In 2001, scientists were finally able to determine the full human genome sequence, and with the discovery began a genomic voyage back in time. Since then, we have sequenced the full genomes of many of mankind's primitive relatives at a remarkable rate. The genome of the common chimpanzee (2005), macaque (2007) and orangutan (2011) have already been identified, and the identification of other primate genomes is underway, including the bonobo, gorilla, and baboon. Researchers are beginning to unravel our full genetic history, comparing it with closely related species to answer age old questions about how and when we evolved. For the first time, we are finding our own ancestors in our genome and are thereby gleaning new information about our evolutionary past.
In Ancestors in Our Genome, geneticist Eugene Harris presents us with the complete and up-to-date account of the evolution of the human genome. Written from the perspective of population genetics, the book traces human origins back to their earliest source among our earliest human ancestors, and explains some of the challenging questions that scientists are currently attempting to answer. For example, what does the high level of discordance among the gene trees of humans and the African great apes tell us about our respective separations from our common ancestor? Was this process fast or slow, and when and why did it occur? How can we explain the fact that evolutionary relationships among copies of specific genes from individual primate species can differ from the evolutionary relationships of the species themselves? Harris draws upon extensive experience researching primate evolution in order to deliver a lively and thorough history of human evolution. Ancestors in Our Genome is the most complete discussion of our current understanding of the human genome available.

DNA microarrays, or biochips, are small glass chips embedded with ordered rows of DNA and by providing a massive parallel platform for data gathering represent a fundamental technical advance in biomedical research. This volume is a comprehensive overview of DNA microarray technology and will be invaluable to any researcher interested in taking advantage of this powerful new technique.

The Thrive in Bioscience revision guides are written to help students achieve exam success in all core areas of bioscience. Each title encourages the reader to follow four steps to maximise their learning, with features to support this process. Step one: Review the facts The revision guides are designed to help learning be quick and effective: * Information is set out in bullet points, making it easy to digest * Clear, uncluttered illustrations illuminate what is said in the text * Key concept panels summarise the essential learning points Step two: Check your understanding Readers are encouraged to: * Complete the questions at the end of chapters and online multiple-choice questions to reinforce their learning * Use the online flashcard glossary to master the essential terms and phrases Step three: Take note of extra advice Revision tips, and hints for getting those precious extra marks in exams, are presented throughout. Step four: Go the extra mile Readers can explore the suggestions for further reading to take their understanding one step further. Each title in the series is tailored to maximise understanding and achievement, to ensure that the reader really can thrive in their studies. They are the perfect course companions for any bioscience degree. Online Resource Centre Each title is supplemented by an Online Resource Centre which includes a flashcard glossary to enable students to test their understanding of key terminology, and a bank of interactive MCQs to give students the opportunity to check they have fully understood the facts and concepts presented in the texts.

Our knowledge about the function of the melanocyte has expanded beyond boundaries not previously imagined. The melanocyte is no longer considered merely a factory for the production of the pigment melanin. Old data do not contradict the new but must be reinterpreted in light of modern concepts of molecular and cellular biology, enzymology, biochemistry, chemistry, and physics. Diseases of the pigmentary system must be understood in terms of modern science. The editors, each with special knowledge of the pigmentary system, have combined their expertise and talents to produce a book that will serve as the ultimate resource for the study of all aspects of pigment cell biology. There is no comprehensive, scholarly reference available which compiles both old and new data into a single source. This book fills that void. There are monographs to assist dermatologists caring for individuals with disorders of pigmentation, and textbooks with an introductory chapter on the physiology of pigmentation and a clinical chapter on the disorders manifested by common abnormalities of the pigmentary system. These resources continue to be invaluable, however they are written for a specific type and level of audience. This volume is encyclopedic in scope, so that the biologist, chemist, cosmetic scientist, and clinician, whether novice or sophisticated expert, can peruse any section of the book with confidence that it contains most of the worlds knowledge on pigmentation, including historical work. The bibliographies are also prepared to be as comprehensive and all-inclusive as possible. The first part of the book brings together the molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, chemistry, physics, and physiology of the normal melanocyte as known in the 1990s. The second part continues this theme, presenting a comprehensive discussion of most disorders of pigmentation described to date. Information about pathophysiology, treatment and other clinical data is included. The goal of the editors is to provide the ultimate reference for practicing physicians who care for patients with the rarest or most common disorders of pigmentation, the laboratory scientist studying disease in order to help the study of basic processes which affect the pigmentary system, and the cosmetic scientist who seeks comprehensive information on the pharmacopoeia available for treating pigmentary disorders. All specialists interested in some aspect of the pigmentary system can seek current answers to questions related to their work.

Die Medizinische Physiologie enthalt als benutzt habe, u. a. um nichts wirklich Pru Gesamtausgabe meine beiden Lehrbucher fungsrelevantes zu ubergehen. Im Hinblick "Vegetative Physiologie" und "Animali auf die spatere arztliche Tatigkeit sollte sche Physiologie," die auch weiterhin ein auch der physiologische Unterricht seinen zeln zu beziehen sind, um den verschiedenen Schwerpunkt in der Vegetativen Physiologie Interessensgruppen gerecht zu werden. behalten, hierin bin ich gern dem Gegen Das Erscheinen der Gesamtausgabe der standskatalog gefolgt. An anderen Stellen Physiologie gerade rechtzeitig zum 80. Ge habe ich sowohl an Kritik am Gegenstands burtstag meines Lehrers der Physiologie, katalog nicht gespart wie auch die Verlage Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Hans Schaefer sowie zum rung von Schwerpunkten in Richtung auf 600. Geburtstag meiner Universitat freut den spateren arztlichen Beruf hin vorge mich ganz besonders. Mein Anliegen besteht nommen. unverandert darin, den Anfanger fur das Es ist sicher legitim, wenn der vorklini Fach Physiologie zu begeistern und gleich sche Student fragt, ob er mit Hilfe dieses zeitig ein stabiles Fundament im Verstand Buches das Physikum bestehen kann. In der nis physiologischer Zusammenhange fur das Tat, dieses Buch soll auch dem Studenten klinische Studium und den spateren arztli "den Horror" vor dem Examen nehmen. chen Beruf zu legen."

Seit fast zehn Jahren hat sich der Verfasser mit elektronenmikrosko- pischen Untersuchungen der Ultrastruktur des Herzens und der GefaBe befaBt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen sind in verschiedenen in- ternationalen wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften in englischer, franzosischer, italienischer und deutscher Sprache veroffentlicht worden. Eine kurze Zu- sammenfassung der bis dahin gewonnenen Resultate erschien in Buch- form im Jahre 1951 in New York. Inzwischen sind die Methoden elektro- nenmikroskopischer Untersuchung, die Methoden der Fixierung und Ein- bettung, die Methoden der Verwendung von Plastik als Einbettungsmittel, und nicht zuletzt die Methoden ultradiinnen Schneidens so stark veran- dert und vervollkommnet worden, daB die in standiger Fortsetzung der genannten Untersuchungen gegenwartig erzielten Bilder mit den vor sechs Jahren veroffentlichten kaum mehr zu vergleichen sind. Die in den letzten Jahren gewonnenen Photographien lassen friiher nicht geahnte Details erkennen, die Strukturen in einer GroBenordnung von 100 A (ANGSTROM) und weniger, deutlich unterscheiden lassen. Dies gibt eine ungeahnte Erweiterung unseres Gesichtsfeldes und ein neues Verstandnis der Ultrastruktur der Gewebe und ihrer Funktionen. Der wichtigste Faktor aller Physiologie ist die Erkenntnis der Struktur der Organe und der Gewebe, deren Funktionen man verstehen will. Be- sonders klar wird dies, wenn man z. B. die ultramikroskopische Struktur der Kapillaren betrachtet und bedenkt, daB diese Gebilde im Mittelpunkt unendlich vieler physiologischer und pathologischer Prozesse stehen, deren Verstandnis ohne Kenntnis der Struktur der Kapillarwand undenk- bar ist.

This book provides a synthetic overview of all evidence concerning the evolution of the morphology of the human pelvis, including comparative anatomy, clinical and experimental studies, and quantitative evolutionary models. By integrating these lines of research, this is the first book to bring all sources of evidence together to develop a coherent statement about the current state of the art in understanding pelvic evolution. Second, and related to this, the volume is the first detailed assessment of existing paradigms about the evolution of the pelvis, especially the obstetric dilemma. The authors argue that there are many 'dilemmas', but these must be approached using a testable methodology, rather than on the proviso of a single paradigm. The volume clearly contributes to greater scientific knowledge about human variation and evolution, and has implications for clinicians working within reproductive health. A thought-provoking read for students, researchers and professionals in the fields of biological anthropology, human evolutionary anthropology, paleoanthropology, bioarchaeology, biology, developmental biology and obstetrics.

Zytologie Wichtige Methoden der Zytologie und Histologie Gewebekultur, Lichtmikroskopie, Elektronenmikroskopie. Zellbestandteile und Zellvorgange der Zellmembran: - Aufbau: Die Zellmembran besteht aus bimolekularem Lipidfilm mit einseitigen oder durchgehenden Membranproteinen, die mosaikartig eingebaut sind und auf der AuBenseite mit Kohlenhydraten besetzt sein kbnnen (Glykokalyx). Die Fe- stigkeit der Membranen wird durch die Polaritat der LipidmolekOle, mit hydro- phobem und hydrophilem Ende, gegeben. - Membrantransport: Passive Diffusion (Iediglich vom Konzentrationsgradienten abhangig). Erleichterte Diffusion (erfordert Anwesenheit eines Obertragerstoffes). Aktiver Transport (unabhangig vom Konzentrationsgradienten, benbtigt Energie). Blaschentransport (Pinozytose und Phagozytose: Endozytose; Exozytose). - Membranfunktionen: Transport, Aufbau des Membranpotentials, Sitz der Re- zeptoren, Erkennung von Fremd und Eigen (Blutgruppen, AbstoBungsreaktion). - Zellkontakte: Desmosomen (mechanisch); tight junctions (Abdichtung des - terzellularraumes); gap junctions (Kommunikation zwischen den Zellen). Zellorganellen: Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (ER), RER fOr die Proteinsynthese, SER fOr die Bil- dung von Steroiden und fOr die Entgiftung, z.B. Abbau von Barbituraten. - Ribosomen: der eigentliche Ort der Proteinsynthese (benbtigt mRNA und tANA). - Golgi-Apparat: besteht aus Diktyosomen. 1st an der Verarbeitung von Proteinen beteiligt (erzeugt u.a. exportierbare Form). Bildet Lysosomen. - Mitochondrien: Besitzen Doppelmembran, die innere Membran bildet Cristae, an denen die Energieproduktion ablauft, hier wird ATP (Adenosintriphosphat) gebildet. - Lysosomen: Intrazellulare Verdauung von zelleigenem Material in Form von Autophagie und von zellfremdem Material in Form von Heterophagie. - Peroxisomen: Abbau von H0 in H0 und O. 2 2 2 - Zentriolen: Organisieren und ordnen die Chromosomen wah rend der Zelltei- lung.

'Stylish and exhilarating... from a wide-ranging mind and a profound humanity... inspiring' Hilary Mantel 'A wonderful series of meditations - clinical, anthropological, literary and deeply humane - on his patients and their illnesses.' Henry Marsh Timely, thought-provoking and eloquent, brimming both with warmth and insight, he puts himself among the ranks of ... Oliver Sacks and Atul Gawande.' The Times Unreliable bodies and shifting symptoms are all in a day's work for a GP. In his years of practising, Gavin Francis has seen it all: the promising law student trapped under the spell of anorexia; the bodybuilder whose use of illegal steroids threatens his fertility; the teenager agonising over the perplexing physical dramas of puberty; and the surprisingly upbeat woman growing a horn in the centre of her forehead. In Shapeshifters he draws on his patients' bodily transformations, both welcome and unwelcome, bringing together case histories and accounts from the history of medicine, art, literature, myth and magic to show how the very essence of being human is change.

This volume presents the lithic assemblage from Howburn in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, which at present is the oldest prehistoric settlement in Scotland (12,700-12,000 BC), and the only Hamburgian settlement in Britain. The site also included a scatter from the Late Upper Palaeolithic Federmesser- Gruppen period (12,000-10,800 BC), as well as lithics from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. The book focuses on the Hamburgian finds, which are mainly based on the exploitation of flint from Doggerland, the then dry bed of the North Sea. The Hamburgian tools include tanged arrowheads, scrapers, piercers, burins, and other implement forms which show similarities with tools of the same age on the European continent. The shape of one scatter suggests that the Palaeolithic settlers lived in tent-like structures. The Palaeolithic finds from Howburn shed light on several important general trends, such as the ‘acclimatization’ of pioneer settlers, as well as the development of regional differences following the initial Late Glacial recolonization of Scotland. Palaeo-environmental work focused on whether there was a small lake (‘Loch Howburn’) in front of the terrace on which the camp was situated, and it was concluded that there was indeed a lake there, but it was neither contemporary with the Hamburgian, nor the Federmesser-Gruppen settlement. Most likely, ‘Loch Howburn’ dates to the Loch Lomond stadial.

Rontgenfluoreszenzanalyse stellt eine moderne, leistungsfahige Analysemethode dar, die vor allem in Betriebslaboratorien zur Produktionskontrolle und -steuerung eingesetzt wird. Dieses Buch stellt Voraussetzungen, Leistungsfahigkeit, Vorzuge, Probleme und Grenzen der Methode dar. Es behandelt sowohl die "wellenlangen"dispersiven als auch die "energie"dispersiven Verfahren. Das Werk bietet Technikern und Ingenieuren, Physikern und Chemikern sowie Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern anderer Fachrichtungen einen Einstieg in die Grundlagen und schafft die Voraussetzungen fur die Anwendung in der Praxis."

Psychological experiments carried out over a period of nearly forty years led Georg von Bekesy to realize that inhibition interconnects, at least in one respect, the fields of vision, hearing, skin sensations, taste, and smell. This book indeed almost creates the field of sensory inhibition as a significant one for study, bringing understanding to many observations that formerly seemed uncertain or unrelated and raising many problems still to be solved. Originally published in 1975. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This is the new edition of a textbook dealing with the nature, origins, development, and causes of human variety, and with the biological organization of past and present human populations. The familiar structure of the previous editions has been slightly modified, and the book is divided into four sections. These cover some of the general principles of evolutionary theory; the history of Primates; the fossil evidence for human evolution; aspects of Primate behaviour; the principles of genetics as applied to population studies; systematic descriptions of human variation; the nature of human growth and factors which determine it; varieties of human physique and other constitutional traits; and the ecology of human populations, considered especially in terms of adaptation processes. Two new authors, Professor D. Pilbeam and Professor P.T. Baker, both in the United States, have contributed the parts on human evolution and human adaptability respectively to this substantially revised and rewritten edition.

Psychological experiments carried out over a period of nearly forty years led Georg von Bekesy to realize that inhibition interconnects, at least in one respect, the fields of vision, hearing, skin sensations, taste, and smell. This book indeed almost creates the field of sensory inhibition as a significant one for study, bringing understanding to many observations that formerly seemed uncertain or unrelated and raising many problems still to be solved. Originally published in 1975. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

A vast subject that includes a strange vocabulary and an apparent mass of facts, human anatomy can at first appear confusing and off-putting. But the basic construction of the human body - the skeleton, the organs of the chest and abdomen, the nervous system, the head and neck with its sensory systems and anatomy for breathing and swallowing - is vital for anyone studying medicine, biology, and health studies. In this Very Short Introduction Leslie Klenerman provides a clear, concise, and accessible introduction to the structure, function, and main systems of the human body, including a number of clear and simple illustrations to explain the key areas. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

How do we find the life that's right for each of us? More and more of us are feeling overwhelmed by the everyday struggle to lead the lives to which we aspire. Children are placed under unbearable pressure to achieve; adults fight a constant battle to balance family life with work and economic demands; old people suffer from social isolation and a lack of emotional security. People of every age are feeling increasingly at odds with the world, and less able to live a life that corresponds to their individual needs and talents. At the root of this problem, argues internationally renowned child development expert Remo Largo, is a mistaken idea of what makes us human. A distillation of forty years of research and medical experience, The Right Life sets out a new theory of human thriving. Tracing our development as individuals from the beginnings of evolution to the twenty-first century, he sets out his own theory, the 'Fit Principle', which proposes that every human strives to live in harmony with their fellow humans and their environment. Rather than a ceaseless quest for self-improvement and growth, he argues, our collective goals should be individual self-acceptance, as we embrace the unique matrix of skills, needs and limitations that makes each of us who we are. Not only, Largo suggests, can a true understanding of human thriving help people find their way back to their individuality; it can help us to reshape society and economy in order to live as fully as possible.

Discover this beautiful special edition of Charles Darwin's groundbreaking theory on human evolution. When the eminent naturalist Charles Darwin returned from South America on board the HMS Beagle in 1836, he brought with him the notes and evidence that would form the basis of a world-changing theory: the evolution of species by a process of natural selection. This theory, published as On the Origin of Species in 1859, is the basis of modern biology and the concept of biodiversity. Its publication sparked a fierce scientific, religious and philosophical debate, which continues to this day. PATTERNS OF LIFE: SPECIAL EDITIONS OF GROUNDBREAKING SCIENCE BOOKS

This novel, transdisciplinary work explains how perturbations (defined as strong disturbances or deviations to a system) can affect the population dynamics of social animals, including ourselves. Social responses to perturbations, especially dispersal processes, can also generate non-linear population dynamics, including the potential appearance of tipping points and critical population transitions, which can in turn lead to catastrophic shifts and collapses. The book describes the links between social behaviour (mainly the use of social information and social copying), and non-linear population dynamics at different spatial scales (local dynamics and meta-population dynamics), and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. Examples from the natural world illustrate each of the main themes (prospecting, habitat suitability, collective dispersal, and cultural evolution). Human warfare and conflict, referred to in several chapters together with quantitative and qualitative examples, is also viewed as a form of perturbation and represents a paradigmatic example of the rationale behind this book. This applicability to our own species is particularly timely, given increased interest in both ecosystem change, human migration, and the global refugee crisis. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals will appeal to applied, theoretical, and evolutionary ecologists, particularly those working on the population and behavioural ecology of any social animal including humans. Its overlap with the study of complexity will also ensure its relevance and use to scientists from other disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, physics, computational science, economics, and mathematics.

These volumes differ from the current conventional texts on bone cell biology. Biology itself is advancing at breakneck speed and many presentations completely fail to present the field in a truly modern context. This text does not attempt to present detailed clinical descriptions. Rather, after discussion of basic concepts, there is a concentration on recently developed findings equally relevant to basic research and a modern understanding of metabolic bone disease. The book will afford productive new insights into the intimate inter-relation of experimental findings and clinical understanding. Modern medicine is founded in the laboratory and demands of its practitioners a broad scientific understanding: these volumes are written to exemplify this approach. This book is likely to become essential reading equally for laboratory and clinical scientists.

Few things come more naturally to us than sex-or so it would seem. Yet to a chimpanzee, the sexual practices and customs we take for granted would appear odd indeed. He or she might wonder why we bother with inconveniences like clothes, why we prefer to make love on a bed, and why we fuss so needlessly over privacy. Evolution and Human Sexual Behavior invites us into the thought-experiment of imagining human sex from the vantage point of our primate cousins, in order to underscore the role of evolution in shaping all that happens, biologically and behaviorally, when romantic passions are aroused. Peter Gray and Justin Garcia provide an interdisciplinary synthesis that draws on the latest discoveries in evolutionary theory, genetics, neuroscience, comparative primate research, and cross-cultural sexuality studies. They are our guides through an exploration of the patterns and variations that exist in human sexuality, in chapters covering topics ranging from the evolution of sex differences and reproductive physiology to the origins of sexual play, monogamous unions, and the facts and fictions surrounding orgasm. Intended for generally curious readers of all stripes, this up-to-date, one-volume survey of the evolutionary science of human sexual behavior explains why sexuality has remained a core fascination of human beings throughout time and across cultures.

From the gene that causes people to age prematurely to the "bitter gene" that may spawn broccoli haters, this book explores a few of the more exotic locales on the human genome, highlighting some of the tragic and bizarre ways our bodies go wrong when genes fall prey to mutation and the curious ways in which genes have evolved for our survival.
Lisa Seachrist Chiu has a smorgasbord of stories to tell about rare and not so rare genetic quirks. We read about the Dracula Gene, a mutation in zebra fish that causes blood cells to explode on contact with light, and suites of genes that also influence behavior and physical characteristics; the Tangier Island Gene, first discovered after physicians discovered a boy with orange tonsils (scientists now realize that the child's odd condition comes from an inability to process cholesterol); and Wilson's Disease, a gene defect that fails to clear copper from the body, which can trigger schizophrenia and other neurological symptoms, and can be fatal if left untreated. Friendlier mutations include the Myostatin gene, which allows muscles to become much larger than usual and enhances strength and the much-envied Cheeseburger Gene, which allows a lucky few to eat virtually anything they want and remain razor thin.
While fascinating us with stories of genetic peculiarities, Chiu also manages to effortlessly explain much of the cutting-edge research in modern genetics, resulting in a book that is both informative and entertaining. It is a must read for everyone who loves popular science or is curious about the human body.

This report aims to offer glimpses of the human condition on Naxos island, Greece, focusing on the archaeoanthropologic study of the human skeletal remains along with associated contexts of faunal materials recovered from the Geometric (9th -7th c BC) component of the burial ground site of Plithos in Chora at Naxos island.