A thorough yet concise account of cancer biology, this book emphasises the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation of normal into malignant cells, the invasiveness of cancer cells into host tissues, and the metastatic spread of cancer cells in the host organism. It also defines the fundamental pathophysiological changes that occur in tumour tissue and in the host animal or patient. The approach throughout the book is to discuss the historical development of a field, citing the key experimental advances to the present day, and to evaluate the current evidence that best supports or rules out concepts of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating cancer cell behaviour. For all the areas of fundamental cancer research, an effort has been made to relate basic research findings to the clinical disease states. The book is well illustrated with schematic diagrams and actual research data to demonstrate points made in the text, and there is an extensive, up-to-date bibliography.

This book addresses central questions in the evolution of language: where it came from; how it relates to primate communication; how and why it evolved; how it came to be culturally transmitted; and how languages diversified. The chapters are written from the perspective of the latest work in linguistics, neuroscience, psychology, and computer science, and reflect the idea that various cognitive, physical, neurological, social, and cultural prerequisites led to the development of full human language. Some of these evolutionary changes were preadaptations for language, while others were adaptive changes allowing the development of particular linguistic characteristics. The authors consider a broad spectrum of ideas about the conditions that led to the evolution of protolanguage and full language. Some examine changes that occurred in the course of evolution to Homo sapiens; others consider how languages themselves have adapted by evolving to be learnable. Some chapters look at the workings of the brain, and others deploy sophisticated computer simulations that model such aspects as the emergence of speech sounds and the development of grammar. All make use of the latest methods and theories to probe into the origins and subsequent development of the only species that has language. The book will interest a wide range of linguists, cognitive scientists, biologists, psychologists, neuroscientists, and experts in artificial intelligence, as well as all those fascinated by issues, puzzles, and problems raised by the evolution of language.

In 2001, scientists were finally able to determine the full human genome sequence, and with the discovery began a genomic voyage back in time. Since then, we have sequenced the full genomes of many of mankind's primitive relatives at a remarkable rate. The genome of the common chimpanzee (2005), macaque (2007) and orangutan (2011) have already been identified, and the identification of other primate genomes is underway, including the bonobo, gorilla, and baboon. Researchers are beginning to unravel our full genetic history, comparing it with closely related species to answer age old questions about how and when we evolved. For the first time, we are finding our own ancestors in our genome and are thereby gleaning new information about our evolutionary past.
In Ancestors in Our Genome, geneticist Eugene Harris presents us with the complete and up-to-date account of the evolution of the human genome. Written from the perspective of population genetics, the book traces human origins back to their earliest source among our earliest human ancestors, and explains some of the challenging questions that scientists are currently attempting to answer. For example, what does the high level of discordance among the gene trees of humans and the African great apes tell us about our respective separations from our common ancestor? Was this process fast or slow, and when and why did it occur? How can we explain the fact that evolutionary relationships among copies of specific genes from individual primate species can differ from the evolutionary relationships of the species themselves? Harris draws upon extensive experience researching primate evolution in order to deliver a lively and thorough history of human evolution. Ancestors in Our Genome is the most complete discussion of our current understanding of the human genome available.

DNA microarrays, or biochips, are small glass chips embedded with ordered rows of DNA and by providing a massive parallel platform for data gathering represent a fundamental technical advance in biomedical research. This volume is a comprehensive overview of DNA microarray technology and will be invaluable to any researcher interested in taking advantage of this powerful new technique.

Written primarily for 16-19 year old students, this primer aims to extend students' knowledge and inspire them to take their school-level learning further. It explores topics that are familiar from the curriculum and also introduces new ideas, giving students a first taste of the study of biology beyond school-level and demonstrating how concepts frequently encountered at school are relevant to and applied in current research. This is the ideal text to support students who are considering making the transition from studying biology at school to university. This primer introduces students to key elements of the endocrine system, including the structure and function of the major types of hormones. It explores the role of hormones in disease, in development, in reproduction and in behaviour. Although humans are its main focus, it draws on illuminating examples from a range of other species, including sex changes and aggression in fish, metamorphosis in amphibians, induction of ovulation in different species, and bonding behaviour in birds. The final section of the book looks at ways in which hormones can be used in medicine and agriculture, and can be abused to enhance sporting performance and weight loss. This primer will expand the breadth and depth of student understanding of the endocrine system, its variety, and its huge importance.

The Thrive in Bioscience revision guides are written to help students achieve exam success in all core areas of bioscience. Each title encourages the reader to follow four steps to maximise their learning, with features to support this process. Step one: Review the facts The revision guides are designed to help learning be quick and effective: * Information is set out in bullet points, making it easy to digest * Clear, uncluttered illustrations illuminate what is said in the text * Key concept panels summarise the essential learning points Step two: Check your understanding Readers are encouraged to: * Complete the questions at the end of chapters and online multiple-choice questions to reinforce their learning * Use the online flashcard glossary to master the essential terms and phrases Step three: Take note of extra advice Revision tips, and hints for getting those precious extra marks in exams, are presented throughout. Step four: Go the extra mile Readers can explore the suggestions for further reading to take their understanding one step further. Each title in the series is tailored to maximise understanding and achievement, to ensure that the reader really can thrive in their studies. They are the perfect course companions for any bioscience degree. Online Resource Centre Each title is supplemented by an Online Resource Centre which includes a flashcard glossary to enable students to test their understanding of key terminology, and a bank of interactive MCQs to give students the opportunity to check they have fully understood the facts and concepts presented in the texts.

Our knowledge about the function of the melanocyte has expanded beyond boundaries not previously imagined. The melanocyte is no longer considered merely a factory for the production of the pigment melanin. Old data do not contradict the new but must be reinterpreted in light of modern concepts of molecular and cellular biology, enzymology, biochemistry, chemistry, and physics. Diseases of the pigmentary system must be understood in terms of modern science. The editors, each with special knowledge of the pigmentary system, have combined their expertise and talents to produce a book that will serve as the ultimate resource for the study of all aspects of pigment cell biology. There is no comprehensive, scholarly reference available which compiles both old and new data into a single source. This book fills that void. There are monographs to assist dermatologists caring for individuals with disorders of pigmentation, and textbooks with an introductory chapter on the physiology of pigmentation and a clinical chapter on the disorders manifested by common abnormalities of the pigmentary system. These resources continue to be invaluable, however they are written for a specific type and level of audience. This volume is encyclopedic in scope, so that the biologist, chemist, cosmetic scientist, and clinician, whether novice or sophisticated expert, can peruse any section of the book with confidence that it contains most of the worlds knowledge on pigmentation, including historical work. The bibliographies are also prepared to be as comprehensive and all-inclusive as possible. The first part of the book brings together the molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, chemistry, physics, and physiology of the normal melanocyte as known in the 1990s. The second part continues this theme, presenting a comprehensive discussion of most disorders of pigmentation described to date. Information about pathophysiology, treatment and other clinical data is included. The goal of the editors is to provide the ultimate reference for practicing physicians who care for patients with the rarest or most common disorders of pigmentation, the laboratory scientist studying disease in order to help the study of basic processes which affect the pigmentary system, and the cosmetic scientist who seeks comprehensive information on the pharmacopoeia available for treating pigmentary disorders. All specialists interested in some aspect of the pigmentary system can seek current answers to questions related to their work.

Die Medizinische Physiologie enthalt als benutzt habe, u. a. um nichts wirklich Pru Gesamtausgabe meine beiden Lehrbucher fungsrelevantes zu ubergehen. Im Hinblick "Vegetative Physiologie" und "Animali auf die spatere arztliche Tatigkeit sollte sche Physiologie," die auch weiterhin ein auch der physiologische Unterricht seinen zeln zu beziehen sind, um den verschiedenen Schwerpunkt in der Vegetativen Physiologie Interessensgruppen gerecht zu werden. behalten, hierin bin ich gern dem Gegen Das Erscheinen der Gesamtausgabe der standskatalog gefolgt. An anderen Stellen Physiologie gerade rechtzeitig zum 80. Ge habe ich sowohl an Kritik am Gegenstands burtstag meines Lehrers der Physiologie, katalog nicht gespart wie auch die Verlage Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Hans Schaefer sowie zum rung von Schwerpunkten in Richtung auf 600. Geburtstag meiner Universitat freut den spateren arztlichen Beruf hin vorge mich ganz besonders. Mein Anliegen besteht nommen. unverandert darin, den Anfanger fur das Es ist sicher legitim, wenn der vorklini Fach Physiologie zu begeistern und gleich sche Student fragt, ob er mit Hilfe dieses zeitig ein stabiles Fundament im Verstand Buches das Physikum bestehen kann. In der nis physiologischer Zusammenhange fur das Tat, dieses Buch soll auch dem Studenten klinische Studium und den spateren arztli "den Horror" vor dem Examen nehmen. chen Beruf zu legen."

Seit fast zehn Jahren hat sich der Verfasser mit elektronenmikrosko- pischen Untersuchungen der Ultrastruktur des Herzens und der GefaBe befaBt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen sind in verschiedenen in- ternationalen wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften in englischer, franzosischer, italienischer und deutscher Sprache veroffentlicht worden. Eine kurze Zu- sammenfassung der bis dahin gewonnenen Resultate erschien in Buch- form im Jahre 1951 in New York. Inzwischen sind die Methoden elektro- nenmikroskopischer Untersuchung, die Methoden der Fixierung und Ein- bettung, die Methoden der Verwendung von Plastik als Einbettungsmittel, und nicht zuletzt die Methoden ultradiinnen Schneidens so stark veran- dert und vervollkommnet worden, daB die in standiger Fortsetzung der genannten Untersuchungen gegenwartig erzielten Bilder mit den vor sechs Jahren veroffentlichten kaum mehr zu vergleichen sind. Die in den letzten Jahren gewonnenen Photographien lassen friiher nicht geahnte Details erkennen, die Strukturen in einer GroBenordnung von 100 A (ANGSTROM) und weniger, deutlich unterscheiden lassen. Dies gibt eine ungeahnte Erweiterung unseres Gesichtsfeldes und ein neues Verstandnis der Ultrastruktur der Gewebe und ihrer Funktionen. Der wichtigste Faktor aller Physiologie ist die Erkenntnis der Struktur der Organe und der Gewebe, deren Funktionen man verstehen will. Be- sonders klar wird dies, wenn man z. B. die ultramikroskopische Struktur der Kapillaren betrachtet und bedenkt, daB diese Gebilde im Mittelpunkt unendlich vieler physiologischer und pathologischer Prozesse stehen, deren Verstandnis ohne Kenntnis der Struktur der Kapillarwand undenk- bar ist.

This book provides a synthetic overview of all evidence concerning the evolution of the morphology of the human pelvis, including comparative anatomy, clinical and experimental studies, and quantitative evolutionary models. By integrating these lines of research, this is the first book to bring all sources of evidence together to develop a coherent statement about the current state of the art in understanding pelvic evolution. Second, and related to this, the volume is the first detailed assessment of existing paradigms about the evolution of the pelvis, especially the obstetric dilemma. The authors argue that there are many 'dilemmas', but these must be approached using a testable methodology, rather than on the proviso of a single paradigm. The volume clearly contributes to greater scientific knowledge about human variation and evolution, and has implications for clinicians working within reproductive health. A thought-provoking read for students, researchers and professionals in the fields of biological anthropology, human evolutionary anthropology, paleoanthropology, bioarchaeology, biology, developmental biology and obstetrics.

Zytologie Wichtige Methoden der Zytologie und Histologie Gewebekultur, Lichtmikroskopie, Elektronenmikroskopie. Zellbestandteile und Zellvorgange der Zellmembran: - Aufbau: Die Zellmembran besteht aus bimolekularem Lipidfilm mit einseitigen oder durchgehenden Membranproteinen, die mosaikartig eingebaut sind und auf der AuBenseite mit Kohlenhydraten besetzt sein kbnnen (Glykokalyx). Die Fe- stigkeit der Membranen wird durch die Polaritat der LipidmolekOle, mit hydro- phobem und hydrophilem Ende, gegeben. - Membrantransport: Passive Diffusion (Iediglich vom Konzentrationsgradienten abhangig). Erleichterte Diffusion (erfordert Anwesenheit eines Obertragerstoffes). Aktiver Transport (unabhangig vom Konzentrationsgradienten, benbtigt Energie). Blaschentransport (Pinozytose und Phagozytose: Endozytose; Exozytose). - Membranfunktionen: Transport, Aufbau des Membranpotentials, Sitz der Re- zeptoren, Erkennung von Fremd und Eigen (Blutgruppen, AbstoBungsreaktion). - Zellkontakte: Desmosomen (mechanisch); tight junctions (Abdichtung des - terzellularraumes); gap junctions (Kommunikation zwischen den Zellen). Zellorganellen: Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (ER), RER fOr die Proteinsynthese, SER fOr die Bil- dung von Steroiden und fOr die Entgiftung, z.B. Abbau von Barbituraten. - Ribosomen: der eigentliche Ort der Proteinsynthese (benbtigt mRNA und tANA). - Golgi-Apparat: besteht aus Diktyosomen. 1st an der Verarbeitung von Proteinen beteiligt (erzeugt u.a. exportierbare Form). Bildet Lysosomen. - Mitochondrien: Besitzen Doppelmembran, die innere Membran bildet Cristae, an denen die Energieproduktion ablauft, hier wird ATP (Adenosintriphosphat) gebildet. - Lysosomen: Intrazellulare Verdauung von zelleigenem Material in Form von Autophagie und von zellfremdem Material in Form von Heterophagie. - Peroxisomen: Abbau von H0 in H0 und O. 2 2 2 - Zentriolen: Organisieren und ordnen die Chromosomen wah rend der Zelltei- lung.

This volume presents the lithic assemblage from Howburn in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, which at present is the oldest prehistoric settlement in Scotland (12,700-12,000 BC), and the only Hamburgian settlement in Britain. The site also included a scatter from the Late Upper Palaeolithic Federmesser- Gruppen period (12,000-10,800 BC), as well as lithics from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. The book focuses on the Hamburgian finds, which are mainly based on the exploitation of flint from Doggerland, the then dry bed of the North Sea. The Hamburgian tools include tanged arrowheads, scrapers, piercers, burins, and other implement forms which show similarities with tools of the same age on the European continent. The shape of one scatter suggests that the Palaeolithic settlers lived in tent-like structures. The Palaeolithic finds from Howburn shed light on several important general trends, such as the ‘acclimatization’ of pioneer settlers, as well as the development of regional differences following the initial Late Glacial recolonization of Scotland. Palaeo-environmental work focused on whether there was a small lake (‘Loch Howburn’) in front of the terrace on which the camp was situated, and it was concluded that there was indeed a lake there, but it was neither contemporary with the Hamburgian, nor the Federmesser-Gruppen settlement. Most likely, ‘Loch Howburn’ dates to the Loch Lomond stadial.

Rontgenfluoreszenzanalyse stellt eine moderne, leistungsfahige Analysemethode dar, die vor allem in Betriebslaboratorien zur Produktionskontrolle und -steuerung eingesetzt wird. Dieses Buch stellt Voraussetzungen, Leistungsfahigkeit, Vorzuge, Probleme und Grenzen der Methode dar. Es behandelt sowohl die "wellenlangen"dispersiven als auch die "energie"dispersiven Verfahren. Das Werk bietet Technikern und Ingenieuren, Physikern und Chemikern sowie Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern anderer Fachrichtungen einen Einstieg in die Grundlagen und schafft die Voraussetzungen fur die Anwendung in der Praxis."

Psychological experiments carried out over a period of nearly forty years led Georg von Bekesy to realize that inhibition interconnects, at least in one respect, the fields of vision, hearing, skin sensations, taste, and smell. This book indeed almost creates the field of sensory inhibition as a significant one for study, bringing understanding to many observations that formerly seemed uncertain or unrelated and raising many problems still to be solved. Originally published in 1975. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

An astonishing work of cutting-edge science and cultural history from one of our most respected cultural critics and thinkers, Naomi Wolf, author of the modern classic The Beauty Myth

When an unexpected medical crisis sends Naomi Wolf on a journey to tease out the intersections between sexuality and creativity, she discovers--much to her own astonishment--an increasing body of scientific evidence that documents new insights about female sexual response. These breakthrough discoveries show that the vagina, clitoris, and labia--the female sexual centers--are not "merely flesh," but directly affect the female brain, and that the female brain directly affects, in newly documented ways, the vagina and female sexual centers. The vagina thus has a fundamental relationship to female consciousness itself. Utterly enthralling and totally fascinating, Vagina draws on this set of insights about "the mind-vagina connection" to reveal new information about what women really need, on many different levels, and considers what sexual relationships--and a woman's relationship to her self, as well as to her own desire and pleasure--transformed by these insights, may look like.

A brilliant and nuanced synthesis of physiology, history, and cultural criticism, Vagina explores the physical, political, and spiritual implications for women--and for society as a whole--in this startling series of new scientific breakthroughs from a writer whose conviction and keen intelligence have propelled her works to the tops of bestseller lists, and firmly into the realm of modern classics.

This is the new edition of a textbook dealing with the nature, origins, development, and causes of human variety, and with the biological organization of past and present human populations. The familiar structure of the previous editions has been slightly modified, and the book is divided into four sections. These cover some of the general principles of evolutionary theory; the history of Primates; the fossil evidence for human evolution; aspects of Primate behaviour; the principles of genetics as applied to population studies; systematic descriptions of human variation; the nature of human growth and factors which determine it; varieties of human physique and other constitutional traits; and the ecology of human populations, considered especially in terms of adaptation processes. Two new authors, Professor D. Pilbeam and Professor P.T. Baker, both in the United States, have contributed the parts on human evolution and human adaptability respectively to this substantially revised and rewritten edition.

Psychological experiments carried out over a period of nearly forty years led Georg von Bekesy to realize that inhibition interconnects, at least in one respect, the fields of vision, hearing, skin sensations, taste, and smell. This book indeed almost creates the field of sensory inhibition as a significant one for study, bringing understanding to many observations that formerly seemed uncertain or unrelated and raising many problems still to be solved. Originally published in 1975. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Winner of a British Medical Association Book Award A Brain Pickings Best Science Book of the Year Early birds and night owls are born, not made. Sleep patterns may be the most obvious manifestation of the highly individualized biological clocks we inherit, but these clocks also regulate bodily functions from digestion to hormone levels to cognition. Living at odds with our internal timepieces, Till Roenneberg shows, can make us chronically sleep deprived and more likely to smoke, gain weight, feel depressed, fall ill, and fail geometry. By understanding and respecting our internal time, we can live better. "Internal Time is a cautionary tale-actually a series of 24 tales, not coincidentally. Roenneberg ranges widely from the inner workings of biological rhythms to their social implications, illuminating each scientific tutorial with an anecdote inspired by clinical research...Written with grace and good humor, Internal Time is a serious work of science incorporating the latest research in chronobiology...[A] compelling volume." -A. Roger Ekirch, Wall Street Journal "This is a fascinating introduction to an important topic, which will appeal to anyone who wishes to delve deep into the world of chronobiology, or simply wonders why they struggle to get a good night's sleep." -Richard Wiseman, New Scientist

This novel, transdisciplinary work explains how perturbations (defined as strong disturbances or deviations to a system) can affect the population dynamics of social animals, including ourselves. Social responses to perturbations, especially dispersal processes, can also generate non-linear population dynamics, including the potential appearance of tipping points and critical population transitions, which can in turn lead to catastrophic shifts and collapses. The book describes the links between social behaviour (mainly the use of social information and social copying), and non-linear population dynamics at different spatial scales (local dynamics and meta-population dynamics), and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. Examples from the natural world illustrate each of the main themes (prospecting, habitat suitability, collective dispersal, and cultural evolution). Human warfare and conflict, referred to in several chapters together with quantitative and qualitative examples, is also viewed as a form of perturbation and represents a paradigmatic example of the rationale behind this book. This applicability to our own species is particularly timely, given increased interest in both ecosystem change, human migration, and the global refugee crisis. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals will appeal to applied, theoretical, and evolutionary ecologists, particularly those working on the population and behavioural ecology of any social animal including humans. Its overlap with the study of complexity will also ensure its relevance and use to scientists from other disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, physics, computational science, economics, and mathematics.

Humans evolved in the dynamic landscapes of Africa under conditions of pronounced climatic, geological and environmental change during the past 7 million years. This book brings together detailed records of the paleontological and archaeological sites in Africa that provide the basic evidence for understanding the environments in which we evolved. Chapters cover specific sites, with comprehensive accounts of their geology, paleontology, paleobotany, and their ecological significance for our evolution. Other chapters provide important regional syntheses of past ecological conditions. This book is unique in merging a broad geographic scope (all of Africa) and deep time framework (the past 7 million years) in discussing the geological context and paleontological records of our evolution and that of organisms that evolved alongside our ancestors. It will offer important insights to anyone interested in human evolution, including researchers and graduate students in paleontology, archaeology, anthropology and geology.