, and data sources are included. The information is systematically organized according to coordination state, the atoms bound to phosphorus, and their connectivities. A comprehensive series of bar charts is also included to allow structure types to be assigned to chemical shift data. This handbook is an invaluable resource for all scientists working with phosphorus compounds, including chemists, biochemists, medical researchers, and pharmaceutical chemists.

The topic of this thesis is catalytic conversion of non-food, abundant, and renewable biomass such as cellulose and chitin to chemicals. In biorefinery, chemical transformation of polymers to valuable compounds has attracted worldwide interest for building sustainable societies. First, the current situation of this hot research area has been summarized well in the general introduction of the thesis, which helps readers to become familiar with this topic. Next, the author explains high-yielding production of glucose from cellulose by using an alkali-activated carbon as a catalyst, resulting in a yield of glucose as high as 88%, which is one of the highest yields ever reported. The characterization of carbon materials has indicated that weak acid sites on the catalyst promote the reaction, which is markedly different from reported catalytic systems that require strong acids. In addition, the first catalytic transformation of chitin with retention of N-acetyl groups has been developed. The combination of mechanocatalytic hydrolysis and thermal solvolysis enables the production of N-acetylated monomers in good yields of up to 70%. The catalytic systems demonstrated in this thesis are unique in the fields of both chemistry and chemical engineering, and their high efficiencies can contribute to green and sustainable chemistry in the future. Meanwhile, mechanistic studies based on characterization, thermodynamics, kinetics, and model reactions have also been performed to reveal the roles of catalysts during the reactions. The results will be helpful for readers to design and develop new catalysts and reaction systems.

Concepts, procedures and programs described in this book make it possible for readers to solve both simple and complex equilibria problems quickly and easily and to visualize results in both numerical and graphical forms. They allow the user to calculate concentrations of reactants and products for both simple and complicated situations. The user can spend less time doing calculations and more time thinking about what the results mean in terms of a larger problem in which she or he may be interested.

Chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides is important to organic chemistry because of the critical biological functions of carbohydrates. Unfortunately, no handbook has been published on the subject...until now. CRC Handbook of Oligosaccharides is a series of three volumes that includes all oligosaccharides synthesized between 1960 and 1986. This allows oligosaccharides prepared in their free form to be presented, as well as those produced in protected form. The series contains data regarding glycosylation reaction, namely reaction conditions (solvent, promoter, temperature), the aglycon and the glycosyl donor used, and the structure and physical data of the isolated product. For disaccharides, the names of the reactants and the products are revealed, while with trisaccharides and higher oligomers, schematic figures provide a quick and easy way to access information concerning the entire process. These volumes will provide an important reference source for biochemists, biologists, and organic chemists.

This book presents a comprehensive approach to the versatile and fascinating field of carbohydrate chemistry. It covers, besides the colorful historical perspective within the utilization of carbohydrates and their derivatives, all modern aspects on their properties, nomenclature, uses, and natural occurrence as such or as residues in a variety of biologically active molecules. Special emphasis is paid to various conversion techniques for producing value-added chemicals, biofuels, and other products from carbohydrate-rich renewable resources.This book can be primarily used as an advanced textbook for a wide range of readers in many disciplines; not only students and teachers but also everyone who works in the laboratory as a researcher or in production and planning or who generally needs relevant knowledge of carbohydrates.

Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Volume 74, presents a definitive interpretation of the current status and future trends in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Since its inception in 1945, the series has provided critical and informative articles written by research specialists that integrate the industrial, analytical and technological aspects of biochemistry, organic chemistry and instrumentation methodology to the study of carbohydrates.

This book includes both theoretical conceptualization and practical applications in the fields of product design, architecture, engineering, and materials. The book aimed to inspire scholars and professionals to look at nature as a source of inspiration for developing new project solutions. Moreover, being one of the literature's first direct associations of bionics with sustainability, the book can be used as a reference for those who seek to know more about the theory of bioinspired applications, as well as new technologies, methods, materials, and processes.

Cyclodextrins are an extremely versatile class of chemicals highly prized for their ability to incorporate a plethora of organic, inorganic and biologic guest molecules into their hydrophobic cavities and form host-guest inclusion complexes. As excellent molecular receptors, they have long been exploited in many important industries such as food and agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, analytical chemistry and enzyme mimics.Researchers, technicians and application specialists in many industries will appreciate this handy volume that systematically discusses how cyclodextrins are applied in their industries. Special attention is devoted to the preparation of inclusion complexes, novel properties of the resultant complexes, and details on applying those properties to industry.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Are American schools socially just institutions? Using the methods of political philosopher John Rawls, this book answers this question by arguing for four principles that express the basic purposes that Americans hold for their schools principles of Personal Liberty, Democracy, Equal Opportunity, and Economic Growth. These principles are then used to analyze current controversies in American education policy and practice about curriculum content, instructional methods, education standards, civic education, control of schools, and school finance. It concludes that in each arena prevailing practice falls to attain Americans' political ideals for their schools and suggests strategies for remedying that failure.

Contributors were asked to emphasize their own experience with nanoparticles or microspheres. They were also encouraged to provide aspects normally not stipulated in specialized reviews. The objective was to produce a book which although written by specialists, presented a subject which could be easily understood by people in different fields of life sciences. Another goal was to set up a condensed work covering many aspects of nanoparticles and microspheres. That is the reason why, although mainly dealing with synthetic drug carriers, the first chapter is related to preparation and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles constructed from natural polymers. This is followed by two chapters involving the application of polymeric drug carriers in cancer therapy. The second chapter extensively describes in vitro and in vivo behaviour of purely synthetic nanoparticles. As ub the case of liposomes, a problem can be that some particles are preferentially taken up by the reticuloendothelial system. Magnetic drug carriers provide a partial answer to this problem since their tropism can be managed by an external magnet. The third chapter is entirely devoted to this aspect. A brief but original application of nanoparticles is given in the fourth chapter by reviewing their use in ocular therapy. Finally, two general applications of polymeric microspheres are discussed in chapters 5 and 6.

This book is devoted to the description of the basic principles of X-ray diffraction on noncrystalline systems and to the correlation between diffracted intensities and structure. It presents a critical comparison between the results obtained by XRD and the ones obtained by neutron diffraction.

The Alkaloids, Volume 78 is the latest update in a series that has not only covered the topic for more than 60 years, but is also touted as the leading book series in the field of alkaloid chemistry. Topics of note in this updated volume include The Acridone Alkaloids, The Galbulimima-Alkaloids, the Total Synthesis of Lundurine and Related Alkaloids: Recent Applications, The Moschamine-Related Indole Alkaloids, and Alkaloids of the Lauraceae. In more than 75 volumes, all aspects of alkaloids, including chemistry, biology and pharmacology are covered in high-quality, timeless reviews written by renowned experts in the field.

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for core courses offered to postgraduate students enrolled in chemistry. This book can also be used as a core or supplementary text for nuclear chemistry courses offered to students of chemical engineering. The book covers various topics of nuclear chemistry like Shell model, fission/fusion reaction, natural radioactive equilibrium series, nuclear reactions carried by various types of accelerators. In addition, it describes the law of decay of radioactivity, type of decay, and interaction of radiation with matter. It explains the difference between ionization counter, scintillation counter and solid state detector. This book also consists of end-of-book problems to help readers aid self-learning. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for postgraduate students and researchers enrolled in various chemistry and engineering courses. This book will also be beneficial for industry professionals in the allied fields.